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Tytuł:
Procedury specjalne a rozbudowa uniwersalnego systemu ochrony praw człowieka.
Autorzy:
Baranowska, Grażyna
Hernandez-Połczyńska, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1788233.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-04-11
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
prawa człowieka
specjalne procedury ONZ
human rights
UN special procedures
Opis:
The UN human rights system is constantly growing, as new treaties are adopted and new special procedures are established. While this strengthens the protection of some human rights, the development is also criticized for blurring recognized concepts, which consequently leads to the weakening of the protection of human rights. The article analyzes the quantitative expansion of UN special procedures, with an emphasis on thematic mandates. Reasons for their growing number are examined, as well as strengths and weaknesses that this development brings. In the second part the article scrutinizes when the activities and competences of thematic special procedures and treaty bodies overlap. The two groups act complementary, but a lack of cooperation between them can lead to competition and duplication. The article closes with possible solutions of dealing with the expansion of the universal system, that would strengthen human rights protection, while making best use of available financial, administrative and technical resources.
Źródło:
Studia Prawnicze; 2017, 3 (211); 101-113
0039-3312
2719-4302
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawnicze
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Prawa więźniów w perspektywie europejskiej ostatnich lat
Prisoners rights a European perspective in recent years
Autorzy:
Van Zyl-Smit, Dirk
Snacken, Sonja
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698847.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
prawo penitencjarne
prawa więźniów
prawa człowieka
polityka penitencjarna
incarceration
human rights
prisoners
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2009, XXXI; 7-33
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Europejskie reguły wykonywania sankcji i środków orzeczonych wobec nieletnich sprawców czynów karalnych
European rules on the implementation of sanctions and measures passed against juvenile perpetrators of criminal offenses
Autorzy:
Dünkel, Frieder
Baechtold, Andrea
Van Zyl-Smit, Dirk
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698496.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
nieletni
polityka kryminalna
prawa człowieka
european law
juvenile perpetrators
criminal offenses
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2009, XXXI; 35-60
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Moralność publiczna a konstytucyjne podstawy ochrony zwierząt
Autorzy:
Pietrzykowski, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1788287.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-06-18
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
moralność
prawo
konstytucja
zwierzęta
prawa człowieka
morality
law
constitution
animals
human rights
Opis:
Problematyka konstytucyjnych podstaw prawodawstwa ochrony zwierząt stanowi kluczowy warunek rozstrzygania sporów o granice dopuszczalności ograniczeń praw i wolności obywatelskich, dokonywanych w imię humanitarnej ochrony zwierząt jako istot zdolnych do odczuwania cierpienia. W odróżnieniu od rosnącej liczby krajów, w Polsce konstytucja nie zawiera żadnego wyraźnego przepisu nakazującego prawną ochronę zwierząt. Jej podstawy poszukiwać można jednak w pojęciu moralności publicznej zawartym w art. 31 ust. 3 Konstytucji. Analiza tego pojęcia wskazuje na konieczność jego interpretacji w świetle przede wszystkim uznanego społecznie katalogu podstawowych wartości moralnych. Wymaga także odróżnienia pozytywnego i krytycznego ujęcia funkcjonujących w społeczeństwie przekonań i postaw moralnych. Moralność publiczną w rozumieniu konstytucyjnym należy utożsamiać raczej z moralnością krytyczną, stanowiącą rodzaj racjonalnej rekonstrukcji faktycznych przekonań i praktyk moralnych rozpowszechnionych w społeczeństwie. Racje humanitarnej ochrony zwierząt w sposób niebudzący wątpliwości mieszczą się w tak rozumianym pojęciu moralności publicznej.
Constitutional basis of animal welfare legislation is a key issue in resolving conflicts over the limits of human rights and freedoms imposed in order to safeguard animals as sentient creatures. In contrast to the growing number of countries in Poland the constitution does not directly mandate protecting animals. As the ground for such protection may be, however, considered the concept of public morality provided for in art. 31 sec. 3 of the Constitution. The analysis of this concept reveals that it has to be interpreted in the light of the range of socially recognized basic moral values. Furthermore, the positive and critical account of the socially embedded moral beliefs and attitudes need to be distinguished. Public morality, in the constitutional sense, has to identified rather with the critical morality, that is a kind of rational reconstruction of the views and practices widely shared within the society. The reasons of humanitarian protection of animals are unquestionably a part of public morality so conceived.
Źródło:
Studia Prawnicze; 2019, 1 (217); 5-26
0039-3312
2719-4302
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawnicze
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Prawa człowieka a zatrzymanie i tymczasowe aresztowanie w polskim prawie i praktyce jego stosowania
Human Rights and Detention in Polish Law and Practice
Autorzy:
Bulenda, Teodor
Hołda, Zbigniew
Rzepliński, Andrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698514.pdf
Data publikacji:
1992
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
prawa człowieka
zatrzymanie tymczasowe
aresztowanie
prawo polskie
human rights
detention
arrest
polish law
human rights
Opis:
The social and political changes in Poland led to abolition of Realsozialismus which is now being replaced with a democratic country governed by Rechtostaat (Art. 1 of the Constitution) from aspirations after national freedom and respect of human rights in public life. The problem of protection of individual freedom made itself particularly felt here; it is also subject of the present paper which discusses the protection of individual subjectivity in the light or the institutions of arrest and detention awaiting trial. Until quite recently, Poland was one of the many Communist countries where human rights were violated much too often, also on the occasion of arrest and detention awaiting trial. Many factors were conductive to this situation, such as faulty legislation; inadequate socjal consciousness; depreciation of the authorities, law and other norms; prevalence of repressiveness in dealing with social pathologies; and absence of social control of the activity of law enforcement agencies, the police and prison staff in particular. But the weakness of legal protection of individual resulted also from a strong relation of the activities of practically all governemental and social bodies those dealing with prosecution and investigation as well as administration of justice included, to politics. This political nature of functioning of those agencies, resulting monopolistic power of the Communist party, led to a limitation of the independance of the judiciary. The adoption of new political principles of Polish State and election of the new Parliament (on June 4, 1989), together with formaion of the non-Communist Cabinet, created the conditions for a new criminal policy based step by step on European standards. The institutions of arrest and detention awaiting trial well illustrate the pathology of functioning of the agencies of legal order and the direction of changes taking place in criminal policy. They also demonstrate a specific paradox; the Polish people’s great devotion to freedom and the simultaneous unfeeling tramling of that freedom. The two institutions have been discussed from the viewpoint of protection of human rights on both the normative plane and in the practice of the years 1980–1990. Arrest is one of the forms of coercion which consists in a short-term deprivation of liberty. The Polish legal system provides for procedural, preventive and administrative arrest. Each of these types has a separate legal regulation (procedural arrest, the Act of 19 April 1969 – Code of criminal procedure; preventive arrest, the Act of 6 June 1990 on the police and another Act bearing that same date on State Protection Office, together with their executory acts; and administrative arrest, the Act of 28 October 1982 on education to sobriety and control of alcoholism). Moreover, each type of arrest is to serve different aims (procedural arrest, protection of propriety of criminal proceedings; preventive arrest, protectton of order and public safety, human life and health, and property; and administrative arrest, control of alcoholism). Also different are the conditions of arrest, the agencies authorized to apply it, and the period for which a person can be detained. The present authors focus mainly on preventive arrest related to the administrative function of the police as guardian of order. That form was particularly abused and human rights were often violated in the course of its execution. Preventive arrest has recently undergone significant changes both in the normative sphere and in practice. As compared to the former one, its present regulation: 1. defines its legal grounds with greater accuracy; 2. broadens the detainee’s rights; and 3. introduced judicial review. This has contributed to the curbing of arbitrary police activities in this sphere. Duration of arrest is specified in the Constitution (Art. 87) and in the provision of Art. 207 of the code of criminal procedure. It cannot be londer than 48 hours from the moment of detention, and 24 hours in the case of administrative arrest (Art. 40 of the act on education to sobriety and control of alcoholism). Violations of these provisions have so far been frequent. In the case of procedural and preventive arrest, the rights of the detainee are the same. According to the valid provisions, the detainee has the following rights among others: the right to be informed in writing as to the time and reasons of arrest; the right to be advised as to the possibility of complaining to the court against the application of that measure, and to the public prosecutor against the way of its execution: the right to health care. The catalogue of the detainee’s rights is insufficient:  e.g. it does not contain the right, to legal assistance (conseul). What particularly impairs the protection of the detainee’s personal interests is the absence of by-laws concerning the execution of arrest in the police house of detention, as the duplicated set of provisions called ,,By-laws for Detainees”, introduced by an order of the Chief of Civic Militia in 1959, hardly comes up to the standards. The provisions now in force have broadened the range  of legal means of vindication of his rights that are at the detainee’s disposal. Particularly notable here is the  reintroduction of the institution of habeas corpus. Namely, the detainee has been granted the right to complain to the court against arrest (Art. 207 point ”a,, of the Code of criminal procedure) and to the public prosecutor against the way of execution of arrest (Art. 15.7 of the Act on the police). If the arrest has been obviously unjustified, the detainee is due indemnity from the Treasury and monetary compensation of moral  injury (Art. 487 of the Code of criminal procedure); the same concerns the situation where he has suffered damage or injury as a result of an improper execution of arest (Art.Art. 417-419 of the Civil code). Besides, the detainee may approach the court with a claim in virtue of protection of his personal interests (Art.Art. 23 and 24 of the civil code). In the latter half of 1990, arrest was executed in 798 police houses of detention all over the country, that is fewer by a whole 71,7 per cent as compared to 1989. The recent changes have made it possible to abolish the division of houses of detention into categories (of which there used to be three according to the duration of detention). The number of arrests amounted to over 500,000 a year at times (with the peak of 572,220 in 1982 – see Table 1). Starting from 1988, it gradually went down to nearly one-third of its original value which reflects above all the general  liberalization of the police approach towards crime and other deviations. In the period under analysis, the living conditions in the police jails were – and still are primitive and many a time offensive to human dignity. This has been confirmed by the present author’s own study and two surveys of those jails carried out by the National Ombudsperson. An acute problem is the right to apply constraint during and upon detention. It is regulated by provisions of the police Act and an Ordinance of the Council of Ministere of 17 September 1990 which specifies the situations, conditions and ways in which direct coercion can be used by the police. Without questioning the grounds for such coercion, not only the legal conditions  of its application but also the faults or even abuses in this sphere have been pointed out. What the authors find the most severe violation of human dignity are neither humiliating conditions of isolation nor illicit prolongation of detention but first and foremost beating of a person after he has surrendered to the power of enforcement officers. Cases of beating have again started growing in number this year (as has been found by the Helsinki Committee in PoIand and the National Ombudsperson). The activities of the public prosecutor’s office in this sphere have been criticised in the article. The paper also discusses the consequences of the introduction of Art. 209 of the Code of criminal procedure which made it possible to commit to the police jails persons detained awaiting trial (for up to ten days or three months), and even those sentenced to a prison term (of up to six months). This provision has recently been quashed, but the police press for its reintroduction. Until quite recently, the police jails were submitted to no supervision whatever. The public prosecutor’s. office remained passive and carried out but most perfunctory supervision, if any. This situation hardly served the protection of detainees’ rights. It was only improved in 1988 when the police jails were submitted to supervision by the Ombudsperson and later also by Commissions: of Administration and Internal Affairs of the Diet and of the Rule of Law and Human Rigths of the Senate, and by other agencies and institutions. Also pre-trial detention is a serious interference with human rights. It is one of the preventive measures provided for by the Code of criminal procedure, and at the stage of execution – by the Code of execution of penalties and the Ordinance of Minister of Justice of 2 May 1989 – by-laws of execution of detention awaiting trial. The discussed measure can be applied by the court, and before the indictment also by the public prosecutor. The present authors find the latter’s right to apply pre-trial detention contradictory to provisions of international law, the covenants ratified by Poland included (see Art. 9,3 of the International Covenant on Political and Civil Rights). The legal provisions fail to specify the upper limit of duration of pre-trial detention. The amendement of the Code of criminal procedure and the changed policy of application of dotention resulted in a fall in the number of those detained awaiting trial. There were 9,722 such detainees on July 31, 1989 (see Tables 4–5). There was also a radical drop in the number of persons detained for over 12  months: in 1990, as few as 0,03 per cent of those kept at the public prosecutor’s disposal had been detained for at least 12 months. However, an alarming upward tendency in the number of persons detained awaiting trial can be noted lately. Discussing the conditions for optional or obligatory pre-trial detention, the authors criticize some of them as estimative in nature, and thus involving the danger of arbitrary use of this measure. The reasoning has been based on decisions of the Supreme Court which is of particular importance for the effective protection of the detainee’s rights. There have been a lot of faults in the practice of application and execution of pre-trial detention which was frequently used as a means of pressure aimed at forcing a person to plead guilty or to denounce an accomplice. In Poland, the application of pre-trail detention is the domain of the public prosecutor’s office. In the years 1975–1989, prosecutors applied this measure in nine out of every ten cases. The population of houses of detention and other penitentiary institutions shaped differently starting from 1945. A comparison of changes in the numer in the number of convicted persons with those of persons detained awaiting trial shows that the latter population was more stable starting from the 1960’s and never changed as radically in number as that of prisoners. That was the case despite the increased frequency of application of detention in the 1970’s. What contributed to this situation above all was the shortening of preparatory proceedings. In the period under analysis, the total number of persons detained awaiting trial in a given year largely approximated that of prisoners in that same year, and showed the same fluctuations resulting from the aggravated or relaxed criminal policy in the country. The trends here have nothing in common with the actual dynamics of crime as such. The authors assume that the number of persons detained awaiting trial reflects decisions in the sphere of criminal policy rather than the actual changes in crime, the economic situation, or even severe political tensions. What is also characteristic of the practice in this respect is the fact of a faulty application of the discussed measure. In the years 1975–1989, at least every 111th and at most every 71st person previously detained awaiting trial was subsequently found not guilty by the court. In some years, there were over 500 such persons. The authors discuss preventive barriers defined by the Supreme Court which are to ban clearly unjustified detention. As follows from analysis of the practical application of conditions for pre-trial detention, the one most frequently quoted was the alleged considerable social danger of the crime. Repressive conditions prevailed over the purely procedural ones. ln order to find out about the actual dimensions of the problem of pre-trial detention, the authors consulted the data concerning the use of preventive measure not involving isolation in criminal proceedings (such measures being financial and non-financial pledge, police supervision, and safe-conduct; see Table 6). It turned out that in the years 1978-1990, preventive measures other than detention awaiting trial never amounted to more than 43,5 and to less than 18 per cent of all preventive measures applied. After the above-mentioned Art. 209 of the code of execution of penalties has been quashed, detention awaiting trial can only be executed in the houses of detention created and run by the Ministry of Justice (Art.Art. 4 and 83 of the code of execution of ponalties). On December 31, 1990, there were 65 such institutions in Poland. Twenty-seven of them had additional wards for convicted persons, while 48 prisons had special wards for those detained awaiting trial. Thus pre-trial detention could be executed in the total of 114 of the 151 institutions of the Prison Department. The houses of detention had the total capacity of  18,263 beds, while the number of detainees was 16,200; the discussed institutions were therefore populated in 88,7 per cent. The rights of the discussed category of detainees are specified in the Code of execution of penalties and by-laws of execution of pre-trial deteotion awaiting trial. What is particularly worthy of attention is the provision which states that the detainee enjoys rights that should at least equal those of a convicted person, and that the only limitations allowed in this sphere are those indispensable for securing the proper course of criminal proceedings, maintaining order and safety in the institution, and preventing mutual demoralization of detainees (Art. 86 para 1 of the Code of execution of penalties). A person detained awaiting trial has many legal measures at his disposal to protect his own rights in relation to the application and execution of detention. Thus the detainee can lodge a complaint with a supreme agency of the penitentiary  administration (Art. 48 para 4 of the Code of execution of penalties); with the public prosecutor and penitentiary judge (Art.Art. 27–33 and 48 point 5); to the  supreme State agencies, the National Ombudsperson included (Art. 48 point 5); he may apeal against a decision of the administration of the house of detention concerning the actual execution of that measure to the penitentiary court (Art. I4,l of the Code of execution of penaltes); he may also sue the Treasury for damage suffered during detention by guilt of functionaries of the penitentiary administration (Art.Art. 417–l9 of the Civil code); he may claim indemnity for obviously unjustified detention (Art.Art. 487–49l of the Code of criminal  procedure); and he may bring legal action by virtue of infringement of his personal interests (Art.Art. 23–24 of the Civil code). As shown by experience, the persons detained awaiting trial either never resort to some of these means or do that ineffectively. The living conditions of the discussed category of detainees are specified mainly in the by-laws of pre-trial detention. Many faults and shortcomings have  been found here in practice. Some of such faults were so drastic as to make it necessary to close several houses of detention in 1990 to mention just one example (the institutions were either liquidated or designed for repairs). The authors also assume an attitude towards the treatment of some categories of offenders (women, particularly dangerous detainees, persons with mental disorders, HIV carriers), and discuss the treatment of juvenile detainees. Ending the paper, the authors stress the gradual improvement in the treatment of detainees since 1989. It results both from the legislative changes and from a relatively liberal criminal policy. The legal and to some extent also the organizational conditions have been created for implementation of the rule of law. Further changes are necessary, though, including in particular the passing of a new Constitution and penal codes. The drafts of the latter suggest, many new solutions in the sphere of arrest and detention awaiting trial which would make those institutions meet the European standards. What can considered valuable are the trends towards limiting the application of the two measures, specifying the conditions of their application, importantly, extending the guaranties of detainees’ rights.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1992, XVIII; 103-146
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Abolicjonizm – obrona wartości humanistycznych
Abolitionism: Protection of Humanistic Values
Autorzy:
Wantuła, Halina
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698604.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
abolicjonizm
więziennictwo
prawa człowieka
system wartości
kryminologia
abolitionism
prison system
human rights
value system
criminology
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2008, XXIX-XXX; 885-893
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dobrowolna sterylizacja. Uwagi de lege lata
Autorzy:
Holocher, Justyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1788195.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-09-01
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
dobrowolna sterylizacja
prawa człowieka
sterylizacja
prokreacja
prawa pacjenta
komparatystyka
czyn zabroniony
voluntary sterilisation
human rights
sterilisation
procreation
comparative law
prohibited act
Opis:
The matter under discussion refers to the problem of voluntary sterilisation. The speculations contained in the article, are considered with references to the polish and international law. The fundamental argument demonstrated above, resolves itself to the statement that, despite lack of any judicial regulations related to that kind of  operations directly, sterilisation is legal primary, accepted in polish law. That thesis is based on the law principles eg, freedom and right to self-determination. Voluntary sterilisation is a kind of realization the fundamental right of every human being, woman and man, to the possessing or not possessing children responsibly. Moreover, sterilisation can be observed as a realization of right to access to any kind of methods enabling using that procedure. In particular, right to the procreation includes also the possibility of resignation of it, even though, that resignation has a final and irreversible character, and consequences can be qualified as a serious injury in the criminal law definition. As a result, voluntary sterilisation of an adult, responsible and accountable person, realised with her acceptation can not be considered as an illegal operation, apart from the reasons of that decision.
Źródło:
Studia Prawnicze; 2015, 1 (201); 57-79
0039-3312
2719-4302
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawnicze
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kształtowanie się międzynarodowych standardów prawnych w zakresie zapobiegania i reagowania na wymuszone zaginięcia
Autorzy:
Baranowska, Grażyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1788182.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-09-01
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
wymuszone zaginięcia
Międzynarodowy Trybunał Karny
MTK
prawa człowieka
standardy międzynarodowe
enforced disappearance
International Criminal Court
ICC
human rights
international standards
Opis:
The aim of the article is to analyze the development of international legal standards concerning enforced disappearances. According to international human rights law enforced disappearances occur, when persons are deprived of their liberty, at least with the acquiescence of a state, which is followed by a refusal to acknowledge the deprivation or by concealment of their fate or whereabouts. The definition of enforced disappearances in the statute of the International Criminal Court covers also disappearances perpetrated by (or with at least the acquiescence of) political organizations.  The article consists of a thorough analysis of provisions contained in four legal documents: the Declaration on the protection of all persons from enforced disappearance, the Inter-American Convention on Forced Disappearance of Persons, the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance.
Źródło:
Studia Prawnicze; 2016, 1 (205); 65-90
0039-3312
2719-4302
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawnicze
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dwudziesta rocznica utworzenia Afrykańskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka i Ludów – przegląd działalności
Autorzy:
Dąbrowska, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1788301.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-06-18
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
sądownictwo międzynarodowe
prawa człowieka
Afrykański Trybunał Praw Człowieka i Ludów
afrykański system praw człowieka
international jurisdiction
human rights
African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights
African human rights system
Opis:
Dwudziesta rocznica utworzenia Afrykańskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka i Ludów jest doskonałą okazją do dokonania przeglądu działalności najmłodszego z trzech funkcjonujących obecnie na świecie regionalnych trybunałów praw człowieka. Celem prezentowanego artykułu jest przedstawienie działań podejmowanych przez Trybunał Afrykański na przestrzeni lat 1998–2018 (począwszy od utworzenia Trybunału Afrykańskiego mocą Protokołu do Karty Afrykańskiej, aż do chwili obecnej) i dokonanie ich analizy. Badanie rozpoczyna się od przypomnienia podstawowych faktów dotyczących powstania tej instytucji, następnie dokonany został przegląd jej początkowej działalności organizacyjno-administracyjnej, działalności sądowej, doradczej i pozasądowej.
The 20th anniversary of establishing the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights is a good occasion to have a closer look at the activities of the youngest among the regional human rights courts functioning in the world. The aim of this paper is to present the activities undertaken by the African Court over the period 1998–2018 (from the establishment of the African Court by virtue of the Protocol to the African Charter until now) and analyse them. Our research starts with giving the facts concerning the institution establishment. They are followed by an overview of the Court’s initial organizational, administrative, judicial, advisory and extra-judicial activities.
Źródło:
Studia Prawnicze; 2019, 1 (217); 49-69
0039-3312
2719-4302
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawnicze
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Extreme criminal penalties - death penalty and life imprisonment in the Polish penal and penitentiary system
Skrajne kary kryminalne – kara śmierci i dożywotniego więzienia w polskim systemie karnym i penitencjarnym
Autorzy:
Klimczak, Joanna
Niełaczna, Maria
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1375564.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-04-24
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
life imprisonment
death penalty
prison
penitentiary system
transformation
human rights
kara dożywotniego pozbawienia wolności
kara śmierci
więzienie
system penitencjarny
transformacja
prawa człowieka
Opis:
In the article we analysed how the introduction and application of life imprisonment in the period of transformation has impacted the development of the penitentiary system to date. We answered how and why the legislature eliminated the death penalty from the catalogue of penalties in the Polish Penal Code of 1997, and replaced it with life imprisonment. We took into account the statistics on life sentences passed in Poland. We present the evolution of the prison system, which for a quarter of a century had to cope with this difcult category of prisoners by fnding new legal solutions and applying international standards. We also discussed some conclusions of the scholarly study ‘Te best of the worst and the still evil: Prisoners serving life sentences’, which has been conducted since 2014 by our research team. Te study focuses on the management and application of this extreme punishment in Poland, the adaptation of prisoners with life sentences to the isolation and social dimension of imprisonment.
In the article we analysed how the introduction and application of life imprisonment in the period of transformation has impacted the development of the penitentiary system to date. We answered how and why the legislature eliminated the death penalty from the catalogue of penalties in the Polish Penal Code of 1997, and replaced it with life imprisonment. We took into account the statistics on life sentences passed in Poland. We present the evolution of the prison system, which for a quarter of a century had to cope with this difcult category of prisoners by fnding new legal solutions and applying international standards. We also discussed some conclusions of the scholarly study ‘Te best of the worst and the still evil: Prisoners serving life sentences’, which has been conducted since 2014 by our research team. Te study focuses on the management and application of this extreme punishment in Poland, the adaptation of prisoners with life sentences to the isolation and social dimension of imprisonment.   W artykule przeanalizowałyśmy wpływ wprowadzenia i wykonywania kary dożywotniego pozbawienia wolności w okresie transformacji na dotychczasowy rozwój systemu penitencjarnego. Przedstawiłyśmy to, jak i dlaczego ustawodawca usunął karę śmierci z katalogu kar w polskim kodeksie karnym z 1997 r. i zastąpił ją dożywotnim więzieniem. Przedstawiłyśmy analizę statystyki orzekania kary dożywotniego pozbawienia wolności w Polsce od daty jej wprowadzenia. Zaprezentowałyśmy ewolucję systemu więziennictwa, który przez ćwierć wieku musiał poradzić sobie z tą trudną kategorią skazanych poprzez sięganie po nowe rozwiązania prawne i standardy międzynarodowe. Omówiłyśmy także niektóre wnioski z badań naukowych „Najlepsi z najgorszych i źli stale. Więźniowie dożywotni” – prowadzonych od 2014 r. przez nasz zespół badawczy. Badania koncentrują się na zarządzaniu i wykonywaniu tej ekstremalnej kary w Polsce, przystosowaniu więźniów do izolacji i społecznym wymiarze więzienia.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2020, XLII/1; 225-252
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Handel ludźmi jako przestępstwo i naruszenie praw człowieka – wyzwania dla kryminologii
Human Trafficking as a Crime and Human Rights Violation: Challenges for Criminology
Autorzy:
Lasocik, Zbigniew
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699094.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
handel ludźmi
przestępczość transgraniczna
prawo karne
prawa człowieka
prawo międzynarodowe
human trafficking
human rights
penal law
cross-border crime
organised crime
international law
Opis:
Trafficking of human beings that constitutes a contemporary form of slavery is a human rights violation and a serious crime. Due to the importance of this crime, it is covered by several international instruments of a different legal nature. Among them, two are especially important: The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organised Crime and Council Framework Decision of l9 July 2002 on Combating Trafficking in Human Beings. There are two main features of human trafficking: these offences are transnational by nature and involve organised criminal groups. However, trafficking is considered transnational not only if it is committed in more than one state, but also if a substantial part of preparation or planning takes place in another state. There are numerous forms of crime human trafficking, such as the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery servitude or the removal of organs. It should be added that also child pornography is considered as human trafficking. As human trafficking is a complex phenomenon, there are also criminal activites which might be called ‘borderline’ such as forced marriages, marriage of  convenience, illegal adoption, sex tourism or forced domestic labour. Many of tchem are not even considered as crime. Human trafficking constitutes a serious challenge for criminology, as it becomes one of the most fruitful criminal activities. So far, it has not been a popular subject of studies and research. Although our knowledge of organised crime as such is growing significantly, the trafficking is a problem for crime control due to its nature, economic background, well-organised market of the services and the lack of knowledge and skills of the state institutions, and the ambivalence of the public.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2006, XXVIII; 233-253
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ochrona praw mniejszości narodowych w orzecznictwie Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka oraz Komitetu Praw Człowieka ONZ – analiza porównawcza
Autorzy:
Baranowska, Grażyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1788209.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-09-01
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
mniejszości narodowe
Europejski Trybunał Praw Człowieka
Komitet Praw Człowieka ONZ
ochrona prawna
orzecznictwo
komparatystyka
prawa człowieka
national minorities
European Court of Human Rights
UN Human Rights Committee
minority protection
judicial decisions
comparative law
human rights
Opis:
The article analyses case law concerning national minority protection in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights and UN Human Rights Committee. The protection of national minorities is realized through protecting individual right of persons belonging to minorities. Due to significant amount of cases and given the importance of discussed issues, the analysis is restricted to three topics: names, education and political participation. The case law has set some important standards in those areas. In most of the analyzed aspects the approach of both organs has been the same, for example in regard to names and surnames of persons belonging to national minorities. The research also showed areas in which the case law was not consistent – while examining cases concerning the same French law regarding wearing of religious clothing by students in state schools, the UN Committee, contrary to the Court, found a violation by the state. However, in the vast majority of studied subjects, the jurisprudence of the Court and Committee is very similar and allows to formulate an international standard of national minority protection. Among national minorities indigenous people enjoy in some aspects greater protection than other groups, which is particularly evident in the Committee decisions.
Źródło:
Studia Prawnicze; 2014, 1 (197); 7-28
0039-3312
2719-4302
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawnicze
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Deficyty polskiego ustawodawstwa w zakresie przeciwdziałania mowie nienawiści i przestępstwom z nienawiści
Autorzy:
Gliszczyńska-Grabias, Aleksanda
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1788213.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-09-01
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
hate speech
anti-discrimination law
human rights
legislation
hate crimes
crime
criminal code
bill draft
postulates of changes
prawo antydyskryminacyjne
mowa nienawiści
ustawodawstwo
prawa człowieka
przestępstwo
legislacja
Opis:
The phenomenon of hate speech and hate crimes is not easily captured in the legal definitions and is often described as controversial due to the difficulties with identifying the “hateful element” of words and deeds. Another significant reason for the difficulties concerning penalisation in the area in question is the strict (and for many unjustified) limitation imposed on freedom of speech, assembly and association, which are the freedoms most often affected by the anti-hate provisions of law. Nevertheless the obligations included in the international human rights law oblige Polish legislators to introduce and implement proper mechanisms of counteracting these extremely negative and socially dangerous phenomenon. However, many questions arise: Are the international standards of human rights law fully reflected in the Polish legal provisions and practice? How are the areas demanding alteration and endorsement being defined? What are the obstacles that unable the process of protecting all groups particularly endangered by hate speech and hate crimes? Are the provisions of law a sufficient and effective barrier against spreading hatred in the public sphere? This article seeks to answer all the questions posed above. It also attempts to demonstrate the complexity of the analysed problems, placing them in the centre of the gene-ral discussion on tolerance, minorities protection and the functions of the antidiscrimination law within democratic state and society.
Źródło:
Studia Prawnicze; 2014, 1 (197); 113-128
0039-3312
2719-4302
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawnicze
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Błędne uzasadnienie orzeczenia (art. 184 p.p.s.a.) a prawo do sądu
Autorzy:
Zaorski, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1788198.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-09-04
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
błędne uzasadnienie orzeczenia
prawo do sądu
prawa człowieka
błąd
postępowanie sądowoadministracyjne
Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny
erroneous justification of the judgement
right to fair trial
human rights
error
administrative proceeding
Supreme Administrative Court
Opis:
The Supreme Administrative Court shall dismiss the cassation appeal if the challenged decision despite the erroneous reasoning corresponds to the right (art. 184 in fi ne p.p.s.a.). In an article in the context of this provision is presented right to fair trial (as a rule of law and the individual’s right). The author concludes that the wording of the provision does not affect right to fair trial. In his opinion, for thesis of compliance art. 184 in fi ne p.p.s.a. with right to fair trail speaks one of the basic elements making up this right. This element is a guarantee for hear the case without undue delay (in a reasonable time). At the same time the author notes that the application of that provision in certain situations may violate the right to a fair trial. In the article this problem illustrated judgments of the Supreme Administrative Court. The author shows how the Supreme Administrative Court shall give reasons for its decisions, so as not to violate the right to fair trail.
Źródło:
Studia Prawnicze; 2014, 4 (200); 173-187
0039-3312
2719-4302
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawnicze
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Konsekwencje zniesienia obowiązku meldunkowego dla postępowania cywilnego. Podstawowe problemy i kierunki ich rozwiązania
Autorzy:
Drozdowicz, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1788205.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-09-02
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
obowiązek meldunkowy
postępowanie cywilne
prawa człowieka
meldunki
miejsce zamieszkania
dane osobowe
rejestr
prawo do rzetelnego procesu
zmiany w prawie
doręczenia
compulsory registration
civil proceedings
human rights
resident register
habitual residence
personal information
Opis:
This article is about the effects of abolition of the compulsory registration and some other records in civil proceedings. Replacement of the existing law on the population register and identity cards by two bills which refer to this issue carries the risk of difficulties in the effective search those people who take an active part in civil proceedings. This applies both to the defendants as well as witnesses. The proposed solutions are designed to facilitate the search for bodies of civil procedure, as well as the introduction of systemic solutions, in order to strengthen the legal culture in the Polish legal system.
Źródło:
Studia Prawnicze; 2014, 2 (198); 143-158
0039-3312
2719-4302
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawnicze
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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