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    Wyświetlanie 1-10 z 10
    Tytuł:
    Finanse złotoryjskiego ratusza w drugiej połowie XVII wieku
    Autorzy:
    Gradzińska, Agata
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/949882.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    town hall
    municipal budget
    Opis:
    The operations of the treasury in municipal councils in old Silesian towns have not been widely studied. Based on the collected source materials, the article presents the structure of finances at the Złotoryja town hall in the second half of the 17th century. In that period Złotoryja was in the final stages of economic recovery following the end of the Thirty Years War. An analysis of the source materials showed that the town’s largest source of income was extraordinary inflows (mainly from agricultural tax) and interest on loans drawn with the municipal council. The key expense in this period was for the extensively developed bureaucratic apparatus. At the forefront were the salaries of the magistrates and clerks, i.e. higher and middle level officials. Entertainment costs for the officials (expenses to honour higher ranking officials and organize occasional banquets) and expenses related to their political life, such as participation in various diplomatic missions, were also material. The municipal authorities’ financial “extravagancies” were responsible for over 50% of all expenses incurred on the council’s administrative activities. Although the source materials are modest and only allow for a fragmentary reconstruction of the budget for Złotoryja’s town hall, some of the political and social activities of the council can be observed. The ledgers are without doubt very useful for learning about the clerical structures and various forms of its representation.
    Źródło:
    Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych; 2014, 74
    0080-3634
    Pojawia się w:
    Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Praskie ratusze – symboliczne czy rzeczywiste centra władzy?
    Autorzy:
    Jišová, Kateřina
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/603233.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    town hall
    Prague
    Hussite revolution
    Opis:
    The Prague agglomeration consisted of four medieval towns: the Old Town, the New Town, Mala Strana and also Hradčany. The article throws light on the relations, often dramatic, between the town halls of the Old and New Towns (the fi rst was built in 1338, the second before 1374) in the 15th century. An uprising broke out in the New Town in 1419. The insurgents forced their way into the town hall and defenestrated 10–13 men. In May 1420 the communes appointed new councillors for the first time. In August, on the initiative of Jan Želivský, a general meeting of the communes was convened in the Old Town hall and new councillors were appointed. In June 1421 armed action by the townsmen of the New Town resulted in the town council’s resignation. Both towns were combined into a single body governed from the Old Town hall, of course, under Želivský’s dictatorship. However, the chancelleries of both towns remained independent and maintained town ledgers in parallel. During that period the importance of the town councils’ dropped to an alltime low, political decisions were taken by Želivský, without the participation of either of the town halls (in 1422 Želivský was imprisoned in the Old Town hall and subsequently decapitated). The association of Prague communes disintegrated at the turn of 1423/24. Sigismund Korybut ruled in the period from 1422 to 1427. The Duke established a new joint council for the Old and New Towns, consisting of 18 councillors from both towns. Korybut was overthrown, but everything seems to point to the fact that later both towns were once again unified; however, from August 1428 at the latest, the councils again became independent. In 1434 thanks to the support of Bohemian lords, the townsmen of the Old Town captured the New Town. But in 1436, the Holy Roman Emperor, Sigismund of Luxembourg, who had already accepted a pledge of allegiance from the townsmen of Prague, freed the citizens of the New Town from the Old Town’s hegemony. In 1483 another uprising began in Prague, which was referred to as the epilogue to the Hussite revolution, which claimed new victims from among the authorities of both town halls. Forty years later there were further tensions in Prague.
    Źródło:
    Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych; 2014, 74
    0080-3634
    Pojawia się w:
    Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Ceremonie na ratuszu krakowskim w XV–XVIII wieku
    Autorzy:
    Wyżga, Mateusz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/949904.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    Kraków
    town hall
    ceremonial
    municipal council
    Opis:
    Sources with information on ceremonies at the town hall in Kraków are somewhat brief. Most of the information can be found in the ledgers. The status of capital gave the city considerable significance within the state. By organizing ceremonies at Kraków’s town hall, council elections, paying homage to kings, hosting senior state officials and deputies, the town authorities could influence politics. The Kraków town hall remained an important centre both for official celebrations and carnivalesque events. It was therefore an important place with regard to the policy of the municipal council until the end of the Polish Noble’s Republic. Here the town was able to overcome its limitations and defend its autonomy, both formally and informally impacting Poland’s elite. The participation of state officials in municipal ceremonies was an opportunity to show off the splendour of Kraków. This was particularly true after the transfer of the royal court to Warsaw, when the kings visited their temporary Wawel residence less frequently. The role of the town hall in social communication was twofold. On the one hand it was a form of promotion for the town, on the other it was a barrier between representatives of the authorities and the ordinary citizens of Kraków. The town hall was a cultural place and a sign of the exceptionally extroverted, developed collective life of the old town. The square in front of the town hall was also important. It was a typical municipal theatre. Ceremonies held in Kraków took the form of court and state ceremonies.
    Źródło:
    Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych; 2014, 74
    0080-3634
    Pojawia się w:
    Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Symbolika ratuszy w przestrzeni miasta średniowiecznego. Wybrane przykłady
    Autorzy:
    Eysymontt, Rafał
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/949894.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    town hall
    urban community
    municipal building
    symbolism
    Opis:
    Town halls have always been the best example of the aspirations and possibilities of urban communities. The location of the town hall building was related to its central role in the political system and functioning of the town. This was the case, irrespective of the period in which the building was raised, or its size. Its functional and ideological centrality in the urban space was achieved in several ways. The first, dating back to the ancient tradition, is associated with the classical structure of a city based on a rectilinear grid of streets – the town hall takes the place of the Roman praetorium, which was in the castrum at the intersection of the cardo and decumanus. This was not only the case in cities in the Apennine Peninsula, but also in colonized areas – in the towns established on the former sites of Roman camps. If the town hall building was part of a densely developed area, its form always distinguished it from the other buildings, and if it was a free-standing building, it competed with the church buildings with regards to its shape and location. Another way of emphasizing the central role of the main municipal building in the urban layout was to make it the main vertical accent, by accentuating its height with regard to the church towers – as in the solutions associated with the Flemish idea of the beffroi. The third important aspect regarding the spatial composition of medieval cities was the location of the town hall building in close relation to the “dynamic” diagonal axis of the town’s layout linking the town hall with the cathedral or parish church. This kind of layout can be found both on the Apennine Peninsula and in Silesia. The signifi cant analogies, which are visible at first glance, between the functioning of various town hall buildings in various geographical regions far away from one another, confirm the appropriateness of undertaking further research on the various groups of buildings in urban layouts both in the context of contemporary ideas and archetypes that had an influence throughout the whole of Europe, which in this context appears to be a culturally homogenous area.
    Źródło:
    Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych; 2014, 74
    0080-3634
    Pojawia się w:
    Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Finanse ratusza w średniowieczu
    Autorzy:
    Goliński, Mateusz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/949889.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    town
    13th–15th century
    town hall
    municipal budget
    Opis:
    The “town hall’s” expenses were an almost standard item in the late medieval accounts of towns influenced by German culture. This item could usually be associated with the general costs for maintaining the institutions, related to the council’s exercising power in the town, and included also direct expenditure on the town hall building and on the activities conducted therein. Current costs related to the maintenance of the building comprised mainly heating, repairs and the construction of heating devices, as well as various minor repairs. Less important costs were related to supplementing the equipment in the rooms, mainly with items related to official activities, archiving, and entertainment functions (vessels used for the banquets). Most of the costs incurred in respect of the work of officials were related to providing the chancellery with paper. Usually, a junior official, called a servant or porter, was responsible for the office building; however, this was only a fraction of his responsibilities. Dividing the office activities among various rooms, sometimes separate buildings, makes defining the scope of the term “town hall”, as well as determining the budget, difficult, particularly with regard to the specific purpose cash system which dominated in municipal accounting and covered the revenues and expenses of particular administrative departments and municipal tribunals. Revenues directly related to the town hall building included those generated by council monopolies for selling imported beer and heavy wines in the town hall cellars. Dividing the commercial and official functions among other rooms depended mainly on local circumstances, and it seems that this was typical of the early phase of a town hall’s operations.
    Źródło:
    Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych; 2014, 74
    0080-3634
    Pojawia się w:
    Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Ratusz w małych miastach polskich w XV–XVI wieku
    Autorzy:
    Bartoszewicz, Agnieszka
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/949905.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    small town
    town hall
    town books
    surveys of royal properties
    councillors
    fire
    Opis:
    This article attempts to find an answer to the question about the presence and role of town halls in very small and small Polish towns (i.e. in centres with a population of from several hundred to just over one thousand people) in the 15th to 16th centuries. Notes made in the town’s ledgers, which included expenses related to the functioning of the town halls, as well as all other mention of such halls in the town’s books and in surveys were analysed. Based on these meagre sources it is difficult to answer with any certainty the question about when the construction of town halls in small centres began. This phenomenon was visible from at least the mid-15th century, although some of the towns of interest to us already had town halls earlier – in the first half of the 15th century. The town hall was perceived by everyone as being a significant element attesting to the fact that a given centre could be called a town. Although the construction and then the maintenance of this attribute of urban culture required both financial means and organization which often exceeded the abilities of small town communities, the desire to build town halls and the planning of such enterprises are clearly visible. Town halls in smaller towns had reduced functions compared with those in large centres; however, far-reaching analogies can be observed. Apart from a residential function, the town halls in small towns served as archives, sometimes also as prisons, it is where trading was conducted, meetings held, and where information was exchanged.
    Źródło:
    Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych; 2014, 74
    0080-3634
    Pojawia się w:
    Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wydatki na utrzymanie ratusza w Krakowie XVI–XVIII wieku
    Autorzy:
    Szlęzak, Karolina
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/603394.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    Kraków
    town hall
    ledgers
    expenses
    salaries
    history of towns
    Opis:
    The excellently preserved town archives in Kraków, and above all, the sources of finance, enable extensive research to be conducted on the expenditure incurred to maintain Kraków’s town hall. The most important sources are the well preserved records regarding the city’s income and expenditure, which contain a lot of information about the expenses incurred for this purpose. In the 16th and 17th century, expenses to meet the needs of the town’s chancellery, to provide materials for the town hall building and to carry out maintenance works inside the building were noted in the section titled praetorii necessaria. Other expenses “regarding the town hall”, relating in particular to repair and construction works, are significantly dispersed in the accounts. The accounts show that throughout the period under discussion the town authorities employed permanent workers to perform some tasks within the town hall building and paid them weekly wages, while other tasks were performed by artisans and workers employed to complete specific tasks. The expenses that can be identified show that with the gradual impoverishment of the town, maintaining the town hall was an increasing burden on its budget. It could be said that the Kraków town hall building is a specific reflection of the state of the town’s finances. During the 16th century, the building prospered and was enlarged and enhanced, but fell into disrepair during Kraków’s political and economic slump.
    Źródło:
    Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych; 2014, 74
    0080-3634
    Pojawia się w:
    Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Budowa i przebudowa ratusza w miastach Królestwa Polskiego do końca XVIII wieku
    Autorzy:
    Krasnowolski, Bogusław
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/949899.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    town hall
    the central-market square block
    municipal council
    urban architecture
    Opis:
    The article, which also takes into account the issues relating to the medieval town halls in Silesia, Western Pomerania and the Teutonic State, is an attempt at synthesizing the existing research. The following aspects have been analysed: the location of the town hall within the urban complex and the transformation of the forms and symbols of both its architecture and design. Town halls came into existence as a consequence of – although not necessarily immediately – founding towns based on German Law and the establishment of municipal authorities. The relationship between the town halls and urban planning varied. The town hall could be located along the front of the main market square (Wieliczka in Małopolska) or a street – a place functioning as the market square (evolution of the urban context in the town hall in Gdańsk), sometimes (due to the location of the house of the municipal councillor?) outside the market place (originally in Nowy Sącz). Its location along the front of the market square in Early Modern towns could have both an aesthetic and symbolic aspect (Zamość). The evolution of the central-market square block, with the town hall and stalls was very characteristic of medieval towns and infl uenced the Małopolska region (Kraków) and Wielkopolska region (Poznań) from Silesia (Wrocław, Świdnica, Legnica). In Early Modern private towns, from the Renaissance era (Głowów) to the late Baroque (Siedlce), the town hall was often situated in a place which emphasized the axes of the urban layout. The tower was usually an important element in the architecture of the oldest town hall buildings (13th/14th century). It emphasized the town’s autonomy and, similarly to the adjacent hall, was derived from the architecture of feudal castles (Wrocław, Kraków). The tower also emerged as the oldest element of the central-market square block in many Silesian towns, and was modelled on the beffrois (Bruges). The form of a tower came to the Małopolska region in the 14th century (the oldest town hall in Sandomierz) and Ruthenia (Krosno, Kamieniec Podolski). Two-naved halls which alluded to the palatium (Poznań), were particularly frequent in Western Pomerania (Stargard, Pasłęk, Kamień Pomorski, Chojnice, Szczecin). By contrast to the simple, purely functional architectural forms of the oldest town halls, in the lands of the Teutonic knights fi ne details were present as early as in the early 14th century (Chełmno). The richness of the forms and designs of the Pomeranian town halls, with Toruń at the forefront (which Jan Długosz noticed) had an impact on the late Gothic town halls in the Małopolska region (reconstruction of the Kraków town hall, 1454). The transfer of the offi cial functions from the ground floor of the town hall to the Artus Court could also relate to Kraków. Bohemian models played a large role in the shaping of representative architecture, symbolism and the iconographic programme of the late Gothic town halls in Silesia (15th/16th century) – e.g. the relationship between the Ladislaus Room in Hradčany and the Lwówek town hall. In Early Modern times the “bipolarity” of architectural designs in Polish lands, which were inspired by ideas coming both from Italy and the Netherlands is most noticeable on examples in the Małopolska region, notably Kraków (attics surmounting the buildings) and Pomerania, notably Gdańsk, where the designs by masters from the Netherlands were subordinated to erudite, complicated political “treaties”. In the Wielkopolska region the Mannerist style inspired by Northern Italian (Serlian) designs was at the forefront as can be seen in the reconstruction of Poznań’s town hall. In the era of urban decline in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (2nd half of the 17th/18th century) anachronistic, medieval designs continued to be used (Stary Sącz); private towns were an exception (e.g. Leszno and Buchacz owned by the Leszczyński family), which were able to afford magnificent constructions. The architecture and design of town halls refl ect the ambitions as well as the condition of the bourgeoisie and therefore the phenomena which took various forms in the different historical periods and regions. Future research should put special emphasis on tracing the “migration” of designs and ideas from the magnifi cent urban centres of the West through the main Polish cities to provincial towns.
    Źródło:
    Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych; 2014, 74
    0080-3634
    Pojawia się w:
    Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Od domus civium do pałacu komunalnego. Średniowieczne początki siedziby władz miejskich
    Autorzy:
    Manikowska, Halina
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/949892.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    town hall
    medieval commune
    municipal authorities
    gatherings of townspeople
    bishop
    cathedral
    merchants’ guild
    Opis:
    The article discusses the development of the permanent seat of municipal authorities in western Medieval towns – the most impressive secular public building, the symbol and ‘logo’ of a medieval town (known as a commune). The main subject of analysis is the terminology used to describe various communities of citizens, places for their gatherings and the seat of the municipal authorities, used in source materials, from the oldest mention of communes until the 13th century. The birth of the communes, and development of the language to describe them, are presented against the backdrop of the great social and political processes taking place at the turn of the first and second millennium, in “post-Carolingian Europe”, although initially they were only perceptible in Latin. The common basis for educating Medieval clerks (notaries and town writers) – also in terms of language and law – resulted in a barely differentiable and quickly stabilized Latin terminology for describing the seat of the commune (domus civium, domus civitatis, praetorium). The differentiation is more noticeable in the vernacular languages, especially with reference to words describing the place where citizens held gatherings and the place of work of the first municipal authorities, which enables a fuller perception of the relationship between the place where power was exercised and the political evolution of the commune – the degree of its independence, the system of authority, aspirations to political sovereignty and, lastly, the ideology and communal identity. This terminology reflects the processes and circumstances in which the communes were born and developed, the role, on the one hand, of the bishop, his seat and the cathedral, and on the other, the stormy development of the economy, in particular trade and the establishment of guilds (merchants’ chambers). What is particularly noticeable is the term used by the Italian communes transforming into city-states in the 12th/13th century – palatium (palazzo) – which in Roman law was reserved for the seat of the Emperor, and in the early Medieval period was also used by royalty, and then, in the period in which Italian bishops were losing their powers in Italian towns, appropriated by them to describe the residences which were being extended. The general term for the place where municipal powers were being exercised, consolidated in the 13th/14th century in vernacular languages, has remained little changed down to this day in most regions of the researched area. The article concludes with deliberations on the function of the late Medieval seat of the municipal authorities, provided with a strong tower and which housed the constantly increasing archives, as a place of credibility (locus credibilis), memories and space for social communication.
    Źródło:
    Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych; 2014, 74
    0080-3634
    Pojawia się w:
    Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Ratusz jako przestrzenne i prawne centrum rozwoju miasta. Rozważania i odniesienia do badań w Niemczech i Austrii od 1990 roku
    Autorzy:
    Opll, Ferdinand
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/949893.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    town hall
    Austrian towns
    Middle Ages
    early modern times
    spatial turn
    historical research in Austria
    Opis:
    The article starts with the analysis of respective definitions and considerations regarding the term Rathaus in different languages (German, Italian, English and French). Subsequently the origins of town-halls are taken into closer consideration, a topic which – seen from the standpoint of modern city-marketing – plays a decisive role for the “ranking” of towns. As a synonym for the evolution of civic and urban liberties in Italy as well as north of the Alps the chronology of the evolution of town-halls as well as their topographical placement within the urban pattern are of greatest importance. More explicit considerations are given with regard to town-halls in Austrian towns. An excellent basis for this analysis is the data provided by the series of more than 60 volumes of the Österreichischer Städteatlas (edited 1982–2013). In the end an overview to the respective research with hints to some deficits and possibilities for further investigation is given. It should especially be indicated that the “Rathaus”-topic can and should play a much greater role within actual trends of research (“spatial turn”).
    Źródło:
    Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych; 2014, 74
    0080-3634
    Pojawia się w:
    Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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