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Tytuł:
Investigation of Self-Hardening AlZn10Si8Mg Cast Alloy for the Automotive Industry
Autorzy:
Kuchariková, Lenka
Pastierovičová, Lucia
Tillová, Eva
Chalupová, Mária
Závodská, D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27313862.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Tematy:
self-hardening alloy
mechanical properties
fatigue
deep-etching
aluminium alloy
Opis:
Self-hardening aluminium alloys represent a new and interesting group of aluminium alloys. They have the advantage that they do not need to be heat treated, which is an important advantage that contributes to a significant reduction in production costs of some components and in the amount of energy used. The present paper deals with the possibility to replace the most used heat treatable AlSi7Mg0.3 cast alloys with a self-hardened AlZn10Si8Mg cast alloy. In this study, microstructural characterization of tensile and fatigue-tested samples has been performed to reveal if this replacement is possible. The results of fatigue tests show that AlSi7Mg0.3 alloy after T6 heat treatment and self-hardened AlZn10Si8Mg has comparable values of fatigue properties. The self-hardening alloy has slightly lower strength, ductility, and hardness.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2023, 68, 2; 517--524
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Gas Nitriding of the Near-Beta-Titanium Alloy
Autorzy:
Luk’yanenko, Alexander G.
Pohrelyuk, Iryna M.
Fedirko, Viktor M.
Molyar, A. G.
Trush, Vasyl
Kravchyshyn, T. M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27313871.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Tematy:
near-beta-titanium alloy
nitriding
kinetics
diffusion
microhardness
Opis:
The present research investigates the nitriding kinetics of the near-beta-titanium alloy of Ti-Al-Nb-Fe-Zr-Mo-V system at 750, 800, and 850°C in gaseous nitrogen at 105 Pa for 2, 4, and 8 h. The parabolic coefficient kp of the layer’s growth rate and the nitriding activation energy E are set as the kinetic parameters of the nitrided layer’s growth. The activation energy for the formation of a nitride layer is ~108 kJ/mol. The authors discuss the morphology of the nitride layers as well as their roughness and surface hardness. The study determines the effective diffusion coefficient for the growth of diffusion layers in the temperature range of 750...850°C: Def = D0× exp (-E/RT), where D0 = 0.0177 m2 /s; E = 215.7 kJ/mol. The friction coefficient of the disk from nearbeta-titanium alloy with a bronze block is lowered by significantly more than 10 times after gas nitriding, and the temperature in the friction zone is reduced by 2.5 times.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2023, 68, 2; 431--438
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Effect of Different Conditions on the Tensile Properties of AA7075-T6 During the Friction Stir Welding Process
Autorzy:
Sharma, Akash
Dwivedi, Vijay Kumar
Singh, Yesh Pal
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28099543.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Tematy:
tensile strength
aluminum alloy 7075
Taguchi Technique
microstructure
FSW
Opis:
In this paper the investigation of the FSW result characteristics on AA7075-T6 of the highest grade is carried out using different process parameters. A vertical milling machine with different FSW tool geometry is used to weld AA7075. When the tool rotational speed varies from 1200 and 1800 (rpm), different welding parameters are studied, the plunge depth of tool is between 0.14 and 0.20 mm, the table transverse speed range is between 20 and 50 (mm/min) and the tool shoulder diameter was 20 mm. The welding settings are optimized using the Taguchi approach. In this experimental investigation Taguchi Technique is utilized in this study to optimize three factorial and three level designs. The results show that when the rotating speed increases, the UTS of the welded joint increases, whereas the tensile strength of the welded joint decreases resulting to frictional heat created during the FSW process. Tensile strength decreases as feed increases and increases as rotational speed increases. For a 5 mm thick plate, tensile strength is optimal with a tool shoulder diameter of 20 mm, a rotational speed of 1600 rpm, feed rate of 30 mm/min and plunge depth. The shoulder diameter of 20 mm provides the maximum ultimate tensile strength when it is compared with all other tool shoulder diameter. The Al alloy AA7075-T6 plates, however, concurrently developed an equiaxial grain structure with a substantially smaller grain size and coarsened the precipitates.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2023, 68, 2; 813--821
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effect of Cooling Rates and Intermediate Slab Blank Thickness on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the X70 Pipeline Steel
Autorzy:
Xu, Haijian
Han, Chufei
Yan, Pingyuan
Zhao, Baochun
Li, Weijuan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28099617.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Tematy:
cooling rate
microstructure
pipe steel
acicular ferrite
low-alloy
Opis:
In this study, the microstructures and mechanical properties of X70 pipeline steels produced with varying Mo contents, accelerated cooling rate and intermediate slab blank thickness are systematically investigated. Results showed that the microstructures and mechanical properties of the X70 pipeline steels were strongly affected by Mo addition. The pearlite and proeutectoid ferrite formation is obviously inhibited in containing-Mo steel and the acicular ferrite (AF) is obtained in a wide range of cooling rates. With the increasing the cooling rates, the AF constituent amount increases. The grains can be refined by increasing the thickness of intermediate slab for enhancing the cumulative reduction rates, and meanwhile increase the number density of precipitates. It was proved by simulation and industrial trials that the low-alloy X70 pipeline steels can be produced increasing cooling rates and the thickness of intermediate slab without strength and toughness degradation which also reduce alloy cost.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2023, 68, 2; 649--658
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Study on Tensile Properties and Microstructures of Different Sites in Al-Si Alloy Casting Component
Autorzy:
Tao, Jianquan
Xiang, Lin
Chen, Xidong
Sun, Jipeng
Wang, Yanbin
Du, Chuanhang
Peng, Feifei
Gao, Shiqing
Chen, Qiang
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27765052.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Tematy:
ZL114A alloy
plaster-mold casting
tensile properties
microstructure
fracture
Opis:
The tensile properties and microstructures of ZL114A alloy component with a complex shape are investigated at room temperature and 200°C, using the tensile tests, scanning electron microscopy and electron backscattering diffraction. Both thin wall and thick structure exhibit excellent properties, of which max ultimate tensile strength and elongation at break reach 314 MPa and 2.5% at room temperature, respectively. The ultimate tensile strengths of thin wall are 40 MPa and 25 MPa greater than those of thick structure at room temperature and 200°C, respectively. Moreover, the eutectic Si phases of thin wall exhibit a predominantly spherical morphology while of the morphology of thick structure are rod-like, resulting in the different mechanical properties between thin wall and thick structure. The fracture morphologies of thin wall and thick structure are studied to explain the difference in performance between thin wall and thick structure.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2023, 68, 2; 585--589
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Modification of Surface Morphology and Surface Properties of Copper-Nickel Alloy by Anodic Treatment in a Deep Eutectic Solvent (Ethaline)
Autorzy:
Protsenko, V.
Butyrina, Tatyana
Makhota, Dmytro
Korniy, Sergiy
Danilov, Felix
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27313867.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Tematy:
copper-nickel alloy
anodic treatment
deep eutectic solvent
surface morphology
hydrogen production
Opis:
A deep eutectic solvent, ethaline (as a typical representative of new-generation room temperature ionic liquids), was used to anodically treat the surface of copper-nickel alloy (55 wt.% Cu). Anodic treatment in ethaline allows flexibly affecting the patterns of surface morphology: formation of stellated crystallites and surface smoothing (i.e. electropolishing) are observed depending on the applied electrode potential. The measured values of roughness coefficient (Ra) well correlate with the changes in surface morphology. Anodic treatment of Cu-Ni alloy in ethaline contributes to a considerable increase in the electrocatalytic activity towards the hydrogen evolution reaction in an alkaline aqueous medium, which can be used to develop new high-efficient and inexpensive electrocatalysts within the framework of the concept of carbon-free hydrogen economy.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2023, 68, 2; 477--482
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Variation of Precipitated Phase Investigated with the Usage of Nonlinear Ultrasonic Technique
Autorzy:
You, Jun
Wu, Yunxin
Gong, Hai
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2097705.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Tematy:
nonlinear ultrasound
Al-Cu precipitation
2219-T6 aluminum alloy
precipitates phase
Opis:
It is well known that nonlinear ultrasound is sensitive to some microstructural characteristics in material. This paper investigates the dependence of the nonlinear ultrasonic characteristic on Al-Cu precipitation in heat-treated 2219-T6 aluminum alloy specimens. The specimens were heat-treated at a constant temperature 155℃ for different exposure times up to 1800 min. The nonlinearity parameter and the changes of precipitates phase were measured for each of the artificially aged specimens. The experimental results show fluctuations in the fractional change in nonlinear parameter (Δβ/β0) and the changes of precipitated phase over the aging time, but with an interesting correlation between the fractional change in nonlinear parameter (Δβ/β0) and the change of precipitate phase over the aging time. Through the experimental data results, the fractional change in nonlinear parameter (Δβ/β0) and the change of precipitate phase over the aging time were fitted curve. Microstructural observations confirmed that those fluctuations are due to the formation and evolution of precipitates that occur in a unique precipitation sequence in this alloy. These results suggest that the nonlinear ultrasonic measurement can be useful for monitoring second phase precipitation in the 2219-T6 aluminum alloy.
Źródło:
Archives of Acoustics; 2021, 46, 4; 605-610
0137-5075
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Acoustics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Evolution and Characterization of Zirconium 702 alloy at various temperatures
Autorzy:
Lade, Jayahari
Dharavath, Baloji
Badrish, Anand
Kosaraju, Satyanarayana
Singh, Swadesh Kumar
Saxena, Kuldeep Kumar
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28099558.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Tematy:
Zirconium 702 alloy
ANOVA
% elongation
ultimate tensile strength
yield strength
scanning electron microscope
Opis:
The Zirconium 702 alloy effectively used in nuclear industry at various critical conditions like high temperature and high pressure. This survey is an assessment of insights into the mechanical properties of the metal when exposed to different temperatures along the rolling direction.The main objective of this work is to characterize the tensile properties, and fracture study of broken tensile test samples at various temperatures.The tensile samples tested in our current work are 100°C, 150°C, and 200°C temperatures in different directions (0°, 45°, 90°) along with the rolling direction of the sheet. It is evident from the experimental results that temperatures significantly affect material properties. Temperature increases cause % elongation to increase, and strength decreases. ANOVA analysis revealed that temperature significantly influenced ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and yield strength (YS), as well as % elongation.The temperature contribution for UTS, YS, and % elongation is 41.90%, 31.60%, and 77.80% respectively. SEM fractured images showing the ductile type of behavior for all the temperatures.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2023, 68, 2; 807--812
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effect of Operating Conditions on the Tribological Behavior of Zn-30Al-3Cu Bearing Alloy
Autorzy:
Savaşkan, Temel
Tan, Hasan Onur
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27765066.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Tematy:
Zn-30Al-3Cu alloy
sliding friction
lubricated wear
running condition-wear property relationship
Opis:
To determine the relationships between operating conditions and tribological properties of Zn-30Al-3Cu alloy, its wear characteristics were investigated at wide ranges of oil flow rate, pressure and sliding velocity using a block-on-disk type test apparatus. The results are compared to those of SAE 660 leaded bearing bronze. Wear loss of these materials increased with sliding distance, pressure and sliding velocity, but decreased slightly with oil flow rate. The relationships between operating conditions and lubricated wear properties of Zn-30Al-3Cu alloy were determined by nonlinear regression analysis of the experimental data. Lubricated wear behavior of the zinc-based alloy was discussed in terms its microstructure and mechanical properties, and test conditions.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2023, 68, 2; 607--616
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Evaluation of the Effect of External Conditions During Crystallization and Solidification on the Final Structure of AlSi7Mg
Autorzy:
Radkovský, Filip
Gawronová, Martina
Kroupová, Ivana
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27314125.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Tematy:
gravity casting
silumin
aluminium alloy
solidification
microstructure
eutectic
odlewanie grawitacyjne
alpaks
stop aluminium
krzepnięcie
mikrostruktura odlewów
Opis:
Abstract The paper deals with the possibilities of influencing the final microstructure of aluminium alloy castings by changing the external conditions of crystallization and solidification. Aluminum alloys, especially Al-Si alloys, are nowadays one of the most used non-ferrous metal alloys, especially due to their mass application in the automotive field. It is in this industry that extreme emphasis is placed on the quality of cast parts with regard to safety. For this reason, a key production parameter is the mastery of the control of the resulting microstructure of the castings and the associated internal quality, which is subject to high demands defined by international standards. The aim of the experiment of this paper is to evaluate the effect of different preheating of the metal mould on the resulting structure and hardness of test castings made of AlSi7Mg0.3 material. The hardness measurement will be evaluated on a hardness tester. The parameter SDAS, Microporosity, Content of excluded eutectic will be evaluated. Dependencies will be found and plotted.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2023, 23, 1; 118--123
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Fabrication and Characterization of Al6061-Nano Al2O3 Composites by Ultrasonic Assisted Stir Casting followed by Heat Treatment and Hot Forging
Autorzy:
Purohit, Rajesh
Qureshi, M.M.U.
Kumar, Ashish
Mishra, Abhishek
Rana, R.S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28099519.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Tematy:
Al6061 alloy
Al6061-Al2O3 nanocomposites
XRD analysis
FESEM
mechanical properties
automotive gears
Opis:
The present work comprises the development of Al6061/nano Al2O3 composites with 0 to 4 weight percent in steps of 0.5 wt. % of nano alumina particles by using ultrasonic assisted stir casting. Casted samples were subjected to heat treatment and hot forging. Further forged and heat-treated gear blanks of nano Al2O3 (0 to 3.0 weight %) reinforced nanocomposites were machined to make spur gears for the wear test. The results have shown that nano Al2O3 reinforcement in the Al6061 matrix with heat treatment and forging improves the hardness and compressive strength up to 3.5 wt. %, after that, it starts decreasing because of the agglomeration of nano alumina particles. SEM results reveal grain refinement of the pure alloy after reinforcement. Removal of porosity and voids observed after forging operation. Wear resistance increasing with incorporation of Al2O3 nanoparticles in base alloy, reinforcement wt. %, precipitation hardening and hot forging also improves wear resistance and mechanical properties. These composites have widespread applications in gear, brake discs, crankshaft, clutch plates, pistons, and other components of automobiles and aircraft structures.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2023, 68, 2; 791--798
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Investigation of deep drawability of 6082 aluminium alloy sheet for automotive applications after various heat treatment conditions
Autorzy:
Kuczek, Łukasz
Mroczkowski, Marcin
Turek, Paweł
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27309881.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Tematy:
6082 alloy
drawability
heat treatment
mechanical properties
plastic anisotropy
Stop 6082
ciągliwość
obróbka cieplna
właściwości mechaniczne
anizotropia plastyczna
Opis:
The automotive industry requires more and more light materials with good strength and formability at the same time. The answer to this type of demands are, among others, aluminium alloys of the 6xxx series, which are characterized by a high strength-to-weight ratio and good corrosion resistance. Different material state can affect formability of AlMgSi sheets. These study analysed the influence of heat treatment conditions on the drawability of the sheet made of 6082 aluminium alloy. The studies on mechanical properties and plastic anisotropy for three orientations (0, 45, 90°) with respect to the rolling direction were carried out. The highest plasticity was found for the material in the 0 temper condition. The influence of heat treatment conditions on the sheet drawability was analysed using the Erichsen, Engelhardt-Gross, Fukui and AEG cupping tests. It was found that the material state influenced the formability of the sheet. In the case of bulging, the sheet in the annealed state was characterized by greater drawability, and in the deep drawing process, greater formability was found for the naturally aged material.
Źródło:
Archive of Mechanical Engineering; 2023, LXX, 1; 107--128
0004-0738
Pojawia się w:
Archive of Mechanical Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Control of the CET Localization in Continuously Cast Copper and Copper Alloys’ Ingots
Autorzy:
Kwapisiński, Piotr
Wołczyński, Waldemar
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27314164.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Tematy:
alloy ingots
copper alloys
CET
Liquidus isotherm velocity
single crystal’s core
wlewki
stopy miedzi
izoterma Liquidusa
rdzeń monokryształu
Opis:
A brief description of the innovative mathematical method for the prediction of CET – localization in solidifying copper and copper alloys’ ingots is presented. The method is to be preceded by the numerical simulation of both temperature field and thermal gradient filed. All typical structural zones were revealed within the copper and copper alloys’ massive ingots or rods manufactured by continuous casting. The role of thermal gradient direction for the single crystal core formation has been enlightened. The definition for the index describing proportion between volume fraction of the columnar structure and volume fraction of the equiaxed structure has been formulated by means of the interpretation of some features of the liquidus isotherm velocity course. An attempt has been undertaken to apply the developed mathematical method for the structural zones prediction in the rods solidifying under industrial conditions. An industrial application has been shown, that is, it was explained why the innovative rods should be assigned to the overhead conductors in the electric tractions.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2023, 23, 2; 91--99
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
New Ecological Cast Bronzes for Fittings Manufactured from Recycled Waste
Autorzy:
Malec, Witold
Cwolek, Beata
Brudny, Anna
Juszczyk, Barbara
Kulasa, Joanna
Hury, Anna
Marek, W.
Stolorz, K.
Wróbel, D.
Filipowicz, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27314124.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Tematy:
wastes
recycling
continuous casting
machining bronze
lead-free copper alloy
odpady
recykling
odlewanie ciągłe
obróbka brązu
bezołowiowy stop miedzi
Opis:
The article presents tests on a new lead-free bronze CuSn4Zn2PS, intended for fittings for contact with drinking water, in which the addition of lead was replaced with sulphur. The subject of the experimental work was the production of semi-finished products from this alloy based on the charge coming entirely from waste generated after machining. A specialized pilot line was used for the tests, and after cleaning, the waste was melted and then were continuously cast in the form of rods and hollow rods. The cleaning efficiency was assessed, and the manufactured semi-finished products were subjected to tests, including the assessment of the chemical and mechanical homogeneity and the structure of the test batch of the semi-finished casting products in terms of the possibility of manufacturing products meeting the requirements of technical specifications. The obtained results, both in terms of a stable chemical composition, homogeneous and reproducible mechanical properties, fully compliant with the specifications for fittings bronzes (CC499K), as well as the lack of faults of the obtained semi-finished products, despite a very large share of waste material, indicate the possibility of using the tested recycling method for the production of semi-products of sulphur bronze, which is an alloy that is relatively difficult to manufacture.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2023, 23, 1; 37--42
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Investment Casting of AZ91 Magnesium Open-Cell Foams
Autorzy:
Kapłon, Honorata
Dmitruk, Anna
Naplocha, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27314112.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Tematy:
innovative foundry technologies
innovative materials
metal foams
investment casting
magnesium alloy
Innowacyjne technologie odlewnicze
innowacyjne materiały
pianki metalowe
stopy magnezu
Opis:
The process of investment casting of AZ91 magnesium alloy open-cell porosity foams was analysed. A basic investment casting technique was modified to enable the manufacturing of magnesium foams of chosen porosities in a safe and effective way. Various casting parameters (mould temperature, metal pouring temperature, pressure during metal pouring and solidifying) were calculated and analysed to assure complete mould filling and to minimize surface reactions with mould material. The foams manufactured with this method have been tested for their mechanical strength and collapsing behaviour. The AZ91 foams acquired in this research turned out to have very high open porosity level (>80%) and performed with Young’s modulus of ~30 MPa on average. Their collapsing mechanism has turned out to be mostly brittle. Magnesium alloy foams of such morphology may find their application in fields requiring lightweight materials of high strength to density ratio or of high energy absorption properties, as well as in biomedical implants due to magnesium’s high biocompatibility and its mechanical properties similar to bone tissue.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2023, 23, 1; 11--16
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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