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Tytuł:
Enhancement of Executive Control through Short-term Cognitive Training: Far-transfer Effects on General Fluid Intelligence
Autorzy:
Nęcka, Edward
Wujcik, Radosław
Nowak, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2128622.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
cognitive training
executive control
intelligence
Opis:
We predicted that short-term training of executive control would improve both cognitive control itself (Hypothesis 1) and general fluid intelligence (Hypothesis 2). We randomly assigned 120 high school students to the experimental and control groups. The former underwent a 14-day training of four executive functions: interference resolution, response inhibition, task switching, and goal monitoring. The latter did not train anything. The training significantly improved cognitive control and IQ. The control group also improved their IQ scores but gained less than the experimental one. However, the amount of IQ scores enhancement did not correlate with the majority of indices of the training effectiveness, thus justifying the supposition that such enhancement resulted from the general effect of participation in the training rather than from the improvement of executive functions underlying Gf.
Źródło:
Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2017, 1; 72-78
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
When Affect Supports Cognitive Control – A Working Memory Perspective
Autorzy:
Kolańczyk, Alina
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/430633.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-04-01
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
executive functions
affect
purposive activity
working memory
Opis:
The paper delineates a study of executive functions (EFs), construed as procedural working memory (WM), from a motivational perspective. Since WM theories and motivation theories are both concerned with purposive activity, the role of implicit evaluations (affects) observed in goal pursuit can be anticipated to arise also in the context of cognitive control, e.g., during the performance of the Stroop task. The role of positive and negative affect in goal pursuit consists in controlling attention resources according to the goal and situational requirements. Positive affect serves to maintain goals and means in the scope of attention (EF1), whereas negative affect activates the inhibition of non-functional contents, e.g., distractors and irrelevant objects (resulting in attention disengagement; EF2). Adaptation to conflict proceeds via sequential triggering of negative and positive affect (EF3). Moreover, it was demonstrated that the focus on action or reflection changes the scope of contents subjected to implicit (affective) control. Therefore, I suggest that the motivational system, to a large extent, plays the role of the Central Executive. The paper opens a discussion and proposes studies on affective mechanisms of cognitive control.
Źródło:
Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2016, 47, 1; 29-42
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Is the executive function necessary for inferring mental states of other people? evidence from studies on patients with brain impairment
Autorzy:
Pluta, Agnieszka
Łojek, Emilia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/951714.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011-11-01
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
theory of mind
executive functions
brain impairment.
Opis:
Theory of mind (ToM) refers to the ability to represent the mental states of others. The Executive Function (EF) refers to higher-level cognitive processes encompassing planning, inhibition, coordination, shifting, and coordination of action sequences. Current studies on ToM and EF suggest that these two cognitive abilities might be functionally or anatomically linked. Although the relation between ToM and EF has been widely investigated, the results remain inconclusive particularly when considering the functional architecture of a mature brain system. The present study aims to seek this lacuna with the use of neuropsychological methodology. The pattern of ToM and EF defi cits within patients with brain injury were investigated. We compared the performance of four patients with a set of tasks examining theory of mind abilities and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) assessing EF functioning. Results yielded a dissociation between ToM and EF, suggesting that in an adults’ brain executive functions are not necessary for inferring the mental states of others.
Źródło:
Studia Psychologiczne (Psychological Studies); 2011, 49, 5; 77-88
0081-685X
Pojawia się w:
Studia Psychologiczne (Psychological Studies)
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Verbal and visual memory performances of children with moderate-into-severe asthma
Autorzy:
Taha, Haitham
Khalil, Mahmood
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2121682.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
asthma
executive functions
kindergarten
Verbal memory
Visual Memory
Opis:
Previous research reported about high comorbidity between asthma and neurodevelopmental disorders. Recently, asthma was associated also with executive functions poorness. The current study aimed to investigate the verbal and visual memory performances among fifteen asthmatic kindergarten children compared to the performances of other fifteen healthy kindergarten children. The results showed that the asthmatic group revealed poor performances in the immediate short term verbal memory and the verbal working memory tests but not in the verbal learning test as it was compared to the healthy group. In addition, the asthmatic group revealed poor performances in the visual memory tasks compared to the healthy group. The results were explained in light of the assumption that poor executive functions might be interfere the process of managing the attentional resources which are needed through the process of memory encoding and retrieval.
Źródło:
Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2019, 50, 1; 13-17
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Emotional and attentional predictors of self-regulation in early childhood
Autorzy:
Stępień-Nycz, Małgorzata
Rostek, Irmina
Byczewska-Konieczny, Karolina
Kosno, Magdalena
Białecka-Pikul, Marta
Białek, Arkadiusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/430479.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-09-01
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
emotion regulation
executive attention
attention focus
self-regulation
Opis:
The development of self-regulation in early childhood is related to development of emotional regulation and attention, in particular executive attention (Feldman, 2009; Posner & Rothbart, 1998). As the ability to self-regulate is crucial in life (Casey et al., 2011), it is important to reveal early predictors of self-regulation. The aim of the paper is to present the results of longitudinal studies on the relationships between the functioning of attention, regulation of emotion and later self-regulatory abilities. 310 children were assessed at three time points. At 12 months of age emotional regulation in situation of frustration and attention regulation were assessed. At 18 and 24 months behavioral-emotional regulation in the Snack Delay Task was measured. Additionally parents assessed executive attention using The Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire when children were 26 months old. Structural equation modelling revealed two different paths to development of self-regulatory abilities at 18 months: emotional (reactive system) and emotionalattentional and only one emotional-attentional path at 24 months. The early ability to focus attention and later executive attention functioning revealed to be important predictors of self-regulatory abilities both at 18 and 24 months of age.
Źródło:
Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2015, 46, 3; 421-432
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Visual Perspective -Taking: Are Theory of Mind and Executive Function Involved?
Autorzy:
Złotogórska -Suwińska, Agata
Putko, Adam
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2129751.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
visual perspective-taking
theory of mind
executive function
Opis:
The aim of the study was to examine the relationships of Level -1/Level -2 visual perspective -taking (VPT -1/VPT -2) with theory of mind (ToM) and executive function (EF). Seventy -six adults aged 18 to 48 years participated in the study. To compare the relationships of the two levels of perspective -taking with the aforementioned abilities, the same stimuli were used in both Level -1 and Level -2 trials of the VPT task. ToM abilities were evaluated with the Strange Story task, and EF using the TMT and WCST tests. It was found that controlling for age -related differences, VPT -1 was not associated with either ToM or such components of EF as executive control and set -shifting. VPT -2 was positively related to ToM, but it was not related to EF. The relationship between VPT -2 and ToM was specific, not mediated by domain -general processing capabilities. The obtained results provide further evidence to support the view that distinct mechanisms underlie Level -1 and Level -2 perspective -taking.
Źródło:
Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2019, 50, 2; 184-192
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Fast or Accurate? The Change of Goals Modulates the Efficiency of Executive Control
Autorzy:
Castro, Sofía
Bukowski, Marcin
Lupiáñez, Juan
Wodniecka, Zofia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2130027.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
executive control
goal maintenance
goal change
cognitive flexibility
Opis:
In the present study, we analyse the influence of goal maintenance and goal change on the efficiency of executive control. Although there is empirical evidence on the impact of goal maintenance and task-switching on executive control, little is known about the consequences of changing between processing goals (e.g., speed or accuracy goals). We assessed the influence of changing between speed and accuracy goals while performing a task-switching procedure that requires social categorization. Experiment 1 included frequent goal changes, whereas Experiment 2 included one goal change across the experimental session. The results showed that both goals influence general performance and flexibility. A comparison between experiments suggested that frequent goal change (Experiment 1) resulted in worse performance and lower flexibility overall, compared to sequential goal change (Experiment 2). Frequent goal change was also associated with increased difficulties in pursuing the accuracy goal. The implications regarding the role of goal maintenance and goal change on executive control are discussed, as well as new research possibilities.
Źródło:
Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2021, 52, 1; 49-66
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Heterogeneity in Clinical Symptoms and Cognitive Functioning of Children with Hyperactivity-Impulsivity and Inattention: Dimensional and Person-Centered Perspectives
Autorzy:
Gambin, Małgorzata J.
Święcicka, Małgorzata J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/430695.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-06-01
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
ADHD
hyperactivity
impulsivity
inattention
executive functions
person-centered approach
Opis:
The goal of this study was to investigate heterogeneity in clinical symptoms and cognitive functioning among children with hyperactivity-impulsivity and inattention using a novel approach that combined dimensional and person-centered perspectives. Executive, verbal and visuo-spatial functioning, hyperactivity-impulsivity, inattention, externalizing and internalizing symptoms were examined in 102 children (37 girls and 65 boys) at risk for ADHD and 62 children (31 girls and 31 boys) not at risk for ADHD in the age range of 8–10 years. We extracted seven groups with various profiles of psychopathological symptoms and cognitive functioning. We propose that symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity in these groups are related to different cognitive and affective-motivational problems.
Źródło:
Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2016, 47, 2; 195-206
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Two routes to closure: Time pressure and goal activation effects on executive control
Autorzy:
Kossowska, Małgorzata
Bukowski, Marcin
Czarnek, Gabriela
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/430862.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-09-01
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
need for closure
time pressure
goal activation
executive control
Opis:
In the present study the impact of need for cognitive closure (NFC) manipulations via time pressure and explicit closure goal activation on executive control was investigated. Although there is some evidence that NFC, measured as an individual variable, is related to better performing in attentional tasks involving executive control, these results have never been validated across different manipulations of NFC. Thus, in the present study we induced NFC via internal and external time pressure and tested the impact of these manipulations on the performance in tasks that measure executive control, i.e., the Stroop and switching tasks. The results revealed that induced high (vs. low) NFC, indeed boosted performance in executive control tasks. Moreover, there was no difference in the effect of both NFC manipulations on task performance. The implications regarding the role of executive control and specific NFC manipulations in social cognition are discussed.
Źródło:
Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2014, 45, 3; 268-274
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Executive self-control in patients with arterial hypertension – cognitive and neuroimaging parameters measured with selected neuropsychological tests and fMRI
Autorzy:
Witkowska, Marta Agata
Naumczyk, Patrycja
Jodzio, Krzysztof
Sabisz, Agnieszka
Graff, Beata
Gąsecki, Dariusz
Szurowska, Edyta
Narkiewicz, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2129724.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
hypertension
executive functions
functional magnetic resonance imaging
neuropsychological evaluation
Opis:
Background: Arterial hypertension (HTN) ranks among the most widespread chronic illnesses that affect adults in industrialized societies. The main goal of this study was to describe the control (inhibition) processes among HTN patients, and to evaluate the dynamics of brain activity while the patients were engaged in tasks measuring the cognitive aspect of self-control. Participants and procedure: A set of neuropsychological tests (California Verbal Learning Test, Color Trails Test, The Trail Making Test, Controlled Oral Word Association Test), and a fMRI Stroop test (rapid event design) were administered to 40 persons (20 HTN patients and 20 controls). Groups were matched in terms of age, sex, education, smoking history, and waist-to-hip ratio. Results: As revealed by fMRI, the HTN patients demonstrate left-hemisphere asymmetry in inhibitory processes. Also around 90% of patients had problems when completing tasks which rely on verbal and graphomotor aspects of self-control. Conclusions: The results suggest that both cerebral hemispheres must interact correctly in order to provide successful executive control. The deficiencies in control and executive functioning, which were observed among the patients, prove that HTN negatively affects brain processes that control one’s cognitive activity
Źródło:
Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2019, 50, 2; 139-148
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Głosowanie klientelizmem pisane, czyli jak zwiększać szanse reelekcji w wyborach wójtów i burmistrzów
Clientelism-determined Voting, or How to Improve the Candidate’s Chances in Elections for Rural Commune Heads and Town Mayors
Autorzy:
Bartnicki, Sławomir
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/427970.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
klientelizm
organ wykonawczy gminy
wybory
clientelism
communal executive authority
elections
Opis:
Barwne historyczne dzieje klientelizmu jako fenomenu społecznego zawsze miały ścisły związek z władzą polityczną, jej zdobywaniem, podtrzymywaniem i sprawowaniem. Dotyczy to każdego szczebla władzy. Klientelizm jako aktywność niepenalizowana może sprzyjać działaniom pozaprawnym, których celem jest czasami nieuprawnione wpływanie na wyniki rozgrywek wyborczych. W artykule wskazano, jak relacje klientalne na poziomie gmin mogą łączyć się z nieuprawnionym wpływem na losy starć wyborczych w wyborach gminnego organu wykonawczego. W tym celu zaprezentowano wybrane strategie aktorów gminnych, których podstawą jest klientelizm i które wdrażane są w celu modyfikacji wyników wyborów gminnych włodarzy. Artykuł kończy dyskusja w zakresie możliwości wykrywania naruszeń wyborczych za pomocą analiz tzw. bliskich wyborów w schemacie regresji nieciągłej (Regression Discontinuity Design – RDD).
The eventful history of clientelism as a social phenomenon has always been connected with political power – its acquisition, retention and exertion. Clientelism occurs at each level of authority. When left unpunished, clientelism may lead to extra-legal activities, which sometimes aim at manipulating the results of electoral competition in unauthorized ways. This article shows how clientelistic relationships at the communal level may be related to an illegal influence on election outcomes for the communal executive authority. To illustrate this, the article presents selected strategies used by communal actors which are based on clientelism and were implemented in order to modify election results for communal authorities. The article concludes with a proposal for discussion concerning the possibility of detecting election manipulations using analyses of so-called close elections as part of the Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD).
Źródło:
Studia Socjologiczne; 2019, 1(232); 65-93
0039-3371
Pojawia się w:
Studia Socjologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Three functional aspects of working memory as strong predictors of early school achievements: The review and illustrative evidence
Autorzy:
Sedek, Grzegorz
Krejtz, Izabela
Rydzewska, Klara
Kaczan, Radoslaw
Rycielski, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/430578.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-04-01
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
working memory
early school achievement
executive functions
6-7-year olds
Opis:
The paper presents an overview of research on working memory as a predictor of early school achievements. We contrast two main areas of research on the role of working memory in school achievements: the first concerns the structural model of working memory and the second focuses on executive functions. Then, we discuss the facet model of working memory as a promising approach merging the two research branches on working memory tasks as predictors of early school achievements. At the end we present exemplary results of the research conducted on a national sample of six- and seven-year-olds in Poland, which indicates strong relation of working memory functions with the measures of competences in mathematics, reading, and writing. Additionally, the mediation analyses, with parents’ education as a covariate, indicate that the influence of age on achievements in math, reading, and writing in six- and seven-year olds is mediated by working memory functions.
Źródło:
Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2016, 47, 1; 103-111
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Self-Control Scale AS-36: Construction and validation study
Autorzy:
Nęcka, Edward
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/430290.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-09-01
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
self-control
self-control-questionnaire
self-control scale
executive control
assessment
Opis:
This paper presents a validation study of a new questionnaire of self-control as an individual trait. The questionnaire has two parallel versions, one based on self-reports (AS-36) and another one based on informant reports (AS-36-3). Each version consists of three subscales, called Inhibition (12 items), Switching (12 items), and Goal Monitoring (12 items). Eight samples of participants (N = 935 altogether) took part in the validation study. Both versions obtained satisfactory indices of internal consistency, assessed with Cronbach’s alpha and split-half coefficients. Selfcontrol assessed with this scale proved to be entirely independent of general intelligence. However, AS-36 and AS-36-3 scores tended to correlate with other self-report measures of trait self control, such as Tangney, Baumeister, and Boone’s (2004) self-control scale. We conclude that AS-36 is a valid and reliable tool, suitable for assessment of self-control in both research and diagnostic settings.
Źródło:
Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2015, 46, 3; 488-497
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Maternal Parenting Attitudes and Preschoolers’ Hot and Cool Executive Functions
Autorzy:
Kamza, Anna
Putko, Adam
Złotogórska, Agata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/430701.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-06-01
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
parent-child relationship
maternal attitudes
cool and hot executive functions
verbal ability
Opis:
The relationships between maternal parenting attitudes and preschoolers’ hot and cool executive functions (EF) were examined. Forty-eight children aged 3 to 4 years and their mothers took part in the study. Self-report questionnaire concerning parenting attitudes was obtained from the mothers of children who performed a set of EF tasks. Additionally, both maternal and child verbal ability were controlled. It was found that maternal parenting attitudes were related only to child cool EF. Protecting attitude was positively related to child inhibitory control and autonomy support was negatively related to child set-shifting ability. Further analyses revealed that maternal autonomy support accounted for unique variance in child set-shifting, above and beyond the child’s age. On the other hand, protecting attitude accounted for unique variance in child inhibitory control, above and beyond child verbal ability. The findings provide further evidence for the importance of mother-child relationships in children’s EF development.
Źródło:
Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2016, 47, 2; 236-246
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The role of executive processes in working memory deficits in Parkinson’s Disease
Autorzy:
Gruszka, Aleksandra
Bor, Daniel
Barker, Roger R.
Necka, Edward
Owen, Adrian M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/430574.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-04-01
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
Parkinson’s disease
spatial working memory
verbal working memory
frontal lobe
executive function
Opis:
Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD) impairs working memory, but the exact nature of this deficit in terms of the underlying cognitive mechanisms is not well understood. In this study patients with mild clinical symptoms of PD were compared with matched healthy control subjects on a computerized battery of tests designed to assess spatial working memory and verbal working memory. In the spatial working memory task, subjects were required to recall a sequence of four locations. The verbal working memory task was methodologically identical except for the modality of the stimuli used, requiring subjects to orally recall a sequence of six digits. In either case, half of the sequences were structured in a way that allowed ‘chunking’, while others were unstructured. This manipulation was designed to dissociate the strategic component of task performance from the memory-load component. Mild medicated patients with PD were impaired only on the structured versions of the verbal working memory tasks. The analogous deficit in the spatial working memory was less pronounced. These findings are in agreement with the hypothesis that working memory deficits in PD reflect mainly the executive component of the tasks and that the deficits may be at least partly modality-independent.
Źródło:
Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2016, 47, 1; 123-130
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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