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    Tytuł:
    Zastosowanie hybrydowego układu oczyszczania do separacji substancji powierzchniowo czynnych z roztworów wodnych
    Application of hybrid purification system for surfactant separation from water solutions
    Autorzy:
    Kowalska, I.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1819691.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2010
    Wydawca:
    Politechnika Koszalińska. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane
    Tematy:
    roztwór wodny
    hybrydowe układy oczyszczania
    separacja substancji powierzchniowo czynnych
    osmoza odwrócona
    aqueous solution
    purification of hybrid systems
    separation of surfactants
    reverse osmosis
    Opis:
    W celu zwiększenia skuteczności eliminacji mikrozanieczyszczeń z roztworów wodnych techniki membranowe coraz częściej łączy się z innymi jednostkowymi procesami oczyszczania. Odpowiednio zaprojektowane układy pozwalają na wykorzystanie w jak największym stopniu zalet jednostkowych procesów oczyszczania, zarówno klasycznych jak i membranowych, oraz znaczne ograniczenie ich wad [13]. Ze względu na szereg zalet układów hybrydowych wykorzystujących membrany prowadzone są liczne badania dotyczące rozwoju tych metod, w tym do oczyszczania roztworów zawierających substancje powierzchniowo czynne (SPC) [1, 7, 10, 12]. Połączenie procesu ultrafiltracji i wymiany jonowej jest jednym z możliwych rozwiązań problemu separacji anionowych substancji powierzchniowo czynnych (ASPC) z roztworów poniżej krytycznego stężenia micelizacji (CMC). Jak wykazują badania [6, 8] jednostkowy proces ultrafiltracji jest zadowalającą metodą separacji micel SPC z roztwo rów o stężeniu równym lub przekraczającym wartość CMC. W przypadku gdy stężenie SPC jest mniejsze, tzn. roztwór ma charakter monomeryczny, wówczas wysokociśnieniowe techniki rozdziału (nanofiltracja, odwrócona osmoza) są sugerowane jako skuteczny proces separacyjny.
    Limitation of individual purification processes resulted in development of so-called hybrid processes. Integration of two purification processes in one working unit may have a synergetic effect resulting in separation improvement. The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of ASPCA removal from aqueous solutions below critical micellizsation concentration in a hybrid system that combines ultrafiltration treatment and ion exchange, and its comparison with the effectiveness of individual processes. Effect of pH and the presence of mineral salts on the effectiveness of the proposed treatment system was analysed. Commercial polymer membranes differing with hydrophilichydrophobic properties and strongly and weakly basic ion exchange resins with different structure of the polymer were used. Unit process of ultrafiltration and simultaneous purification process were carried out under conditions of unidirectional flow (dead-end) in the Amicon chamber 8400. During studies ultrafiltration membranes of Microdyn-NadirŽ company made of poliethersulphone and regenerated cellulose with cut-off value of 10 kDa were used. The characteristics of the tested membranes are presented in Table 1. Separation properties of polymers were tested in the laboratory installation, which main element is the Amicon 8400 ultrafiltration chamber. During studies five anionexchange resins which characteristics are presented in Table 2 were used. Apart from the classic anionexchange resin (A100, A200, A400 and SBW) MIEX resin was applied with a magnetic component included in the structure of the polymer. Thanks to such modification of the polymer material single grains of resin behave like magnets, they are capable of forming heavy agglomerates and are effectively separated from water. It was stated that hybrid processes with strong-base resins were very effective (above 95%) in surfactant separation from water solutions below its critical micelle concentration. The efficiency of the hybrid processes was also found to largely depend on the type of the anion exchange resin. The presence of mineral salt in the treated solution resulted in a few percentage decreasing of surfactant retention. The effectiveness of the process in the applied pH range (pH=5-11) was stable for strong-base resins (MIEX, A200, A400 and SBW). However, at pH=11 significant deterioration in surfactant retention was noticed for the hybrid process with the weak-base A100 resin.
    Źródło:
    Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska; 2010, Tom 12; 773-784
    1506-218X
    Pojawia się w:
    Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Porównanie wyników bilansu fosforu w aspekcie monitorowania zanieczyszczeń ze źródeł rolniczych
    Comparison of phosphorus balance results in monitoring of pollutions from agricultural sources
    Autorzy:
    Kupiec, J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1819693.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2010
    Wydawca:
    Politechnika Koszalińska. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane
    Tematy:
    bilans fosforu
    zanieczyszczenie ze żródeł rolniczych
    straty produkcji rolnej
    monitorowanie zanieczyszczeń
    aqueous solution
    purification of hybrid systems
    separation of surfactants
    reverse osmosis
    Opis:
    Jedynym narzędziem kontroli obiegu składników pokarmowych w rolnictwie stosowanym w monitoringu zanieczyszczeń pochodzących ze źródeł obszarowych jest bilans. Służy on do oceny stanu zagrożenia środowiska, w szczególności pod kątem wpływu rolnictwa na jakość wód powierzchniowych i podziemnych. Pozwala na ocenę potencjalnej wielkości strat składników z produkcji rolnej. W Europie wykorzystuje się ponad 45 różnych bilansów składników, co utrudnia ich porównanie [9, 16]. Podstawowym problemem w bilansowaniu biogenów jest rozmaitość metod bilansowych. Brak standaryzacji metody oraz oceny hierarchii i stopnia ważności poszczególnych elementów branych pod uwagę zarówno po stronie przychodu jak i rozchodu powoduje, że wyniki nie są porównywalne i w pełni miarodajne. Saldo bilansu jest też podstawą sporządzania planów nawozowych, a więc niewłaściwa diagnoza prowadzić może do zachwiania ekonomicznej opłacalności produkcji i degradacji środowiska. W Polsce, jako obligatoryjny wprowadzony został bilans metodą w skali pola (MacroBil), na mocy Rozporządzenia Ministra Środowiska z 2002 r. [24]. Obowiązuje on na terenie wyznaczonych w Polsce, zgodnie z zaleceniami Dyrektywy Azotanowej [4], 19 OSN zajmują cych łącznie 4623,14 km2. Dodatkowo na potrzeby opracowywania planów nawozowych zaleca się sporządzanie bilansu fosforu i potasu wg podobnej metodologii. Polska jako kraj członkowski OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) od 1996 roku zobowiązana jest do wykonywania corocznych bilansów azotu, a od roku 2002 również bilansu fosforu [15]
    The aim of presented paper was evaluation of selected types of phosphorus balance in environmental pollution monitoring from agricultural sources and rank estimation of elements of input and output and their influence on balance. The survey contained data from 130 farms. 65 mid-sized and 26 large area farms were located in 7 nitrate vulnerable zones (NVZ's) in wielkopolskie, lubuskie and dolnoslaskie provinces. Leftover 39 mid-sized farms were situated in opolskie voivodship. The surveys covered data from 2002-2006 years, two season for every farm. Data were collected directly in farms or in communes and Agricultural Advisory Centres. Large area and mid-sized farms were characterized with various types and levels of production. Mean size of selected large area farms was 1680.3 ha, mid-sized farms located in NVZ's - 24.7 ha and farms situated in opolskie province - 68.4 ha. Using literature sources, 10 widespread phosphorus balances - 6 in field scale ("net balance", "grossbalance", "in field surface" OECD, classical "in field surface", "under Mazur at. all", "MacroBil") and 4 in farm scale ("at farmgate"OSPARCOM, "at farmgate" OECD, classical "at farmgate", "mixed") were selected to detailed analyzes. Particular elements of phosphorus balance were calculated basing on nutrients content factors obtained from farms (labels of products - fertilizers, fodders), from literature sources and own chemical analyzes (content of nutrient in industrial fodders, seed and plant materials, crop residue). Deposition and phosphorus leaching were based on state monitoring. The investigations have shown that phosphorus balance is a good tool of environmental monitoring if appropriate input and output elements of balance are used. Some elements of input in field scale balance such as seed material, deposition brought insignificant quantities of nutrient into field (seed material 0.9-1.3%, deposition 0.3-0.7% of input). Similar situation was in output. Share of phosphorus leaching in output showed 1.4-2.7% in particular farms. From among studied field scale balances the highest results were noticed in "under Mazur et. all" and "MacroBil" balances. Significant influence could have ploughed crop residue. Share of this element in balance input reached even 36.0%. Methods "net balance", "gross balance", "on field surface" OECD, classical "on field surface" showed very similar results. On need to environmental monitoring simple and easy to amount "gross balance" could be sufficient. This balance contains only important elements as manures, fertilizers and crops. Analyzing farm scale balances the most proper to agricultural practice and environmental monitoring is classical "farmgate balance" because it contains element in a complete measure dependent of farmers (purchased and sold products). For simplification there is possibility to omit some elements of balance which bring on to farm or bring out from farm insignificant quantity of phosphorus (purchased seed material - 0.5-3.7% and animals - 0-0.6% of input, dead animals - 0.5-1.0%, sold fodder - 0-1.5% and manures - 0-3.1% of output).
    Źródło:
    Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska; 2010, Tom 12; 785-804
    1506-218X
    Pojawia się w:
    Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Nowoczesne techniki i technologie inżynierii środowiska
    Novel Methods and Technologies in Environmental Engineering
    Autorzy:
    Miksch, K.
    Cema, G.
    Felis, E.
    Sochacki, A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1818151.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Politechnika Koszalińska. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane
    Tematy:
    tlenowe granule
    zewnątrzkomórkowe polimery
    częściowa nitryfikacja
    proces Anammox
    zaawansowane procesy utleniania
    systemy hybrydowe
    oczyszczalnie hydrofitowe
    dekoloryzacja barwników
    bioremediacja gruntu
    mikoryza roślin
    techniki biologii molekularne
    PCR
    FISH
    aerobic granules
    granule formation
    extracellular polymeric substances
    partially nitrification
    anammox process
    advanced oxidation processes
    hybrid systems
    constructed wetlands
    decolorization
    synthetic dyes
    soil bioremediation
    plant mycorrhization
    molecular biology techniques
    Opis:
    The novel technologies used in environmental engineering were discussed in this paper – the formation of aerobic granules, the Anammox process, the advanced oxidation processes, the use of fungi for dyes decolorization, constructed wetlands, the soil phytoremediation supported by rhizosphere microorganisms and the use of molecular biology technique in environmental engineering. The structure of granular sludge is influenced by EPS production. The average diameter and density of biogranules increase due to EPS production. Although polysaccharides are essential, proteins were found to be the predominant component of aerobic granular sludge. Compared to loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS), tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS) showed more significant correlations with granules formation. This investigation will contribute towards a better understanding of the behavior and composition of EPS in sequencing batch reactors. The traditional nitrification and denitrification processes proceed well with typical municipal wastewater. Nevertheless, there are also nitrogen-rich wastewater streams like landfill leachate or reject waters from dewatering of digested sludge, for which traditional nitrification/denitrification can be generally ineffective due to free ammonia inhibition of nitrification and unfavorable biodegradable carbon content for denitrification. Because of high requirements for oxygen and the necessity for addition of external carbon source, treating such nitrogen-rich streams with nitrification/denitrification would become expensive and unsustainable. The least resources consuming pathway for the conversion of ammonium to nitrogen gas is a combination of partial nitrification and the Anammox process. The main advantages of this process compared to the conventional nitrification/denitrification are: low sludge production, decrease of the aeration costs by almost 60% (only half of the ammonia is oxidized to nitrite in the nitritation process without further oxidation to nitrate), and no need for external organic carbon source addition (Anammox process). Furthermore, anammox bacteria oxidize ammonium under anoxic conditions with nitrite as the electron acceptor, and converse energy for CO2 fixation. Additionally, the biomass yield of the Anammox process is very low (0.08 kg VSS kg NH4-N-1 in comparison to 1 kg VSS kg NH4-N-1 in conventional nitrification/denitrification process) consequently, little sludge is produced. The low sludge production is another factor that contributes to the substantially lower operation costs compared to conventional denitrification systems. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are oxidative methods which are based on the generation of the hydroxyl radicals, which are very reactive and less selective than other oxidants. In the wastewater treatment technology, AOPs can be used in a combination with conventional biological techniques (so called hybrid processes), as pre- and post- treatment processes. The advanced oxidation processes have been used in order to increase the biodegradability and also detoxification of the wastewater. The ability of fungi to degrade lignin-cellulose debris is well known. In addition to these natural molecules they may also degrade synthetic compounds, including synthetic dyes. High effectiveness of Evans blue and brilliant green mixture removal by all tested strains was demonstrated. The process was the most effective and fast in shaken conditions. Finally strain MB removed 90% of tested mixture in shaken samples after 96h. It was the best result reached among all the strains used in the experiment. High removal efficiency was accompanied by a decrease of toxicity (from V class to III class in test with D. magna and from IV class even to non-toxic in test with L. minor). The highest decrease of phytotoxicity was noticed in samples with shaken biomass in which the effect of dyes mixture elimination was the best. The research indicates very high potential of tested strains for decolorization and detoxification of dyes mixture. Constructed wetlands are man-made system mimicking the process occurring in natural wetlands. These systems are considered to be an alternative to more technically advanced waste water treatment technologies. The development of constructed wetlands is envisaged to pursue the following directions grouped according to: the type of the waste water to be treated, target contaminants, treatment intensification methods, ancillary benefits and the locality. Mycorrhiza fungi can be used for phytoremediation proccess. They support plant growth by lowering the stress caused by the lack of phosphorus and water. They produce enzymes participating in several stages of xenobiotics decomposition, which is helpful in their further biodegradation performed by the other rhisospherical organisms. The natural colonisation of PAHs contaminated soil is a long-term process. It could be shortend by adding fungal propagules as an inoculum to the soil. Fungi used for the injections should be isolated from PAHs contaminated soil. That guarantees their survival and development in the contaminated environment. The level of PAHs elimination from soil depends on a type of bioremediation modification used. It was shown that the best results are obtained with monocotylous plants combined with bacterial and fungal biopreparations obtained from contaminated soil. The symbiosis of mycorrhiza fungi with monocotylous plants caused ca. 40% increase of 3, 4, 5 and 30% of 6-ring hydrocarbons removal from soil in comparison with the conventional methods. Important aspect of environmental protection and engineering is the possibility for qualitative and quantitative monitoring of complex microbial communities, responsible for biotechnological processes, such as: soil bioremediation, wastewater treatment or composting. Due to the fact that most of the environmental bacteria cannot be grown in the laboratory conditions molecular techniques are widely used in environmental engineering. Among these methods the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-based and hybridization-based (such as Fluorescent in situ Hybridization; FISH) techniques are known to be the most useful.
    Źródło:
    Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska; 2015, Tom 17, cz. 1; 833-857
    1506-218X
    Pojawia się w:
    Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-3 z 3

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