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    Wyświetlanie 1-9 z 9
    Tytuł:
    Mediacja jako forma sprawiedliwości naprawczej – korzyści dla stron
    Mediation as a Form of Restorative Justice: Benefits of the Parties
    Autorzy:
    Waluk, Janina
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698602.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2008
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    mediacja
    sprawiedliwość naprawcza
    mediation
    restorative justice
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 2008, XXIX-XXX; 871-883
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Mediacja z udziałem małoletniego - zagadnienia wiktymologiczne
    Mediation with the Participation of a Minor: Victimological Issues
    Autorzy:
    Sitarz, Olga
    Bek, Dominika
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698568.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    mediacja
    wiktymologia
    małoletni
    mediation
    minor
    victimology
    Opis:
    A child can participate in mediation in criminal cases where he/she is a party to the proceedings and in juvenile cases. This occurs in the basic situations where he/she is either the perpetrator or the victim of a criminal act. These are obviously very different roles. A child is involved in proceedings for different purposes when he/she has been wronged than when he/she is the wrongdoer. In either case, however, the child requires special protection and treatment on account of his/her physical, psychological, emotional and intellectual immaturity. The Polish legislature recognises this and has introduced special provisions for children, i.e. juvenile and youth offenders and minor victims. Mediation with juveniles has acquired its own regulations. It might not be overly popular, but it is relatively well formulated. There are no such special provisions, however, for minor victims of criminal acts. Nor has this issue been given much consideration in the literature. As if that were not worrying enough, the key statement of the courts (Supreme Court Decision I KZP 9/12 of 20 June 2012) gives additional cause for concern as it shows that the objectives and principles of mediation are not sufficiently understood by the Supreme Court. Determining whether mediation can be conducted with a child who has been wronged by a crime committed by one of his/her parents is the primary goal the authors have set themselves. This does not so much concern the normative layer – where the law does not impose any limitations – as the ability of the child to take part in a mediation meeting and the possibility of assuring him/her adequate protection. These considerations raise several detailed issues whose specifications require a “child”, a “victim” and a “wronged party”. The nature of reconciliation and forgiveness, as distinctive features of mediation agreements, have to be analysed. Whether certain types of criminal cases (and not just those involving children) are suitable for mediation proceedings is another question that has to be answered). Children are often victims of violent crimes. These types of cases are highly contentious in the context of mediation, even when the victims are adults. This issue is evaluated against the main principles of mediation, viz. that it be voluntary and that the two sides be evenly matched. Accepting the admissibility of children participating in mediation raises the following questions as to how this admissibility is to be qualified: the minimum age of the child; representation of the child by a parent, guardian or probation officer; and special mediator training. The problems identified in the study acquire a particularly drastic dimension when the perpetrators of crimes against children happen to be the children’s own parents. Mediation between a child-victim and a perpetrator-parent is so fraught with danger as to make it inadmissible in such cases. The authors’ reservations concerning mediation with minor victims do not
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 2014, XXXVI; 363-387
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Propozycje nowych uregulowań dotyczących mediacji w sprawach nieletnich
    New Suggested Regulations on Mediation in Cases of Minors
    Autorzy:
    Czarnecka-Dzialuk, Beata
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698906.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2008
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    mediacja
    mediacja w sprawach nieletnich
    postępowanie mediacyjne
    nieletni
    przestępczość nieletnich
    juvenile
    juvenile delinquency
    mediation proceedings
    mediation
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 2008, XXIX-XXX; 287-296
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Teoretyczne podstawy mediacji między ofiarą a sprawcą przestępstwa
    The Theoretical Foundations of Mediation Between the Victim and Offender
    Autorzy:
    Czarnecka-Dzialuk, Beata
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698941.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2000
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    mediacja
    ofiara
    konflikt
    przestępca
    victim
    offender
    mediation
    conflict
    Opis:
    Mediation as a method of conflict resolution also applicable to conflict resulting from an offences is the alternative of legal solution of disputes, a technique shared by various models that promote the use in practice of consensus. This novel plocedure fot conflict resolution (which is however derived from the traditions of the oldest societies) - a consensual one, based on agreement between parties - has been developing most dynamically over the recent decades, and pervaded all branches of the law in most legal systems (H. Jung, T. Marshall). In the specific context of criminal justice, mediation does not necessarily aim at conflict resolution. For this reason, it is defined as a process, where parties to proceedings are offered the possibility to actively participate in resolving issues that result from the offence, and are assisted in so doing by an impartial third person or mediator. Mediation may take a variety of forms (direct or indirect); it may be conducted by professional or lay mediators, under auspices of the law enforcement agencies or by an independent social organization, and the parties to it may include not only the victim and the offender but also their relatives and other supporters as well as representatives of the criminal justice system. As has already been mentioned, the origins of mediation between the offender and his victim date back to the oldest past when all issues related to harm involved in acts that are today treated as offences were adjusted in the course of negotiations by those directly concerned assisted by their families and clans. The offences was seen as a conflict between the victim and the perpetrator, with due consideration to the social context. Once the function of reacting to crime was taken over by the state, the reactions initially resembled the modern rules of civil law. Later on, when crime was interpreted as violation of the order established by the ruler, penal sanctions aimed not only at compensating the victim but also at supporting the authority of the state. Although Nils Christie's picture of the state stealing the conflict is a convincing illustration of this situation, the fact should be borne in mind that the state's taking over of the function of punishing was an immense cultural achievement of its time, especially for those members of the conmunity who were too weak to vindicate their claims (B.-D. Meier). Solutions that provide for specific forms of consensus can also be found in modern legal systems. In the area of mediation between the victim and offender, the practice outpaced theory. It was inspired, among other things, by examples of "community justice'' of non-Western cultures; by the movement on behalf of victims, the progress of victimology, the diversion conception, and abolitionism; by the theory of social peace and conflict resolution and by the conception of reparatory justice. This latter conception deals with most problems posed by the other ones. It is, however, difficult to define, and its essence is difficult to explain, especially if we try to embrace threads important for all the trends on which it bases. Thus in the end, a simpler definition suggested by T. Marshall won general acceptance: "reparatory justice is an approach to crime, oriented on solving the problem, which engages perionally all parties involved in it as well as the community, in active relation to the public sector institutions. It is not a specific activity but a set of ruled that may set the direction of the bulk of actions of all institutions or groups related to crime. Reparatory justice is a process in which all parties involved in a specific offence meet to reach a joint solution of the issue of effects of crime and conclusions for the future". This definition was subsequently modified somewhat by other authors. In particular, it was accepted by an international body - the International Research Network on Reparatory Juvenile Justice in its Leuven Declaration of May 1997 concerning advisability of promoting the reparatory approach to juvenile delinquency. Reparatory justice is discussed as a specific trend, approach, philosophy or even idea; according to most authors, however, it has not yet developed into a consistent theory, although incessant efforts are made towards this aim. The term "reparatory justice'' is attributed to R. Barnett; H. Zehr's contribution is the first general model of that justice as an "alternative paradigm of justice" whose main principles are opposed to those of the traditional retributive justice. Also J. Braithwaite's idea of "reintegrating confusion'' was of importance for the development of the reparatory justice conception. It is associated e.g. with Hirschi's theory of control, Matza's neutralization theory, Luhmann's systemic theory, and also with the traditional penal law theories under which evil has to be compensated by punishment, but compensation involving suffering prohibits a better arrangement of social relartions. Instead, reparatory justice balances the harm involved in crime through action aimed at compensation and “doing good” (Ch. Pelikan, B.D. Meier). M. Wright stresses that this conception largely tallies with the common-sense ideas as to how society should react to crime, supported by appropriate actions, analysis, and studies. Mediation and other restorative reactions are sometimes shown as responses that function instead, parallel or within the traditional justice system. Much speaks, however, for integration of reparatory justice with the criminal justice system. The approach that isolates mediation altogether from criminal justice pays insufficient attention to the danger of inequality of the parties to mediation in the area of efficient execution of their conflicting interests. Thus public interest requires that the course and results of mediation proceedings be supervised. The manner in which reparatory justice may replace repressive one depends first and foremost on the seriousness of crime. It is not in all cases that a purely reparatory reaction should be recommended as sufficient. This is among the frequent arguments of critics of reparatory justice (although even its supporters accept the existence of limits to its application). Skeptics also stress that reparatory justice violates a number of generally accepted rules of procedure, especially that of equality before the law (which, however, could be disputed) and the offender’s procedural rights due to him in criminal proceedings (which is in fact a weakness of reparatory justice, but collisions might be solved by appropriate rules and standards of the reparatory process or e.g. by judicial review of negotiated solutions). The conception of reparatory justice is often explicated through opposition of the basic models of reaction to crime (although faulty in some respects, this method well illustrates the most fundamental features). Reparatory justice is sometimes called the "third path'', an alternative to the (neo-) retributive penal law and the rehabilitation model which proves ineffective, and a fully mature self-standing model (L. Walgrave, I. Aertsen). M. Wright stressed two spccial ideas that distinguish reparatory justice from the traditional criminal justice system. The first of them is that the process itself constitutes an essential element of the reaction, that it is constructive and may even have a therapeutic importance. The other idea is compensation interpreted in a much broader sense - from symbolic actions such as work to those reducing the risk of the offender relapsing into crime. The justification and legitimization of mediation in criminal cases bases not only on new theorietical conceptions. Such justification can also be found in the assumptions of the traditional justice system. This is what B.D. Meier did assuming as his point of departure the penal law system's public function, including in particular that of restoring public order that has been violated through crime, and also that of preventing repeated violations. The traditional systems have always provided for two or three different models of reaction to crime. Prevalent is punishment imposed on the person who has been found guilty. The second model involves imposition of special measures irrespective of the offender's liability (security and preventive measures). The third model, of crucial importance for legitimization of mediation in the criminal justice system, consists in renouncing formal proceedings, e.g. in view of slight social harmfulness of the act, the fact that no public interest is involved in the imposition of penalty, or reasons of general and special prevention. According to T. Marshall, justifications of reparatory justice (fulfilled i.a. through mediation) should be sought in the community nature of the offence and its effects. Explaining the theoretical foundations of mediation between the victim and the offender is a complex task because of the multitude of its sources as well as theories and conceptions quoted, and particularly because of the lack of agreement as to the essence of the usually quoted conception of reparatory justice and as to its treatment as "competitive'' with fespect to traditional justice or (for which interpretation I would like to declare) as that system's highly profitable logical supplementation, improvement and expansion. Also in Poland, the practice of actions involving mediation have outpaced the theory: for several years now, there has been quite a rapid growth in its application in practice. In both spheres, there are many problems and challenges worth taking up. At the same time, expanding the theory is of importance for the practice. Explanation of the ideas, aims and foundations of mediation and of its position with respect to traditional justice is paramount for the institution's reasonable development, evaluation and shaping towards its meeting the expectations.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 2000, XXV; 9-28
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Rewizja poglądów na temat konfliktu jako własności. Przeszkody we wprowadzaniu procedur sprawiedliwości naprawczej i sposoby ich pokonywania z punktu widzenia polskiej praktyki prawnej
    Conflict as Property Revisited. Obstacles to Introduce Restorative Justice Procedures and Ways to Overcome Them from the Experience of the Polish Juridical Practice
    Autorzy:
    Płatek, Monika
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699098.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2006
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    sprawiedliwość naprawcza
    proces karny
    ofiary
    mediacja
    restorative justice
    criminal justice system
    victims
    mediation
    Opis:
    This paper concerns the road Poland is on to introduce restorative justice procedures within its criminal justice system. The author describes the difficulties Poland has already overcome and is still facing. In addition, the paper shows the possible dangers we are not willing to see yet. The restorative justice procedures are introduced in the name of victims. They are aimed at observing the victims' rights and interests within the criminal justice system. Restorative justice is also to bring back the conflicts to their owners. The new developments are aimed at achieving this goal. The author discusses the invisible aspects which, if not diagnosed, named and prevented in time, can steal again the conflict from those most involved in it. It was once stolen by lawyers, judges and prosecutors who officially acted for the victims' good and support. Today, an identical process is possible with mediator taking the lawyers place.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 2006, XXVIII; 267-279
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Czym jest miasto sprawiedliwości naprawczej?
    What is a restorative city?
    Autorzy:
    Matczak, Anna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2030556.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    sprawiedliwość naprawcza
    miasto sprawiedliwości naprawczej
    mediacja
    konflikt
    urbanistyka
    restorative justice
    restorative city
    mediation
    conflict
    urban planning
    Opis:
    Koncepcja miasta sprawiedliwości naprawczej jest jednym z najnowszych osiągnięć rozwoju praktyki oraz teorii sprawiedliwości naprawczej w ciągu ostatnich lat. Pomimo braku jednolitych standardów wdrażania tej idei, koncepcję miasta sprawiedliwości naprawczej można zdefiniować jako proces kształtowania życia społecznego oraz przestrzeni miejskiej przez pryzmat filozofii, zasad i wartości sprawiedliwości naprawczej. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest omówienie wniosków z analizy procesu wdrażania koncepcji miasta sprawiedliwości naprawczej w oparciu o doświadczenia następujących miast: Hull (Wielka Brytania), Bristol (Wielka Brytania), Brighton i Hove (Wielka Brytania), Leuven (Belgia), Como (Włochy), Tempio Pausania (Włochy), Whanganui (Nowa Zelandia) oraz Oakland (Stany Zjednoczone). Opracowanie kończy krótkie podsumowanie dotychczasowych działań na rzecz rozwoju idei miast sprawiedliwości naprawczej we Wrocławiu.
    The concept of a restorative city is one of the most recent successful developments in the field of restorative justice theory and practice. Despite the lack of universal standards of implementation, a restorative city can be defined as a process that aims to shape both community life as well as urban space through the lens of restorative justice philosophy, values, and standards. The purpose of this article is to discuss the results of the analysis of how this concept has been implemented in the following cities: Hull (United Kingdom), Bristol (United Kingdom), Brighton & Hove (United Kingdom), Leuven (Belgium), Como (Italy), Tempio Pausania (Italy), Whanganui (New Zealand) and Oakland (United States). The article concludes with a brief summary of activities that have been undertaken in Wrocław in order to gain the status of a restorative city.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 2021, XLIII/2; 399-427
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Zasadność zakazu obowiązkowej mediacji w sprawach przemocy domowej. Krytyczna analiza przepisu art. 48 ust. 1 tzw. konwencji stambulskiej
    Autorzy:
    Sitarz, Olga
    Bek, Dominika
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1788247.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018-02-12
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    mediacja
    alternatywne rozsztrzyganie sporu
    konwencja stambulska
    przemoc domowa
    mediation
    alternative dispute resolution
    the Istanbul Convention
    domestic violence
    Opis:
    Celem podjętych badań była ocena zasadności wprowadzenia zakazu obowiązkowej mediacji w sprawach przemocy domowej. Analizie poddano przepis art. 48 ust. 1 tzw. konwencji stambulskiej, który nałożył na państwa-strony (w tym Polskę) obowiązek podjęcia koniecznych działań ustawodawczych lub innych zakazujących stosowania obowiązkowych alternatywnych procesów rozstrzygania sporów, w tym mediacji i rozstrzygnięć polubownych, w odniesieniu do wszelkich form przemocy objętych zakresem niniejszej konwencji. Przy wykorzystaniu metody formalno-dogmatycznej, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem wykładni językowej i funkcjonalnej, podjęto próbę ustalenia zakresu normy kompetencyjnej zakodowanej w niniejszym przepisie. Wyniki tak przeprowadzonego badania skonfrontowano z zasadami mediacji oraz polskimi regulacjami w tym obszarze. Otrzymane wyniki pozwoliły na sformułowanie krytycznej oceny przepisu art. 48 ust. 1 konwencji.
    The purpose of the undertaken research was to assess the legitimacy of introducing a prohibition of compulsory mediation in cases of domestic violence. The provision of art. 48.1 of so-called the Istanbul Convention has imposed on States Parties (including Poland) an obligation to take the necessary legislative or other measures to prohibit mandatory alternative dispute resolution processes, including mediation and conciliation, in relation to all forms of violence covered by the scope of this Convention. Using the formal-dogmatic method, with particular emphasis on language and functional interpretation, an attempt was made to determine the scope of the competence standard encoded in this provision. The results of this study were confronted with the principles of mediation and Polish regulations in this area. The obtained results allowed for the formulation of a critical evaluation of the provision of art. 48.1 of the Convention.
    Źródło:
    Studia Prawnicze; 2018, 1 (213); 105-129
    0039-3312
    2719-4302
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Prawnicze
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Mediacja między pokrzywdzonym a sprawcą przestępstwa jako forma rozwiązywania konfliktów
    Mediation between the Aggrieved Party and the Perpetrator as a Form of Conflict-Solving
    Autorzy:
    Kruk, Marzena
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698792.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2008
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    konflikty
    mediacja
    sprawiedliwość naprawcza
    sposoby rozwiązywania konfliktów
    pokrzywdzony
    sprawca przestępstwa
    conflicts
    mediation
    restorative justice
    ways to solve conflicts
    aggrieved party
    perpetrator
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 2008, XXIX-XXX; 837-851
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Victim-offender Mediation in Poland – The Lay Perspective
    Autorzy:
    Matczak, Anna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/962408.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    sprawiedliwość naprawcza
    mediacja
    ofiara
    sprawca
    opinia świecka
    system wymiaru sprawiedliwości w sprawach karnych
    przeprosiny
    restorative justice
    victim-offender mediation
    lay opinion
    criminal justice system
    apology
    Opis:
    Restorative justice is a complex and multi-faceted concept, the introduction of whichdoes not happen in a socio-political and economic vacuum. Every society engageswith restorative justice in its own distinctive way as it is the society – lay people – thatis always on the receiving end of restorative solutions. In this article, I draw on mydoctoral research that explores qualitatively how a small number of Polish peopleunderstand punishment and justice, and how their narratives inform the viabilityof restorative approaches to justice in Poland. In other words, I propose to considera macro-sociological perspective, and how lay people’s understanding of punishmentand justice should be seen as an avenue by which to explore certain preconditions forthe viability of restorative justice.Poland’s socialist past, change of the political regime, post-communist “accession”to the international community in the West and a high level of religiosity (among manyother factors) make Poland a fascinating object of study that can, at the same time,offer insights about restorative justice in other societies. Restorative justice, introducedin the form of victim-offender mediation, was part of the post-1989 political ambitionsto change the Polish penal landscape and join the international community in the West.There were a number of forces behind the establishment of restorative justice in Poland.Given that the concept was introduced at a time when the Polish society was dealingwith the socialist legacy and creating a new democratic reality, it was also hoped thatmediation could serve as a fast-track remedy and act as an ancillary mechanism toreduce the sudden spike in court workloads after the fall of communism. In the caseof Poland, it seems that the exceptionally limited interest in mediation and the paucityof anticipated outcomes of victim-offender mediation is the problem. In order toexplore the viability of restorative justice in the Polish context, one must thereforelook beyond the legal basis and formal logistics which have been already in place formany years.My research opens up new debates on the viability of restorative justice, and thisarticle in particular fleshes out the nature of the participants’ perceptions of victimoffendermediation. In this article, I first briefly introduce the Polish model of victimoffendermediation. I then discuss the nature of the initial responses to mediationbased on the participants’ knowledge of, support for, and any experience of, victimoffendermediation. This is followed by the discussion on how the participants’ viewson mediation were articulated in the shadow of the Polish criminal justice system.Next, I explore why the participants viewed mediation as a business-like encounterand, finally, I explore the participants’ perceptions of apology – something that cameup as one of the most interesting findings of the study.The aim of this paper is to argue that the viability of restorative justice should beapproached as a process that is influenced by broader socio-economic, political andeven linguistic factors. Although the Polish model of victim-offender mediation wasinspired by the restorative justice concept, the narratives of my lay participants suggesta number of socio-cultural obstacles to the further development of restorative justicein Poland. Despite a limited knowledge of victim-offender mediation among the studyparticipants, it is clear that support for mediation is negotiated and conditional.Although victim-offender mediation was mainly perceived not as a punishment, therole and purpose of this practice was discussed against the background of the Polishcriminal justice system. Although the relationship might be defined as “uneasy” (seeShapland et al. 2006), restorative justice, since its conception, has been interwoven withthe two. One of restorative justice’s central hopes was to establish an alternative systemof crime resolution that would eliminate the infliction of pain. However, the trajectoryof restorative justice solutions in many countries demonstrates that the functioningof a majority of them is dependent on criminal justice agencies. Given the close andinseparable relationship between the two, I argue in my research that the ways in whichlay people perceive the criminal justice institutions affect their perceptions of alternativeconflict resolutions. Then, as it emerged in my fieldwork, the study participants’ perceptionof harm suggests that mediation might be seen as an avenue to focus onthe financial side of the reparation, and as result might achieve something other thanrestorative goals. The narratives of my study participants also explore the difficultyof acknowledging apology as a genuine element of the restorative encounter. Thiscould be due to looking at apology through the lens of court apology, sociolinguistic or cultural reasons. John Braithwaite in his book Restorative Justice and ResponsiveRegulation (2002) rightly indicated that “we are still learning how to do restorativejustice well” (p. 565). Nevertheless, the question whether a perfect restorative justiceprogramme is ever possible remains open.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 2018, XL; 495-522
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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