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Tytuł:
The effects of friction on the performance of a concrete block mine seal with pressurized grout bags
Wpływ tarcia na zachowanie tamy uszczelniającej wykonanej z bloków betonowych ze sprasowanymi workami zaczynu
Autorzy:
Perry, K. A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/219549.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
górnictwo węgla
tamy uszczelniające
wybuch
metoda elementów skończonych
coal mining
mine seals
explosions
finite element modeling
Opis:
Mine seals are necessary in nearly every underground coal mine to isolate mined-out areas from the ventilation network. Many seals are already in place in active mines and more need to be constructed to keep up with the development of underground coal reserves. The accidents involving seal failures at Sago and Darby prompted MSHA to create and implement new regulations regarding the strength of the seals. These regulations require the design and construction of seals that are larger and stronger than ever before. Structural seals capable of withstanding the new required design loads are now designed by an engineer and no longer approved through explosion testing. Prior to the seal failure accidents, a solid-block wall with pressurized grout bags at the wall/ribs and wall/roof interfaces was a popular design which met the 137.9 kPa (20 psi) requirement. After implementation of the new 344.7 kPa (50 psi) or 827.4 kPa (120 psi) design regulations depending on whether the atmosphere is kept inert in by the seal, a re-design of the seal was necessary. This paper discusses the quantification of the coefficients of friction which are then implemented into finite element modeling.
Tamy uszczelniające niezbędne są prawie w każdej kopalni podziemnej do oddzielenia obszarów wybranych od sieci wentylacyjnej. W kopalniach aktywnych znajdują się już liczne tamy a coraz większa ich ilość zostanie zbudowana w miarę udostępniania kolejnych złóż węgla. Wypadki spowodowane przez awarie tamy w kopalni Sago i Darby stanowiły bodziec dla urzędu górniczego MSHA do stworzenia i wdrożenia nowych regulacji odnośnie wytrzymałości tam. Przepisy te wymagają projektowania i budowania tam większych i bardziej wytrzymałych niż kiedykolwiek w przeszłości. Tamy strukturalne zdolne do przenoszenia na nowo określanych obciążeń obliczeniowych muszą być obecnie projektowane przez inżynierów a procedura ich odbioru nie obejmuje badań w warunkach wybuchu. Przed wypadkami spowodowanymi przez awarie tam, popularnym rozwiązaniem były ściany z jednolitych bloków ze sprasowanymi workami zaprawy umieszczanymi na styku pomiędzy ścianą, żebrami oraz stropem. Rozwiązanie to było szeroko stosowane i zapewniało spełnianie kryterium przenoszenia obciążeń na poziomie 137.9 kPa (20 psi). Po wdrożeniu nowych wymogów określających obciążenia obliczeniowe: 344.7 kPa (50 psi) lub 827.4 (120 psi) w zależności od tego, czy atmosfera w rejonie zamkniętym tamą uszczelniająca ma pozostawać obojętna czy też nie, niezbędne okazało się przeprojektowanie tamy. W pracy tej zbadano w ujęciu ilościowym współczynniki tarcia, a wyniki badania zaimplementowano z wykorzystaniem metody elementów skończonych.
Źródło:
Archives of Mining Sciences; 2014, 59, 3; 793-805
0860-7001
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Mining Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Facies changes in the Cenomanian (Cretaceous) of the northwestern Elbe Valley near Dresden (Saxony, Germany)
Autorzy:
Tröger, K. -A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/139129.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
Upper Cretaceous
Cenomanian
Elbe Valley zone
biostratigraphy
lithostratigraphy
facies changes
tectonics
kreda górna
cenoman
dolina Łaby
biostratygrafia
litostratygrafia
tektonika
Opis:
The Upper Cretaceous of the Elbe Valley in Saxony and the erosion outliers west of it mark an Upper Cretaceous NW-SE-running strait between the Westsudetic Island in the NE and the Mid-European Island to the west. This street connected the NW-German-Polish Basin in the north and the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin (and adjacent regions of the Tethys) in the south. However, post-Cretaceous erosion north of Meißen removed any Upper Cretaceous deposits but erosion outliers at Siebenlehn and especially north of the Forest of Tharandt proof the presence of a marly through silty belt in this area. Three transgressions (base of uppermost Lower to Middle Cenomanian, base of Upper Cenomanian and base of the geslinianum Zone in the mid-Upper Cenomanian) have taken place. The sedimentation was influenced by the topography of the mentioned islands and by movements at structural lines in the Proterozoic and Palaeozoic basement. During the early Late Cenomanian, a marly-silty sedimentation (Mobschatz Formation) in the north existed besides sandy sedimentation in the south (Oberhäslich Formation). The transgression at the base of the geslinianum Zone caused the final submergence of island chains between Meißen, Dresden and Pirna, and a litho- and biofacies bound to cliffs and submarine swells formed. A silty-marly lithofacies, a mixed sandy-silty lithofacies (Dölzschen Formation) and a sandy lithofacies in the south (Sächsisches Elbsandsteingebirge) co-existed during the latest Cenomanian. The first mentioned biofacies yields a rich fauna mainly consisting of oysters, pectinids, rudists, and near-shore gastropods accompanied by echinids and, in some cliffs, teeth of sharks. The Pennrich fauna (Häntzschel 1933; Uhlig 1941) especially consists of the very common serpulids Pyrgopolon (P.) septemsulcata and Glomerula lombricus (formerly Hepteris septemsulcata and G. gordialis).
Źródło:
Acta Geologica Polonica; 2017, 67, 1; 135-144
0001-5709
Pojawia się w:
Acta Geologica Polonica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Factors affecting acetone concentration in blood of dairy cows at the first stage of lactation
Autorzy:
Bialon, K.A.
Skrzypek, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/30499.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Opis:
The aim of this paper was to determine effects of selected genetic and environmental factors on the concentration of acetone in blood of cows in the first trimester of lactation. The study included 124 Polish Holstein-Friesian primiparous cows born, reared and managed on the same farm. The samples of blood were collected on day 2, 5, 30, 60 and 90 after calving. The highest serum acetone concentration in the animals examined was observed on day 5 after calving. The level of this compound was inversely related to the contribution of the original Holstein-Friesian breed in gene pool. Significantly higher serum acetone level was observed in cows calved in January-March period when compared to other months of the year. Besides, the level of acetone determined on day 5 after calving was associated positively with body weight determined at the same day and negatively with body weight changes between days 5 and 60 after calving.
Źródło:
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences; 2012, 15, 2
1505-1773
Pojawia się w:
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Digraph-building method for finding a set of minimal realizations of 2-D dynamic systems
Autorzy:
Markowski, K. A.
Hryniów, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/200035.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
2-D system
characteristic polynomial
digraph
minimal realization
MATLAB
system 2D
wielomian
graf dwudzielny
Opis:
This paper presents a digraph-building method designed to find the determination of realization of two-dimensional dynamic system. The main differences between the method proposed and other state-of-the-art solutions used include finding a set of realizations (belonging to a defined class) instead of only one realization, and the fact that obtained realizations have minimal size of state matrices. In the article, the proposed method is described, compared to state-of-the-art methods and illustrated with numerical examples. To the best of authors’ knowledge, the method shown in the paper is superior to all other state-of-the-art solutions both in terms of number of solutions and their matrix size. Additionally, MATLAB function for determination of realization based on the set of state matrices is included.
Źródło:
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences; 2018, 66, 5; 589-597
0239-7528
Pojawia się w:
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kulturowe różnice w ekonomii: Galicyjskie dyskursy rozwojowe pomiędzy funkcjonalizacją przestrzenną i podziałami społecznymi (1772–1848)
Autorzy:
s, Klemens K a p
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/702017.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Źródło:
Historyka studia metodologiczne; 2012, 42
0073-277X
Pojawia się w:
Historyka studia metodologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Signal Superposition Model with Mineralogy Based Spectroscopic Dielectric Model in Wireless Underground Sensor Networks
Autorzy:
Nethravathi, K. A.
Shankar, S. Ravi
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/226695.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
Minerology Based Spectroscopic Dielectric Model
Undegroud-Underground
Underground-Aboveground
Aboveground-Underground
Opis:
The propagation of EM waves in soil is defined by permittivity and permeability which are in turn affected by the soil parameters such as soil moisture and texture. Therefore, a suitable Dielectric Model like MBSDM is required for the channel characterization of WUSN. Effect of soil parameters and environmental conditions on signal propagation is modelled using Superposition Model. The simulation of these stages is done in MATLAB for UG-UG, UG-AG and AG–UG scenarios. The system is further implemented on the ZYNQ ZC–702 hardware platform.
Źródło:
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications; 2019, 65, 4; 693-699
2300-1933
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dynamics, control, stability, diffusion and synchronization of modified chaotic Colpitts oscillator
Autorzy:
Rasappan, Suresh
Niranjan Kumar, K. A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1845536.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
chaos
Colpitts oscillator
Lyapunov exponent
diffusion
stability
synchronization
Opis:
The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new chaotic oscillator. Although different chaotic systems have been formulated by earlier researchers, only a few chaotic systems exhibit chaotic behaviour. In this work, a new chaotic system with chaotic attractor is introduced. It is worth noting that this striking phenomenon rarely occurs in respect of chaotic systems. The system proposed in this paper has been realized with numerical simulation. The results emanating from the numerical simulation indicate the feasibility of the proposed chaotic system. More over, chaos control, stability, diffusion and synchronization of such a system have been dealt with.
Źródło:
Archives of Control Sciences; 2021, 31, 3; 731-759
1230-2384
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Control Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Explosion testing of a polycarbonate safe haven wall
Badanie ściany ochronnej wykonanej z poliwęglanów dla strefy bezpieczeństwa w warunkach wybuchu
Autorzy:
Perry, K. A.
Meyr, R. A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/219205.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
bezpieczeństwo kopalni
górnictwo węgla
zabezpieczenie przed wybuchem
badania w dziedzinie górnictwa
mine safety
coal mining
explosion resistance
mining research
Opis:
The MINER Act of 2006 was enacted by MSHA following the major mining accidents and required every underground coal mine to install refuge areas to help prevent future fatalities of trapped miners in the event of a disaster where the miners cannot escape. A polycarbonate safe haven wall for use in underground coal mines as component of a complete system was designed and modeled using finite element modeling in ANSYS Explicit Dynamics to withstand the MSHA required 15 psi (103.4 kPa) blast loading spanning 200 milliseconds. The successful design was constructed at a uniform height in both half-width scale and quarter-width scale in the University of Kentucky Explosives Research Team’s (UKERT) explosives driven shock tube for verification of the models. The constructed polycarbonate walls were tested multiple times to determine the walls resistance to pressures generated by an explosion. The results for each test were analyzed and averaged to create one pressure versus time waveform which was then imported into ANSYS Explicit Dynamics and modeled to compare results to that which was measured during testing for model validation. This paper summarizes the results.
W następstwie poważnych wypadków w kopalniach, w roku 2006 MSHA uchwaliła Ustawę Górniczą na mocy której wszystkie kopalnie zobowiązane zostały do wyznaczenia odpowiednich stref bezpieczeństwa dla uniknięcia w przyszłości ofiar śmiertelnych wśród górników uwięzionych w kopalni w przypadku katastrofy uniemożliwiającej ucieczkę. Zaprojektowano ścianę ochronną wykonana z poliwęglanów zabezpieczającą strefę bezpieczeństwa w kopalniach podziemnych, jako element całego systemu zabezpieczeń. Ścianę zaprojektowano i modelowano w oparciu o metodę elementów skończonych z wykorzystaniem pakietu ANSYS Explicit Dynamics. Według wymogów MSHA ściana winna wytrzymywać ciśnienia 15 psi (103.4 kPa) w trakcie najsilniejszej fali wybuchu trwającej 200 milisekund. Odpowiedni projekt wykonano w odpowiedniej skali: połowie i ćwierci wysokości, jako obiekt jednolity. Modele zweryfikowane zostały przez badaczy z Uniwersytetu w Kentucky, z wykorzystaniem odpowiedniego tunelu testowego. Ściany wykonane z poliwęglanów zostały wielokrotnie przebadane aby określić ich wytrzymałość na ciśnienia powstające w trakcie wybuchu. Wyniki każdego z testów zostały przeanalizowane i uśrednione a otrzymany przebieg ciśnienia w funkcji czasu został zaimportowany do pakietu ANSYS Explicit Dynamice i zamodelowany, tym samym umożliwiając jego porównanie do wyników pomiarów wykonanych w ramach walidacji modelu. W niniejszej pracy zestawiono uzyskane wyniki prac.
Źródło:
Archives of Mining Sciences; 2016, 61, 4; 809-821
0860-7001
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Mining Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dynamics, control, stability, diffusion and synchronization of modified chaotic Colpitts oscillator
Autorzy:
Rasappan, Suresh
Niranjan Kumar, K. A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1845526.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
chaos
Colpitts oscillator
Lyapunov exponent
diffusion
stability
synchronization
Opis:
The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new chaotic oscillator. Although different chaotic systems have been formulated by earlier researchers, only a few chaotic systems exhibit chaotic behaviour. In this work, a new chaotic system with chaotic attractor is introduced. It is worth noting that this striking phenomenon rarely occurs in respect of chaotic systems. The system proposed in this paper has been realized with numerical simulation. The results emanating from the numerical simulation indicate the feasibility of the proposed chaotic system. More over, chaos control, stability, diffusion and synchronization of such a system have been dealt with.
Źródło:
Archives of Control Sciences; 2021, 31, 3; 731-759
1230-2384
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Control Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Multi Response Optimization of the Functional Properties of Rubber Seed – Shear Butter Based Core Oil Using D-Optimal Mixture Design
Autorzy:
Onyekwere, O. S.
Odiakaose, C.
Uyanga, K. A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/381034.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
core oil
rubber seed oil
shea butter
aluminum casting
rdzeń olejowy
olej kauczukowy
masło shea
odlewanie aluminium
Opis:
In this study, rubber seed/shea butter oil was used to formulate core oil. The formulated core oil was characterised. D-optimal mixture design was used for multi response optimisation of the functional properties of rubber seed-shea butter coil oil. Desirable values for some responses might be obtained from a factor combination while for others responses not so desirable values. Through multiple response optimisations, a factor setting that gives the desirable values for all responses was obtained. The selected optimum mixture setting for the formulated core oil is 65.937% Rubber seed and 34.063% Shea butter oil at desirability of 0.924. Under the optimum condition the functional properties of the core oil was found to be 39.57KN/M2, 626.85KN/M2, 36.63KN/M2, 593.906KN/M2, 412.605 and 167.309s for Green Compressive Strength, Dry Compressive Strength, Green Tensile Strength, Dry Tensile Strength, Permeability and Collapsibility respectively. The optimum conditions were validated with less than 0.2% error. The functional properties of the formulated core oil was compared to the functional properties of linseed core oil. It was found that rubber seed-shea butter core oil can be used for producing cores suitable for Aluminium casting.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2017, 17, 4; 207-223
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analysis of Solid Contamination in Ball Bearing Through Acoustic Emission Signals
Autorzy:
Sheriff, K. A. I.
Hariharan, V.
Kannan, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/354100.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
bearing
solid contamination
acoustic emission
signal parameter
Opis:
Acoustic emission is one of the effective techniques used for the condition monitoring of rolling element bearings. Contamination is one of the major reasons for bearing early failure due to presence of solid particle in lubricant grease. In most cases, outer race is stationary and the inner race is attached to the rotating assembly. The lubrication is very essential for the bearing to perform under various demanding conditions. The main aim of this project is to analyze the effect of contamination of lubricant by solid particles on the dynamic behavior of rolling bearing. Green sand at three concentration levels 5%, 15%, 25% and different particle sizes 75 μm, 106 μm and 150μm is used to contaminate the lubricant. Experimental tests have been performed for different load and speed condition in good and contaminated ball bearings lubricated with grease. The trends in the amount of AE waves affected by the contamination of the grease were determined. Acoustic emission signals were analyzed in terms of RMS, kurtosis, and peak-peak.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2017, 62, 3; 1871-1874
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Infection of European eel, Anguilla anguilla (L.) with the nematode Anguillicoloides crassus (Kuwahara, Niimi et Itagaki,1974) in Polish waters
Autorzy:
Popielarczyk, R.
Robak, S.
Siwicki, K.A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/30470.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Opis:
The aim of this study was to determine the degree of Anguillicoloides crassus infection in European eel inhabiting Polish waters based on selected parasitic descriptors and on anatomical pathology of the swimbladder using macroscopic methods. In all, 154 European eel specimens were sampled from eleven sites in Poland and A. crassus was present in the swimbladder of 114 fish. The intensity of A. crassus infection in all the eel specimens ranged from 1 to 62 parasites at a mean value of 7.5. High values of mean infection intensity were noted in samples from Pomeranian lakes Bukowo, Łebsko, and Jamno. The health of the swimbladder was evaluated using the swimbladder degenerative index (SDI). The mean value of the SDI for all of the eel examined was 3.3, and extensively degenerated swimbladders were observed mainly in samples in the Szczecin Lagoon and from lakes. According to the individual SDI ratings, 9.1% of the eel specimens did not exhibit pathological symptoms of the swimbladder (SDI-0) and an extremely damaged (SDI-6) swimbladder was noted in 11.7% of the fish examined. In the case of eel infected with A. crassus, higher SDI values were reflected in initially increasing shares in subsequent categories. In fish that were not infected with the nematode, only 20% (8 individuals) of the swimbladders showed no symptoms of pathology (SDI-0).
Źródło:
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences; 2012, 15, 2
1505-1773
Pojawia się w:
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Research framework for studying driver distraction on Polish city highways
Autorzy:
D'Souza, K. A.
Maheshwari, S. K.
Banaszak, Z. A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/406897.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
accident data analysis
modeling drive distraction
multinomial logistic regression
predicting driver distraction risk
Distraction Risk Index
model validation
Opis:
Analysis of accidents has found driver distraction to be a significant cause of accidents on the highways [1]. Therefore, studying the causes of driver distraction that impact its risk level is needed for a better understanding of accident occurrences. There is general scarcity of research in this field with no established research framework to study driver distractions. This paper proposes a modular research framework for conducting a driver distraction study on Polish city highways. The framework contains guidelines for distraction studies for wide range of cost and time intervals such as a quick, low cost study like analysis of existing accident databases maintained by the cities to relatively higher cost, longer duration study involving field data collection, statistical modeling, and analysis. A city may choose one or more modules to suit their study requirements including statistical and simulation tools to assess and validate the historical or empirical result. The framework is based on the careful modifications and revisions of an earlier transit bus driver study conducted in the Commonwealth of Virginia, U.S.A., and results from this research are presented for purposes of illustration.
Źródło:
Management and Production Engineering Review; 2013, 4, 2; 12-24
2080-8208
2082-1344
Pojawia się w:
Management and Production Engineering Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Modeling and simulation of an ideal plug flow reactor for synthesis of ethyl oleate using homogeneous acid catalyst
Autorzy:
Barno, Suondos K.A.
Rashid, Sarmad A.
Abbas, Ammar S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2034051.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
kinetics
simulation
ethyl oleate
product distribution
back-mixing
kinetyka
symulacja
oleinian etylu
dystrybucja produktu
mieszanie wsteczne
Opis:
The production of ethyl oleate, by homogenous acid esterification of oleic acid with ethanol, have discussed experimentally and via computational simulation in a plug flow reactor. An innovative simulation model has developed to predict the esterification reaction performance in an ideal plug flow reactor. The amount of H2SO4 acid catalyst, the initial molar ratio of alcohol to oleic acid, ethanol concentration, reaction temperature, and esterification time have examined their effects on ethyl oleate production and the conversion of oleic acid. Then the simulation extended to examine the esterification reaction kinetics and determine the reaction rate coefficients. The simulation results demonstrate that the increasing of H2SO4 acid, initial molar ratio of ethanol to oleic acid, ethanol concentration, and reaction temperature improved the productivity of the ethyl oleate and reduced the reactor space-time. The kinetics results illustrated that the reaction sensitivity to the temperature unchanging by using higher ethanol concentration and alcohol to oleic acid initial ratio. Lastly, the experimental yields at different conditions were slightly higher from those simulating with average values of 93.62 and 92.29%, respectively, indicating that the phenomenon of back-mixing cannot be ignored in esterification reactors, especially with a relatively high retention time within the reactor.
Źródło:
Chemical and Process Engineering; 2021, 42, 1; 53-68
0208-6425
2300-1925
Pojawia się w:
Chemical and Process Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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