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    Wyświetlanie 1-10 z 10
    Tytuł:
    The Nicaragua Judgement and the Use of Force – 30 Years Later
    Autorzy:
    Kwiecień, Roman
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/706696.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017-09-01
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    armed attack
    counter-measures
    customary international law
    Nicaragua judgement
    non-State actors
    self-defence
    UN Charter
    use of force
    Opis:
    In light of contemporary circumstances, on the 30th anniversary of the Nicaragua judgement it is worth revisiting and considering again certain legal problems decided by – and raised by – the ICJ judgement. This article addresses the importance of the judgement in terms of international legal regulations on the use of force. First and foremost, the article examines the concept of armed attack based on the “gravity” criterion elaborated by the Court and the exercise of the right of self-defence. Moreover, the relationship between customary international law and treaty law, as well as forcible counter-measures and military actions against non-State actors are also discussed in the article. It is argued that the “gravity” criterion used by the ICJ seems controversial and, consequently, may limit the right of self-defence. On the other hand, however, the judgement established a strong barrier to the realization of individual political interests by militarily powerful States. This is the Nicaragua judgement’s long-lasting legacy. In this sense the judgement has stood the test of time.
    Źródło:
    Polish Yearbook of International Law; 2016, 36; 21-36
    0554-498X
    Pojawia się w:
    Polish Yearbook of International Law
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Execution on an Embassy Bank Account
    Autorzy:
    Wyrozumska, Anna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/706854.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    enforcement of judgement
    international law
    jurisdiction
    immunity
    Opis:
    Recently Polish courts have started to attach bank accounts of foreign embassies for the purpose of enforcement of judgements against embassies of foreign States in e.g. employment cases. The courts have applied the same principle to jurisdictional State immunity and immunity from enforcement and recognized that if state activities giving rise to the claims examined by courts were of private-law character, they are not protected either by jurisdictional or enforcement immunity. This standpoint is contrary to the dominant trend in other states’ practice, confirmed by the International Court of Justice in 2012 (Germany v. Italy: Greece Intervening). While in the field of jurisdictional immunity, the nature of an act as iure imperii or iure gestionis is decisive, in a case of immunity from enforcement – the allocation of the property against which enforcement measures are sought. Embassy bank accounts are generally covered by immunity from enforcement. In this situation Polish courts should develop convincing and exhaustive reasons why it is necessary for the protection of an individual to overrule the ne impediatur legatio principle. The judgements are not sufficiently reasoned and there is no good argument to support this stance. They expose Poland to international liability.
    Źródło:
    Polish Yearbook of International Law; 2012, 32; 75-87
    0554-498X
    Pojawia się w:
    Polish Yearbook of International Law
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Uzasadnienie orzeczenia w sprawie pytania prawnego
    Autorzy:
    Stębelski, Marcin
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1788199.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014-09-04
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    uzasadnienie orzeczenia
    pytanie prawne
    Trybunał Konstytucyjny
    kompetencje
    procedura
    justification of a judgement resolving
    legal question
    Constitutional Tribunal
    competences
    procedure
    Opis:
    The procedure of question of law to the Constitutional Tribunal (article 193 of the Constitution) allows both a court and the Tribunal to have a dialogue concerning the normative act which will determine an issue current before that court. This specific dialogue should be reflected in the explanatory part of the judgment. Moreover, the effectivity of that dialogue depends strictly upon the way Tribunal explains motives of the ruling and presents its argumentation. The explanation of the judgment does not have a status of universally binding and final statement of the Tribunal. However it should convince the court and other addressees of the judgment of the Tribunal’s interpretation of the constitutional norms taken into consideration in particular case. Explanation presented by the Tribunal should give a clear solution of the constitutional issue put forward by the court in its question of law. Only then the court may resolve individual case issuing a judgment which conforms to the Constitution.
    Źródło:
    Studia Prawnicze; 2014, 4 (200); 99-116
    0039-3312
    2719-4302
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Prawnicze
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Judgement of the Supreme Court, dated 17 February 2016 (Ref. no. WA 16/15)
    Autorzy:
    Kleczkowska, Agata
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/706774.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017-09-01
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    blind bayonets
    international criminal law
    Penal Code
    Polish Supreme Court
    unlawful order
    Opis:
    In its Judgement of 17 February 2016, the Polish Supreme Court adjudicated the case of Polish soldiers accused of crimes committed in the village of Nangar Khel in Afghanistan in 2007. Ultimately, the Supreme Court found that Polish soldiers were guilty of, inter alia, breach of Article 318 of the Polish Penal Code, which stipulates that a soldier commits a crime even when executing an order if he is aware of this crime. However, the part of the judgement devoted to the problem of unlawful orders is very limited and almost completely lacks references to international law. The Supreme Court could have referred to a number of international legal acts, starting from the beginning of 20th century and up to the more recent regulations, including those in the Rome Statute. Moreover, the Supreme Court did not use international case law. As a result, the argumentation of the Supreme Court should be assessed as limited and unconvincing.
    Źródło:
    Polish Yearbook of International Law; 2016, 36; 267-276
    0554-498X
    Pojawia się w:
    Polish Yearbook of International Law
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    China and Hong Kong: The One Country, Two Systems Principle and Its Practical Implications for Polish Civil Courts
    Autorzy:
    Zaręba, Szymon
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/706591.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014-07-25
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    enforcement of judgement, legal assistance, Hong Kong, China, VCLT, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
    Opis:
    This article seeks to examine the landmark decision of the Supreme Court of Poland of 11 October 2013 (ref. no. I CSK 451/12), which is the first ruling of Poland’s highest civil court on the applicability of treaties between Poland and China to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The article focuses on that part of the Court’s reasoning which discusses the principles and rules of international law. It is argued that despite some flaws in the Court’s reasoning, its overall conclusion was correct: the 1987 Sino-Polish Agreement on legal assistance in civil and criminal cases does not apply to Hong Kong.
    Źródło:
    Polish Yearbook of International Law; 2013, 33; 363-369
    0554-498X
    Pojawia się w:
    Polish Yearbook of International Law
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Original Sin Reaffirmed: The Nicaragua Judgement’s Impact on the Notion of Armed Attack as the Most Grave Form of the Use of Force
    Autorzy:
    Kowalski, Michał
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/706871.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017-09-01
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    aggression
    armed attack
    ICJ
    International Court of Justice
    jus ad bellum
    Nicaragua
    use of force
    Opis:
    This article is referenced to the thirtieth anniversary of the ICJ’s Nicaragua judgement on the merits of 1986. It acknowledges the significance of this much-debated judgement for the modern international law on the use of force (jus ad bellum). However the text focuses on one aspect of the judgement only, i.e. the definition of the notion of “armed attack” as the most grave form of the use of force. The impact of the judgement in this respect is critically analysed. It is argued that the introduction to the UN Charter text of undefined notions of the use of force, aggression, and armed attack may be labelled as the “original sin” of contemporary jus ad bellum, as it results in conceptual obscurity. It is also claimed that the ICJ reaffirmed this original sin in its Nicaragua judgement because it explicitly argued for the notion of “armed attack” as the most grave form of the use of armed force and, in consequence, distinguished it from the other, lesser forms of the use of force, while failing to introduce any sort of clarity in the conceptual ambiguity of jus ad bellum. The article also offers some remarks de lege ferenda and suggests abandoning the gravity criterion, which would require abandoning the well-established judicial and doctrinal interpretation approaches to jus ad bellum.
    Źródło:
    Polish Yearbook of International Law; 2016, 36; 37-50
    0554-498X
    Pojawia się w:
    Polish Yearbook of International Law
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Błędne uzasadnienie orzeczenia (art. 184 p.p.s.a.) a prawo do sądu
    Autorzy:
    Zaorski, Krzysztof
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1788198.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014-09-04
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    błędne uzasadnienie orzeczenia
    prawo do sądu
    prawa człowieka
    błąd
    postępowanie sądowoadministracyjne
    Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny
    erroneous justification of the judgement
    right to fair trial
    human rights
    error
    administrative proceeding
    Supreme Administrative Court
    Opis:
    The Supreme Administrative Court shall dismiss the cassation appeal if the challenged decision despite the erroneous reasoning corresponds to the right (art. 184 in fi ne p.p.s.a.). In an article in the context of this provision is presented right to fair trial (as a rule of law and the individual’s right). The author concludes that the wording of the provision does not affect right to fair trial. In his opinion, for thesis of compliance art. 184 in fi ne p.p.s.a. with right to fair trail speaks one of the basic elements making up this right. This element is a guarantee for hear the case without undue delay (in a reasonable time). At the same time the author notes that the application of that provision in certain situations may violate the right to a fair trial. In the article this problem illustrated judgments of the Supreme Administrative Court. The author shows how the Supreme Administrative Court shall give reasons for its decisions, so as not to violate the right to fair trail.
    Źródło:
    Studia Prawnicze; 2014, 4 (200); 173-187
    0039-3312
    2719-4302
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Prawnicze
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The rule of law w opiniach doradczych i wyrokach Międzynarodowego Trybunału Sprawiedliwości
    Autorzy:
    Lis, Edyta
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1788319.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018-04-09
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    rządy prawa
    Międzynarodowy Trybunał Sprawiedliwości
    opinie doradcze
    wyroki
    rozstrzyganie sporów
    jasność prawa
    równość wobec prawa
    rule of law
    International Court of Justice
    advisory opinions
    judgement
    dispute settlement
    clarity of law
    equality before the law
    Opis:
    W artykule wykazano, że Międzynarodowy Trybunał Sprawiedliwości, wydając orzeczenia i opinie doradcze, przyczynia się do wzmocnienia i promocji koncepcji rządów prawa. W związku z tym, po pierwsze, wyjaśniono pojęcie „rządów prawa” oraz przedstawiono teorie formalne i materialne koncepcji rządów prawa. Ustalono, że idei rządów prawa w krajowych porządkach prawnych nie należy utożsamiać z koncepcją rządów prawa w prawie międzynarodowym. Następnie dokonano analizy wybranych orzeczeń i opinii doradczych Trybunału w odniesieniu zarówno do pokojowego rozstrzygania sporów międzynarodowych, interpretacji, jednolitości stosowania, rozwoju prawa międzynarodowego, jak i zachowania zasady równości wobec prawa. Stwierdzono, że poprzez pokojowe rozstrzyganie sporów międzynarodowych pomiędzy państwami Międzynarodowy Trybunał Sprawiedliwości przyczynia się do utrzymania międzynarodowego pokoju, przyjaznych stosunków oraz zapobiega wybuchowi konfliktów zbrojnych. Ponadto Trybunał w sposób jednolity, bezstronny stosuje, wyjaśnia i przyczynia się do rozwoju prawa międzynarodowego. Niestety, w postępowaniu doradczym dotyczącym rewizji orzeczeń trybunałów administracyjnych nie zagwarantowano jednostkom zasady równości stron. Zgodnie z art. 34 ust. 1 Statutu Trybunału jedynymi podmiotami uprawnionymi do bycia stroną w postępowaniu przed Międzynarodowym Trybunałem Sprawiedliwości są państwa. Jednostki nie mogą także uczestniczyć w postępowaniu doradczym. Jednakże w ostatniej opinii doradczej z dnia 1 lutego 2012 r. Trybunał stwierdził, że jest zobowiązany do zagwarantowania równości stron tak dalece, jak jest to możliwe.
    This paper argues that by delivering judgement and giving an advisory opinion, the International Court of Justice contributes to enhancement and promotion of the rule of law. First of all, it was necessary to explain the term ‘rule of law’ and its formal and substantive theories. It argues that the notion of rule of law in national legal systems should be distinguished from this concept in international law. Then it analyzes some judgements and advisory opinions of the International Court of Justice with regard to peaceful settlement of disputes, interpretation, uniform application and development of international law, as well as equality before the law. It was established that through peaceful settlement of disputes between States, the International Court of Justice helped maintain peace, friendly relations and prevent violent conflicts. Furthermore, the World Court consistently and impartially applies, clarifies and contributes to the development of international law. Unfortunately, individuals are not on equal footing in the advisory proceedings concerning revision of judgements of administrative tribunals. According to Article 34 paragraph 1 of the Statute of the Court, only States are entitled to appear before the International Court of Justice. What is more, there is also absence of equality of the parties in advisory proceedings because individuals are deprived of any access to the Court. But in the last advisory opinion rendered on 1 February 2012, the Court argued that it is obliged to ensure that this principle is adhered to as far as it possible.
    Źródło:
    Studia Prawnicze; 2018, 2 (214); 5-33
    0039-3312
    2719-4302
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Prawnicze
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Brak obowiązku uzasadnienia i uzasadnienie skrócone a prawo do sądu
    Autorzy:
    Rzucidło-Grochowska, Iwona
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1788200.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014-09-04
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    obowiązek uzasadnienia
    uzasadnienie skrócone
    prawo do sądu
    prawa człowieka
    orzecznictwo
    Europejski Trybunał Praw Człowieka
    justifying a judgement
    shortened justification
    right to fair trial
    right to access to the court
    human rights
    judicial decisions
    European Court of Human Rights
    Opis:
    The right to fair trial and access to the court is interpreted by European Court of Human Rights in a wide manner. Amongst these rulings, there are numerous judicial opinions, where ECHR addesses the problem of giving grounds for judicial decisions (not mention explicitly in the Convention). Out of that reason we may say that there is possible to notice special element of the general right to due process – right to obtain grounds for judicial decisions. This particular right has many aspects and – at least at the first glance – seems to impose the duty to prepare justifications without exceptions. In practice the situation is yet quite different. ECHR approves some limitations of this duty, that migh arise from different sources. In other words, shortened justifications and lack of the duty to justify may be, under some conditions, compliant with standards set forth by the Convention. The clou of this matter is proportionalization of the justifying process, as well as considering of arguments pro and contra fulfilling maximum standard. Sometimes it is therefore possible that guaranteeing the right to fair trial may be overcome by another values (like promptness of receiving a decision, better governance of judges‘ time and effort, etc.). Considering this issue in a wider perspective, we, hence, cannot try to maximalize one aspects of a standard because, if it may cause obstacles in meeting another elements slocated within it the other rights’ domain.
    Źródło:
    Studia Prawnicze; 2014, 4 (200); 61-71
    0039-3312
    2719-4302
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Prawnicze
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Nieprawomocne orzeczenia sądów w sprawach karnych w świetle starego i nowego kodeksu karnego
    Invalid judgments in criminal matters in the light of the ‘old’ and the new penal code
    Autorzy:
    Gruszczyńska, Beata
    Marczewski, Marek
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698931.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2000
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    kodeks karny
    orzeczenie nieprawomocne
    statystyka
    polityka karna
    the Penal Code
    statistics
    criminal policy
    judgement is not final
    judgment is not final
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 2000, XXV; 179-192
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-10 z 10

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