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Wyszukujesz frazę "standards" wg kryterium: Temat


Tytuł:
Latest developments in international standardization of whole-body and hand-arm vibration
Autorzy:
Liedtke, M.
Rissler, J.
Kaulbars, U.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/177663.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
standards
whole-body vibration
hand-arm vibration
Opis:
Latest developments in international standardization of whole-body and hand-arm vibration are pre- sented. In addition, two German projects are presented that might have impact on international work programs in the next years.
Źródło:
Archives of Acoustics; 2013, 38, 4; 555-558
0137-5075
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Acoustics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Planistyczne narzędzia kształtowania jakości zamieszkania w Irlandii w latach 90
The Planning Tools for the Housing Quality in Ireland since the Nineties
Autorzy:
Pancewicz, Łukasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2021242.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
Housing and urban development
housing standards
housing supply
Źródło:
Studia komitetu przestrzennego zagospodarowania kraju PAN; 2018, 187; 143-156
0079-3507
Pojawia się w:
Studia komitetu przestrzennego zagospodarowania kraju PAN
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Investigation of the Lithuanian national standard of electric resistance
Autorzy:
Bartašiūnas, Andrius
Miškinis, Rimantas
Smirnov, Dmitrij
Urba, Emilis
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1849159.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
measurement standards
electric resistance
standard resistor
calibration
uncertainty
prediction
Opis:
The Lithuanian national standard of electric resistance is maintained as the basis for calibration and measurement capabilities published in the key comparison database of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM). The stability and uncertainty of the resistance value measurements, performed since 2004 using the calibrated values of the standard resistors to predict their future behaviour as well as influence of environmental conditions, are discussed. Also discussed is the recovery of a standard resistor which had undergone a mechanical disturbance. It is concluded that the standard resistors operated by the Lithuanian National Electrical Standards Laboratory feature stable drift of resistance, which is well predicted by means of linear regression.
Źródło:
Metrology and Measurement Systems; 2020, 27, 4; 615-624
0860-8229
Pojawia się w:
Metrology and Measurement Systems
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Self-Standards in Late Adulthood. Perceived Health as a Moderator of the Relationship Between Self-Discrepancy and Affect
Autorzy:
Bąk, Wacław
Dutkiewicz, Donat N.
Kutnik, Jan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2121901.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
older adults
self-standards
self-discrepancy
perceived health
affect
Opis:
Four types of self-standards (ideal, ought, undesired, and forbidden selves) were analyzed in the context of self-assessed health of older adults. We focused on the relationships between self-discrepancies (perceived actualization of self-standards) and affect, as well as the content of self-descriptions of standards. Participants (116 Polish older adults) completed: Self Standards’ Measure (SSM), PANAS-X and 7 items from the WHOQOL-BREF. First, we found that self-assessed health moderates the effects of self-discrepancies on affect. The ideal and ought self-discrepancies predicted affect when health was assessed as good. Conversely, the undesired and forbidden self-discrepancies predicted affect when health was assessed as poor. Second, health-related content was more typical for the ideal than for the ought standards. Third, older adults who assessed their health better had fewer health-related standards. The results are discussed with reference to control theory of approach and avoidance.
Źródło:
Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2020, 51, 3; 177-188
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Standaryzacja procesu oczyszczania maszynowego odlewów
Standardization of a Castings Shot-Blasting Process
Autorzy:
Grzymałowski, M.
Herberg, A.
Wrona, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/380731.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
oczyszczanie odlewu
standaryzacja
oczyszczarka wirnikowa
casting cleaning
standards
rotor cleaner
Opis:
Standaryzacja jest działaniem w wyniku którego otrzymuje się stabilizowanie procesu technologicznego prowadzącego do osiągania optymalnych efektów. W niniejszym artykule tematem standaryzacji jest proces oczyszczania metodą strumieniowo-ścierną z zastosowaniem oczyszczarek wirnikowych. Scharakteryzowano zasadnicze etapy badawczo-diagnostyczne dotyczące zagadnień konstrukcyjnych w mechanizmach oczyszczarek, parametrów eksploatacyjnych oraz zagadnień organizacji prowadzenia procesu. Kryteriami, które przyjęto do oceny oczyszczania są: wydajność oczyszczarki, czas czyszczenia, skuteczność określana stopniem czystości powierzchni odlewów, minimalizacja zużycia ścierniwa oraz stopnień zużycia dynamicznych elementów oczyszczarek.
Standardization is a process which leads to the stabilization of an engineering process allowing it to achieve optimal results. This article is about the standardization of a process in which shot-blasting machines are used to clean castings by means of the jet-and-abrasion method. Characterized are the main aspects of diagnostic research regarding the construction of the shot-blasting machines, their operational parameters, and the organization of the shot-blasting process itself. The criteria adopted in order to evaluate the shot-blasting process are: capacity of the machines, cleaning time, effectiveness measured by the degree of casting surface finish, minimalization of wear of the abrasive material, and the wear of the movable parts of the shot-blasting machines.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2013, 13, 3 spec.; 39-44
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Importance of advanced planning of manufacturing for nuclear industry
Autorzy:
Shykinov, N.
Rulko, R.
Mroz, D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/407173.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
component
construction
licensing
long-lead
nuclear
compliance
safety
regulation
procurement
design
standards
Opis:
In the context of energy demands by growing economies, climate changes, fossil fuel pricing volatility, and improved safety and performance of nuclear power plants, many countries express interest in expanding or acquiring nuclear power capacity. In the light of the increased interest in expanding nuclear power the supply chain for nuclear power projects has received more attention in recent years. The importance of the advanced planning of procurement and manufacturing of components of nuclear facilities is critical for these projects. Many of these components are often referred to as long-lead items. They may be equipment, products and systems that are identified to have a delivery time long enough to affect directly the overall timing of a project. In order to avoid negatively affecting the project schedule, these items may need to be sourced out or manufactured years before the beginning of the project. For nuclear facilities, long-lead items include physical components such as large pressure vessels, instrumentation and controls. They may also mean programs and management systems important to the safety of the facility. Authorized nuclear operator training, site evaluation programs, and procurement are some of the examples. The nuclear power industry must often meet very demanding construction and commissioning timelines, and proper advanced planning of the long-lead items helps manage risks to project completion time. For nuclear components there are regulatory and licensing considerations that need to be considered. A national nuclear regulator must be involved early to ensure the components will meet the national legal regulatory requirements. This paper will discuss timing considerations to address the regulatory compliance of nuclear long-lead items.
Źródło:
Management and Production Engineering Review; 2016, 7, 2; 42-49
2080-8208
2082-1344
Pojawia się w:
Management and Production Engineering Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Testing Of energy meters under three-phase determined and random nonsinusoidal conditions
Autorzy:
Olencki, A.
Mróz, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/221328.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
energy meter testing
nonsinusoidal conditions
energy calibrators
electrical power standards
automatic calibration procedure
Opis:
Electric energy meters are designed to account energy under sinusoidal and nonsinusoidal conditions, because both, old and new standards for energy meters require testing their accuracy under different conditions. The latest EN 50470 standard increases the range of meter testing under nonsinusoidal conditions, introducing new shapes of test signals such as the phase fired waveform or the burst fired waveform. This paper discusses calibration problems of electronic revenue energy meters for direct connection and for connection through current transformers, and it proposes a new calibration procedure which reproduces normal operating conditions better: three-phase configurations of measurement systems, load range during meter testing or shapes of test signals. Recently, modern Electrical Power Standards, also known as Power Calibrators, enable automatic testing of various types of electrical devices, including electricity meters in their normal operating conditions. This article presents examples of single and multi position fully automatic test systems, which employ Power/Energy Calibrator from Poland as the precision source with programmed waveforms of three phase voltages up to 560 V and currents up to 120 A conforming to EN 50470, or with random waveforms generated by PC software random wave generator. Measurement uncertainty of the energy meters under different nonsinusoidal conditions using a test system with reference to accuracy of the power calibrator or to the reference meter, are discussed. Comparative analysis of test results for different shapes of voltage and current signals is presented in the conclusions of this paper.
Źródło:
Metrology and Measurement Systems; 2014, 21, 2; 217-232
0860-8229
Pojawia się w:
Metrology and Measurement Systems
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Regional Monetary Standards and Medieval Bracteates
Autorzy:
Svensson, Roger
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2090038.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
regional monetary standards
bracteates
classification
Middle Ages
periodic re-coinage
transaction costs
seigniorage
coin hoards
Źródło:
Wiadomości Numizmatyczne; 2020, 64; 123-156
0043-5155
Pojawia się w:
Wiadomości Numizmatyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Practical Aspects of Physical and MAC Layer Security in Visible Light Communication Systems
Autorzy:
Blinowski, G. J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/226282.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
wireless networks
visible light communications
wireless network security
industrial wireless standards
IEEE 802.15.7
Opis:
Visible light communication (VLC) has been recently proposed as an alternative standard to radio-based wireless networks. Originally developed as a physical media for PANs (Personal area Networks) it evolved into universal WLAN technology with a capability to transport internet suite of network and application level protocols. Because of its physical characteristics, and in line with the slogan "what you see is what you send", VLC is considered a secure communication method. In this work we focus on security aspects of VLC communication, starting from basic physical characteristics of the communication channel. We analyze the risks of signal jamming, data snooping and data modification. We also discuss MAC-level security mechanisms as defined in the IEEE 802.15.7 standard. This paper is an extension of work originally reported in Proceedings of the 13th IFAC and IEEE Conference on Programmable Devices and Embedded Systems - PDES 2015.
Źródło:
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications; 2016, 62, 1; 7-13
2300-1933
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Remarks about real driving emissions tests for passenger cars
Autorzy:
Merkisz, J.
Pielecha, J.
Jasiński, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/223595.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
exhaust emissions
vehicle testing
emission standards
Real Driving Emissions
emisje spalin
badania pojazdu
normy emisji
Opis:
New test procedures for determining exhaust emission from passenger vehicles will be introduced in 2017. For several years, the European Commission has been developing new procedures, which aim is to perform tests in road conditions. The purpose is to determine the real values of emissions, which are not always reflected by the level of emissions obtained in the laboratory. Proper and accurate procedures for determining emissions in real traffic conditions (RDE – Real Driving Emission) have not yet been approved (as opposed to Heavy Duty Vehicles for which such conditions already exist), but there are proposals that are currently being analyzed by major research centers in Europe. There are many differences between those proposals such as determining road emission or research methodology related to emission measurement of hydrocarbons. The work compares the results of emissions measured in road tests using the latest legislative proposals related to passenger cars. The results are shown in relation to the used measurement method: classic method of determining exhaust emission; uses all measurement data determining the mass of harmful compounds and distance travelled during the test; method of averaging the measuring windows (MAW – moving average windows), also in the literature called EMROAD method, which determines the measurement windows (on the basis of carbon dioxide emissions from the WLTC test) and on its basis determines the road emission in RDE test; generalized method of instantaneous power (Power Binning), known in the literature as CLEAR – Classification of Emissions from Automobiles in Real driving, determines road emissions on the basis of generalized instantaneous power during the RDE test.
Źródło:
Archives of Transport; 2016, 39, 3; 51-63
0866-9546
2300-8830
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Transport
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Safety evaluation for a high signal operator with electric field exposure induced by contact wires
Autorzy:
Yang, Chang-Qiong
Lu, Mai
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1841301.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
contact wires
electric field
finite element method (FEM)
high signal operator
ICNIRP standards
occupational exposure
safety evaluation
Opis:
To evaluate the occupational safety of a high signal operator exposed to the electric field induced by contact wires with a frequency of 50 Hz and a voltage of 27.5 kV, this study established a model of a high signal operator working in the vicinity of single and double-track railways. The electric field distribution in the operator’s body and his head were calculated and analyzed during the operation using the finite element method (FEM). The calculated results were compared with the international standard occupational exposure limits formulated by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) and action levels (ALs), exposure limit values (ELVs) in Directive 2013/35/EU (EU Directive). In the case of a single-track railway exposure, the maximum electric field strength in the worker’s body, in the scalp layer, and inside the brain are 227 mV/m, 2.76 kV/m, and 0.14 mV/m, respectively. For a double-track railway exposure, the maximum internal electric field strength of the operator is 310 mV/m, which is 37.85% of the occupational exposure basic restriction limit. The maximum electric field strength in the head layers is 3.42 kV/m, which is 34.2% of the occupational exposure reference level and 34.2% of the low ALs. The maximum electric field strength of the brain is 0.19 mV/m, which is 0.19% of the occupational basic restriction limit and 0.135% of the sensory effects ELVs. Results show that the electric field exposure of the high signal operator to contact wires in single- and double-track railways is lower than the occupational exposure limits provided by the ICNIRP and EU Directive standards and is thus regarded as safe for workers.
Źródło:
Archives of Electrical Engineering; 2021, 70, 2; 431-444
1427-4221
2300-2506
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Electrical Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Air quality modeling for Warsaw agglomeration
Zanieczyszczenie powietrza w skali miejskiej : analiza jakości powietrza w Warszawie w roku 2012
Autorzy:
Holnicki, P.
Kałuszko, A.
Nahorski, Z.
Stankiewicz, K.
Trapp, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204628.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
urban air pollution
emission inventory
air quality standards
source apportionment
jakość powietrza
zanieczyszczenie powietrza
źródła emisji
Warszawa
modelowanie
Opis:
The paper investigates the air quality in the urban area of Warsaw, Poland. Calculations are carried out using the emissions and meteorological data from the year 2012. The modeling tool is the regional CALMET/CALPUFF system, which is used to link the emission sources with the distributions of the annual mean concentrations. Several types of polluting species that characterize the urban atmospheric environment, like PM10, PM2.5, NOx, SO2, Pb, B(a)P, are included in the analysis. The goal of the analysis is to identify the most polluted districts and polluting compounds there, to check where the concentration limits of particular pollutants are exceeded. Then, emission sources (or emission categories) which are mainly responsible for violation of air quality standards and increase the adverse health effects, are identified. The modeling results show how the major emission sources – the energy sector, industry, traffic and the municipal sector – relate to the concentrations calculated in receptor points, including the contribution of the transboundary inflow. The results allow to identify districts where the concentration limits are exceeded and action plans are needed. A quantitative source apportionment shows the emission sources which are mainly responsible for the violation of air quality standards. It is shown that the road transport and the municipal sector are the emission classes which substantially affect air quality in Warsaw. Also transboundary inflow contributes highly to concentrations of some pollutants. The results presented can be of use in analyzing emission reduction policies for the city, as a part of an integrated modeling system.
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki analizy jakości powietrza w Warszawie. Obliczenia przeprowadzono dla danych emisyjnych i meteorologicznych z roku 2012. Jako narzędzie modelowania wykorzystano regionalny system CALMET/CALPUFF, którego zadaniem było powiązanie danych emisyjnych z rozkładami stężeń średniorocznych. Analiza dotyczy podstawowych zanieczyszczeń atmosferycznych, charakteryzujących aglomeracje miejskie, jak np.: PM10, PM2.5, NOx, SO2, Pb, B(a)P, metale ciężkie. Celem analizy było zidentyfikowanie najbardziej zanieczyszczonych obszarów miasta oraz zanieczyszczeń, których stężenia przekraczają poziomy dopuszczalne. Ponadto, wskazanie źródeł emisji (lub kategorii emisyjnych), które głównie odpowiadają za te przekroczenia, powodując negatywne skutki zdrowotne. Wyniki modelowania pokazują, w jakim stopniu główne źródła emisyjne – związane z sektorami energii, przemysłu, transportu lub komunalno-bytowym – odpowiadają za wartości stężeń w receptorach. Uwzględniono przy tym udział transgranicznego napływu zanieczyszczeń. Wyniki pozwalają wskazać dzielnice, w których zostały przekroczone poziomy dopuszczalne stężeń i konieczne są odpowiednie działania naprawcze. Dokonano ilościowej oceny udziału źródeł emisji głównie odpowiedzialnych za przekroczenia standardów. Ruch uliczny oraz sektor komunalno-bytowy wskazano jako kategorie emisyjne, które mają decydujący wpływ na pogarszanie jakości powietrza w Warszawie. W przypadku niektórych zanieczyszczeń (np. PM) bardzo istotny jest również udział napływu zewnętrznego. Wyniki mogą być przydatne przy wyborze strategii ograniczania emisji oraz jako część zintegrowanego systemu modelowania.
Źródło:
Archives of Environmental Protection; 2017, 43, 1; 48-64
2083-4772
2083-4810
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Environmental Protection
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The urgency to improve the quality of private higher education in Poland
Autorzy:
Równy, Kazimierz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/703193.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
private higher education in Poland
education in sustainable development and climate change
educational standards
commercialization of higher education
Opis:
The author, who has been involved in higher education teaching for about 60 years (including about a decade abroad and another decade in the Polish private higher education schools), calls for an urgent reform of the majority of the existing private tertiary education establishments in Poland. Generally the quality of private higher education in Poland (re-established in 1991) is very low. This realisation seems to challenge the post-1991 domestic private higher education foundation premise which assumed that this sphere of human activity can be treated as a commercial good. Presently one third of the total number of the Polish students who have not been granted admission by foreign or Polish state universities are studying in numerous private higher learning institutions. It means that the preparation and predispositions of those students for higher level education are generally beneath the entry examination requirements of the above mentioned state universities. In consequence those students should require higher quality individual care (especially tutoring) than that at the disposal of the domestic private schools. However, in practice those schools are short of high quality academic personnel and the teaching is usually done by rather inexperienced people. In addition, those schools do not provide tutorials in small student groups (except for languages). A teacher of a core subject may have as many as 350-600 students at lectures. A closer look at the founders of the private higher learning schools makes one notice that they do not follow the noble rule of bringing up young people but are rather preoccupied with getting as much money out of this activity as possible. Some of them could possibly be good enough as managers in some other businesses, but generally not in such delicate activity dealing with the minds of the young people. In conclusion, the author suggests discontinuing at least half of the existing more than 300 of such private higher schools and taking under strict quality control the other half.
Źródło:
Nauka; 2008, 4
1231-8515
Pojawia się w:
Nauka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Validation of services supporting healthcare standards conformance
Autorzy:
Górski, J.
Jarzębowicz, A.
Miler, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/220595.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
standards conformance
hospital quality management and monitoring
experimental validation
process metrics and measurements
NOR-STA services
TRUST-IT methodology
Opis:
The paper presents the results of experimental validation of a set of innovative software services supporting processes of achieving, assessing and maintaining conformance with standards and regulations. The study involved several hospitals implementing the Accreditation Standard promoted by the Polish Ministry of Health. First we introduce NOR-STA services that implement the TRUST-IT methodology of argument management. Then we describe and justify a set of metrics aiming at assessment of the effectiveness and efficiency of the services. Next we present values of the metrics that were built from the data collected. The paper concludes with giving the interpretation and discussing the results of the measurements with respect to the objectives of the validation experiment.
Źródło:
Metrology and Measurement Systems; 2012, 19, 2; 269-282
0860-8229
Pojawia się w:
Metrology and Measurement Systems
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Space and High Energy Experiments Advanced Electronic Systems 2012
Autorzy:
Romaniuk, R. S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/226298.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
astronomy
optical observations
telescopes
space technology
ccelerators
free electron laser
industrial standards for advanced electronics
photonic and electronic systems
Opis:
This paper is a research survey of the WILGA Symposium work. It presents a digest of technical effort results shown by young researchers from different universities during the Jubilee XXXth SPIE-IEEE-Photonics Society of Poland Wilga 2012 symposium on Photonics and Internet Engineering. Topical tracks of the symposium embraced: nanomaterials and nanotechnologies for photonics, sensory and nonlinear optical fibers, object oriented design of hardware, photonic metrology, optoelectronics and photonics applications, photonics-electronics co-design, optoelectronic and electronic systems for astronomy and high energy physics experiments, JET tokamak and pi-of the sky experiments development. The symposium is an annual summary in the development of numerable Ph. D. theses carried out in this country in the area of advanced electronic and photonic systems. It is also a great occasion for SPIE, IEEE, OSA and PSP students to meet together in a large group spanning the whole country with guests from this part of Europe. A digest of Wilga references is presented [1]-[60]. This paper is the first part of the digest focused on astronomy, space, astroparticle physics, accelerators, and high energy physics experiments.
Źródło:
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications; 2012, 58, 4; 441-462
2300-1933
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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