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    Tytuł:
    Nieznane cmentarzysko ludności kultury łużyckiej z Kępki Szlacheckiej, pow. włocławski
    An Unknown Cemetery of the Lusatian Culture from Kępka Szlachecka, Włocławek County
    Autorzy:
    Purowski, Tomasz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28328240.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    ceramika
    Kujawy
    cmentarzysko
    kultura łużycka
    Cemetery
    Lusatian Culture
    Kuyavia
    Pottery
    Opis:
    W latach 50. XX wieku w Kępce Szlacheckiej zostały przypadkowo znalezione groby ciałopalne ludności kultury łużyckiej. Stanowisko archeologiczne położone jest na wzniesieniu otoczonym od południa i zachodu Jeziorem Kępskim, zaś od wschodu – rzeką Lubieńką (Ryc. 1; 4). Obecnie niewielka część odkrytych przedmiotów znajduje się w rękach prywatnych. Do dziś przetrwały dwa nieduże naczynia gliniane oraz pojedyncze fragmenty przepalonych kości ludzkich. Wiadomo, że zbiór uzupełniała przynajmniej większa popielnica, która zaginęła. Zachowana ceramika to: 1. Mała amfora, zdobiona u nasady szyjki poziomo rytą bruzdą (Ryc. 2:a-c). 2. Niewielki czerpak lub kubek (Ryc. 2:d-f). Opisane przedmioty są pozostałością po zniszczonym grobie ciałopalnym ludności kultury łużyckiej. Wymiary naczyń glinianych wskazują, że w przeszłości pełniły funkcję przystawek. Ceramikę można datować w szerokim przedziale chronologicznym, od IV okresu epoki brązu do podokresu Hallstatt D. <br></br> Nekropola z Kępki Szlacheckiej nie była do tej pory znana w literaturze. Na mapie AZP na północ od Jeziora Kępskiego zlokalizowanych jest 5 stanowisk archeologicznych (ryc. 3), ale tylko na jednym (nr 4) znaleziono 3 fragmenty ceramiki, które być może pochodzą z czasu rozwoju kultury łużyckiej.
    In the 1950s, cremation graves of the Lusatian Culture were discovered by chance at Kępka Szlachecka. The archaeological site is located on a hill surrounded to the south and west by Kępskie Lake and to the east by the River Lubieńka (Fig. 1, 3, 4). <br></br> Two small earthen vessels and few fragments of cremated human bones have survived to this day in the hands of private owners. It is known that at least one more, larger, vessel – a cinerary urn, now lost – complemented the assemblage. The preserved pottery consists of:1. A small amphora, decorated at the base of the neck with a horizontal groove (Fig. 2:a–c); 2. A small cup or mug (Fig. 2:d–f). The dimensions of the artefacts suggest that they served as accessory vessels. The dating of the pottery falls within a broad chronological range extending from Bronze Age IV to Hallstatt D. <br></br> The cemetery at Kępka Szlachecka has not been previously mentioned in the literature. A map of the Archaeological Polish Record shows five archaeological sites located to the north of Kępskie Lake (Fig. 3), but only one of them (no. 4) yielded three pottery sherds that may date to the time of the development of the Lusatian Culture.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2022, LXXIII, 73; 241-244
    0043-5082
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Odkrycia archeologiczne w Pilicy
    Archaeological Discoveries in the Pilica
    Autorzy:
    Andrzejowska, Mirosława
    Karczmarek, Łukasz
    Gan, Paweł
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2048953.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-12-20
    Wydawca:
    Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    bransolety brązowe
    wzory zdobnicze
    ozdoby typu kujawskiego
    okres halsztacki
    kultura łużycka
    bronze bracelets
    decoration patterns
    Kuyavian ornaments
    Hallstatt Period
    Lusatian Culture
    Opis:
    W lipcu 2019 roku w korycie rzeki Pilicy, niedaleko jej ujścia do Wisły, przypadkowo odkryto spiralną bransoletę brązową i ułamek starożytnego naczynia glinianego. Zabytki wydobyto z dna rzeki, przy południowym brzegu niewielkiej piaszczystej wysepki, położonej pomiędzy wsiami Pilica, gm. Warka, pow. grójecki i Boguszków, gm. Magnuszew, pow. kozienicki (Ryc. 1, 2). W wyniku profesjonalnych badań archeologicznych, przeprowadzonych z udziałem ekipy nurków-archeologów, w bezpośrednim sąsiedztwie pierwszego znaleziska pozyskano jeszcze dziesięć fragmentów starożytnych naczyń glinianych (Ryc. 3). Zbiór ułamków ceramiki składa się z dwóch den, dwóch fragmentów przydennych partii naczyń, sześciu fragmentów brzuśców i jednego fragmentu talerza krążkowego, względnie masywnego dna (Ryc. 4, 5). Większość skorup nosi ślady długotrwałego przebywania w środowisku mokrym. Jeden ułamek uznano za nowożytny, pozostałe należy łączyć z kulturą łużycką z przedziału czasowego obejmującego młodsze fazy epoki brązu i wczesną epokę żelaza. Wyróżnia się dolna część silnie gładzonego naczynia o pogrubionym dnie (Ryc. 4:b, 5:b, 6:b). Może być to fragment tzw. pucharka/ kubka ulwóweckiego, formy ceramicznej znanej przede wszystkim ze stanowisk ulokowanych na wschód od środkowej Wiały, w dorzeczach Wieprza i Bugu. Najbliższe znaleziska naczyń zaliczanych do typu ulwóweckiego znane są z osady i cmentarzyska kultury łużyckiej w Maciejowicach, pow. garwoliński i z cmentarzyska w Radomiu-Wośnikach. Pucharki/ kubki ulwóweckie powszechnie datowane są na IV okres epoki brązu, jednak niektóre okazy (np. z Radomia), ze względu na pewną swoistość formy i ornamentu, mogą być datowane na V okres epoki brązu i później. Pozostałe fragmenty w większości pochodzą z naczyń średnio- lub grubościennych, chropowaconych, wykonanych z masy ceramicznej z obfitą domieszką mineralną o dużych ziarnach często barwy białej i różowej (Ryc. 4:i). Noszą cechy warsztatu ceramicznego kultury łużyckiej z końca epoki brązu i wczesnej epoki żelaza. Obecnie niemożliwe jest jednoznaczne wskazanie miejsca (lub miejsc), z których materiały ceramiczne zostały wypłukane i przeniesione przez wodę. Z położonych wzdłuż rzeki stanowisk kultury łużyckiej należy przede wszystkim brać pod uwagę osadę w Michałowie-Parcelach, gm. Warka (Ryc. 7), leżącą na piaszczysto-żwirowym wyniesieniu okresowo podmywanym przez rzekę. Badane w latach 70. XX wieku stanowisko nie zostało dotąd opracowane i opublikowane. Dziesięciozwojowa bransoleta wykonana została z płasko-wypukłej taśmy brązowej z końcami w kształcie okrągłych drutów (Ryc. 8, 9). Zdobiona jest powtarzającymi się na przemian motywami szerokich pasów złożonych z poprzecznych wąskich żłobków oraz skośnych krzyży, z których część ma na skrzyżowaniu ramion wybity symbol kółka z zaznaczonym środkiem (Ryc. 10). Forma i ornamentyka bransolety bliskie są stylistyce ozdób „typu stanomińskiego”, uznawanych za produkty lokowanego na Kujawach ośrodka metalurgicznego kultury łużyckiej, datowanego na okres halsztacki D. Najbardziej typowym „stanomińskim” elementem zdobniczym bransolety z Pilicy jest motyw leżącego krzyża, spotykany w różnych wersjach na wyrobach zaliczanych do kategorii „ozdób kujawskich”, a zwłaszcza na bransoletach w całym ich zasięgu (Ryc. 12:a–e.j–m). Liczba zwojów, parametry taśmy i rodzaj zakończeń różnią jednak ten egzemplarz zarówno od „niskich” jak też od „wysokich” bransolet w klasyfikacji J. Kostrzewskiego (1954), ostatnio zmodyfikowanej przez M. Maciejewskiego (2019). Swoiste cechy upodobniają bransoletę z Pilicy do trzech, również nietypowych ozdób odkrytych w Zabieżkach, pow. otwocki i w okolicach Słupi (Nowej?), pow. kielecki (Ryc. 12:m), które wystąpiły w towarzystwie nagolenników i naszyjników „kujawskich”, oraz nagolenników typu stanomińskiego wersji mazowieckiej wg klasyfikacji M. Mogielnickiej-Urban (2008). Wykonane zostały z bardziej masywnych pasów metalu niż pozostałe „wysokie” bransolety zdobione krzyżami. Ich końcowe zwoje,w postaci gładkich, okrągłych drutów, nie mają analogii w pozostałych, podobnie ornamentowanych okazach. Taki kształt zakończeń jest natomiast charakterystyczny dla wysokich, kilkunastozwojowych, specyficznie zdobionych bransolet zwiniętych z niezbyt szerokiej taśmy o daszkowatym przekroju, odkrywanych(także w zespołach z wyrobami „kujawskimi”) na wschodnim Mazowszu i Podlasiu (Ryc. 12:p). Te cztery bransolety powstały zapewne w pracowniach ulokowanych w strefie mieszania się kanonów sztuki rzemieślniczej i zdobniczej reprezentowanej przez wyroby uważane za „klasyczne” kujawskie, z wzorami cenionymi na miejscowym rynku zbytu. Skład chemiczny stopu, z którego wykonano bransoletę z Pilicy jest charakterystyczny dla większości wyrobów z okresu halsztackiego (Aneks1). Brak śladów wytwórczości brązowniczej na omawianym terenie uniemożliwia próby lokalizacji warsztatów. Z rejonu dolnej Pilicy znanych jest jeszcze kilka znalezisk „brązów kujawskich”, znajdowanych pojedynczo i w wieloskładnikowych skarbach (Ryc. 7). Ich charakterystyka i kontekst, w jakim wystąpiły, świadczą o szerokich powiazaniach tego obszaru z różnymi strefami kulturowymi, zwłaszcza południowej i południowo-wschodniej Europy.
    In July 2019, a bronze spiral bracelet and an ancient potsherd were discovered by chance in the bed of the Pilica River, near its confluence with the Vistula. The artefacts were recovered from the bottom of the river, by the southern bank of a small sandy island located between the villages of Pilica (Warka Commune, Grójec County) and Boguszków (Magnuszew Commune, Kozienice County) (Fig. 1, 2). As a result of a professional archaeological investigation, carried out with the help of a team of underwater archaeologists, ten more sherds from ancient earthenware vessels were obtained from the immediate vicinity of the original find (Fig. 3). The potsherd assemblage consists of two bases, two base sherds, six body sherds and one sherd of either a disc-shaped plate or a massive base (Fig. 4–6). Most sherds show signs of a long-term stay in an aquatic environment. One sherd has been identified as modern, the rest should be associated with the Lusatian culture from a period covering the later phases of the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age. Of note is the strongly smoothed lower part of a vessel with thickened base (Fig. 4:b, 5:b, 6:b). It may be a fragment of a so-called Ulwówek beaker/mug, a ceramic form known mainly from sites located to the east of the Middle Vistula, in the basin of the rivers Wieprz and Bug. The closest finds of vessels identified as the Ulwówek type are known from the Lusatian culture settlement and cemetery at Maciejowice, Garwolin County, and from the cemetery at Radom Wośniki. Ulwówek type beakers/mugs are commonly dated to Bronze Age IV, although some specimens (e.g., from Radom), due to certain specificity of their form and decoration, may be dated to Bronze Age V and later. The remaining sherds mostly come from roughened, medium- and thick-walled vessels, made from a clay body with ample coarse-grained mineral temper, often white and pink in colour (Fig. 4). They present features of the Lusatian culture earthenware from the end of the Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age. At present, it is not possible to clearly indicate the place (or places) from which the pottery was washed away and transported by the current. Among the Lusatian culture sites located along the river, the settlement at Michałów-Parcele, Warka Commune (Fig. 7), situated on a sand-and-gravel elevation occasionally undercut by the river, should be foremost considered. The site, excavated in the 1970s, has yet to be analysed and published. The ten-coil bracelet was made from a plano-convex bronze strip with round wire terminals (Fig. 8, 9). It is decorated with repeating alternating motifs of wide bands composed of narrow transverse grooves and oblique crosses, some of which have a circled dot symbol punched at the point where the arms intersect (Fig. 10). The form and decoration of the bracelet resemble in style the adornments of the “Stanomin type”, considered products of a Lusatian culture metallurgical centre from Hallstatt period D, located in Kuyavia. The most typical “Stanominian” decorative element of the Pilica bracelet is the recumbent cross motif, encountered in different variants on the adornments regarded as “Kuyavian ornaments”, throughout the entire range of bracelets in particular (Fig. 12:a–e.j–m). However, the number of coils, strip parameters and type of terminals distinguish this specimen from both the “short” and “tall” bracelets in J. Kostrzewski’s classification (1954), recently modified by M. Maciejewski (2019). In these particular features, the Pilica bracelet resembles three, likewise atypical, decorations discovered at Zabieżki, Otwock County, and near Słupia (Nowa?), Kielce County (Fig. 12:m), which were accompanied by “Kuyavian” ankle- and neck-rings as well as Stanomin type ankle-rings of the Mazovian variant in the classification by M. Mogielnicka-Urban (2008). The metal strips they were made of were more massive than in the case of the other “tall” bracelets decorated with crosses. Their terminal coils, in the form of smooth, round wires, find no analogy among other similarly decorated specimens. Such a shape of terminals is characteristic of tall, specifically decorated bracelets consisting of over a dozen coils, made from a not overly broad strip of roughly triangular cross-section, discovered (also together with “Kuyavian” items) in eastern Mazovia and Podlachia (Fig. 12:p). The four bracelets were probably made in workshops located in the area where the canons of craftsmanship and decorative arts, represented by the “classic” Kuyavian products, intermingled with designs valued by the local market. The chemical composition of the alloy of which the Pilica bracelet was made is characteristic of the majority of goods from the Hallstatt period (Appendix 1). Due to the absence of signs of bronze manufacturing in the area in question, attempting to locate the workshops is not possible. A few other finds of “Kuyavian bronzes” are known from the Lower Pilica region; they were found on their own or as parts of multi-component hoards (Fig. 7). Their characteristics and the context in which they occurred indicate wide-ranging connections of this area and various cultural zones, especially those in southern and south-eastern Europe.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2021, LXXII, 72; 117-143
    0043-5082
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Halsztackie ozdoby brązowe z Warszawy-Wilanowa
    Hallstatt Period Ornaments from Warszawa-Wilanów
    Autorzy:
    Andrzejowska, Mirosława
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2048831.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    skarby brązów
    okres halsztacki
    kultura łużycka
    ozdoby kujawskie
    wzory zdobnicze
    nagolenniki
    bransolety
    bronze hoards
    Hallstatt Period
    Lusatian Culture
    Kuyavian ornaments
    decoration patterns
    anklets
    bracelets
    Opis:
    Three impressive bronze ornaments were discovered by accident in 2015 in Wilanów – a district of Warsaw situated in the area of the western terrace of the Vistula River, running along the foot of the Warsaw Escarpment. The place where the hoard was found lies on periodically inundated terrain, formerly used for agriculture and currently intended for housing and road development (Fig. 1). The find consists of two massive anklets formed of round bronze rods and a multi-spiral bracelet made from a metal ribbon with a triangular cross-section (Fig. 2). The anklets, preserved in very good condition, were recovered from a small hole in a compact lump of earth (Fig. 3). Next to it were fragments of a heavily corroded spiral, preserved in three parts. The rods of the anklets, with a maximum thickness of 1.7 cm and terminals hammered into circular, slightly convex discs, were bent in opposite directions into 1⅔ and 13⁄₅ coils. The external diameters of these ornaments measure 13 and 13.3 cm – items of this size are identified as anklets (Fig. 4, 5). The bracelet, coiled from a 1.1-cm wide ribbon with wire-like terminals, originally consisted of 13 coils of approx. 8 cm in diameter (Fig. 6A, 6B). An almost twin ornament, consisting of groups of transverse grooves and figures resembling hatched triangles, is visible along the entire length of the rods of both anklets (Fig. 4:c, 5:c). The three outermost spirals on both sides of the bracelet are decorated with repetitive motifs of inserted angles, ‘herringbone’ and ‘hourglasses’ composed of hatched trapezoids (Fig. 6B:d). Ornaments were stamped on the cast rods of the anklets and on the prepared bracelet ribbon, hammered on a matrix, before they were coiled (Fig. 7–9). To maintain the planned rhythm of repeating decorations, the arrangement of leading motifs was first marked (Fig. 10). In an effort to maintain the same sequence of motifs and the symmetry of the ornamentation on individual coils of the anklets, the central, individually visible sections of the rods were covered with a double band of parallel decorations. Patterns on the terminal sections were drawn in single lines and visually doubled by overlapping the ends of the rods. The anklets discovered in the Wilanów field represent the Stanomin type of anklets, which fall into the category of ‘Kuyavian ornaments’ – objects attributed to the bronze metallurgical centre of the Lusatian Culture, functioning in Kuyavia in the younger phase of the Hallstatt Period (HaD). The Stanomin type also includes numerous examples of ankle-rings regarded as imitations of decorations from the eponymous hoard, creating local varieties of varying range. According to the recently proposed typological division of Stanomin anklets, the Wilanów specimens should be classified as the classic form of their Mazovian version. Both the form and type and arrangement of ornamental motifs are characteristic of decorations noted in great numbers in eastern Mazovia and Podlachia. The spiral bracelet also belongs to the category of artefacts commonly found in assemblages containing ‘Kuyavian’ ornaments. However, the much larger number of coils, the cross-section of the ribbon, the wire-like terminals and the particular ornament differ from Stanomin-type bracelets. The features of the Wilanów bracelet are characteristic of specimens (including objects completely devoid of decorations) registered in the same areas and in the same assemblages as the Stanomin anklets of the Mazovian version (Fig. 11, 12). Dissemination of the specific style of decoration of Hallstatt bronze ornaments from Mazovia and Podlachia may be related to the appearance on the Vistula route, running from south-eastern Europe towards Kuyavia, of pottery decorated in a similar style, characteristic of Moldova and western Ukraine from the end of the 8th and first half of the 7th century BCE. The chronology of some assemblages containing ‘Kuyavian ornaments’, older than previously assumed, may be also determined by their co-occurrence with binocular brooches of the Strzebielinko and Krásna Hôrka type, which, according to the latest findings, should be dated no later than 7th century BCE (HaC–HaD1). The spread of stylistically consistent anklets and spiral bracelets, to which Wilanów ornaments are most closely related (Fig. 13), indicates the existence of a workshop or workshops in the area of eastern Mazovia and/or Podlachia, manufacturing objects of fairly uniform characteristics. However, it can also be assumed that there were centres located outside this area, creating and distributing items decorated in the style accepted or even desired by recipients residing in the above-mentioned territory. The multi-element hoards from Kisielsk, Łuków County, and Podbiel, Otwock County, undoubtedly testify to the far-reaching contacts of the local population. Chemical analysis of the objects from the Wilanów hoard (Table 1) shows that the metal for both anklets was smelted from copper ore from one deposit, while the bracelet was made of different components – perhaps also in another workshop. Similar conclusions apply, for example, to elements of the hoard from Zagórze, Wadowice County. Said assemblage contains items showing connections not only to the Kuyavian centre but also to the region of the Western Carpathians (Krásna Hôrka in Slovakia) from where finished products or patterns for local manufacture flowed into neighbouring areas and beyond (vide long bracelets from Gośniewice, Grójec County, formed of a ribbon with triangular section and with twisted wire-like terminals). A reliable assessment of the phenomenon, with its local specificity and broad territorial and cultural connections, is hindered by the lack of traces of production and the scarcity of comparable metallurgical analyses of the artefacts described. Another issue is the poor state of knowledge on the settlement of the population participating in the processes of manufacture, acquisition or exchange, transfer and storage, and offering or hiding of valuable goods.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2020, LXXI, 71; 217-237
    0043-5082
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Okruchy historii. Kilka interesujących skorup z Anusina na Kujawach
    Shards of History. Some Interesting Pottery Fragments from Anusin in Kujawy
    Autorzy:
    Andrzejowska, Mirosława
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/550980.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-01-28
    Wydawca:
    Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    zdobnictwo ceramiki
    Kujawy
    wczesna epoka żelaza
    kultura grobów kloszowych
    kultura pomorska
    tarnobrzeska kultura łużycka
    wpływy wschodnie
    pottery ornamentation
    Early Iron Age
    Cloche Grave Culture
    Pomeranian Culture
    Tarnobrzeg Lusatian Culture
    Eastern influences
    Opis:
    This article discusses the unique ornamentation of a vessel from a grave assemblage discovered in unspecified circumstances in the village of Anusin in Kujawy before World War II. The vessel, most probably of the Cloche Grave Culture, can be dated to the Early Iron Age. This globular cinerary urn is decorated with a grid of cord-like impressions. The pattern is most similar to the ornaments known from the face urns of the Pomeranian Culture. The false cord impressions were probably made with a tool resembling a hoop earring wrapped in coiled wire. Such items of adornment, with Eastern references, were popular in the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian Culture (e.g. Trzęsówka type coils) and are also found in Kujawy. The vessel from Anusin is therefore an example of an object combining various pottery and ornamental traditions of the communities settled in Kujawy around the middle of the 1st millennium BC.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2020, LXX, 70; 93-103
    0043-5082
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Siekierki tulejkowate z łukowato facetowanymi bokami z dorzecza środkowej Wisły
    Socketed Axes with Facetted Sides from the Middle Vistula Basin
    Autorzy:
    Orlińska, Grażyna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2048826.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    epoka brązu
    kultura łużycka
    nordyjski krąg kulturowy
    metalurgia brązu
    facetowanie
    siekierka
    skarb
    znalezisko pojedyncze
    Bronze Age
    Lusatian Culture
    Nordic Circle
    metallurgy of bronze
    canting
    axe
    hoard
    stray funds
    Opis:
    The article discusses six characteristic bronze axes whose sides are covered with six symmetrically-arranged arcuate planes. Two axes – from Gole, Grodzisk Maz. County (Fig. 2:b, 3:b), and Rogowo, Toruń County (Fig. 16), come from hoards, the others – from Drohiczyn, Siemiatycze County (Fig. 11, 12:a), Masłomęcz, Hrubieszów County (Fig. 12:b), Pobyłkowo, Pułtusk County (Fig. 13–15), and Wilamowice, Płońsk County (Fig. 8, 9), were stray finds. In Gole, in addition to the facetted axe, a second socketed axe of a different type was also found (Fig. 2:a, 3:a). The axes in question, except for the assemblage from Gole, have already been published, with divergent views presented on their provenance. The axes from Gole and Wilamowice were cast from tin bronzes of varying composition (Table 1). They were cast utilising reusable cores, almost cylindrical in shape in the case of Gole, axe no. 1 (Fig. 5:a), and conical in the case of facetted axes from Gole, Wilamowice and Masłomęcz (Fig. 5:b.c). The axes are usually carefully finished (Fig. 4:c–f, 7, 10:a.e); only the specimen from Pobyłkowo presented an unremoved fragment of a sprue on the edge of the socket. Certain use-wear was observed on two specimens only – from Wilamowice and Masłomęcz (Fig. 8, 9, 10:g–i, 12:b). J. Kostrzewski (1964, 20, 32, 54, map VII) associated the axes from Drohiczyn and Pobyłkowo with the Eastern Balt circle and dated them to the Early Iron Age. J. Kuśnierz (1998, 84–85) considered them (as well as the specimens from Wilamowice and Rogowo) to be similar to Balt forms of the Littausdorf type and attributed them to Bronze Age V. J. Dąbrowski (1997, 500) deemed that they are related to Lusatian Culture axes (without specifying their chronology). According to him (J. Dabrowski 197, 48), the specimen from Wilamowice, representing the first variant of the so-called Lusatian axes from Bronze Age IV and V, is an import from the south. Due to its general formal similarity, the axe from Masłomęcz is linked with the ‘Lusatian’ types of Kowalewko and Wielichowo, and due to its facetted sides, with the Balt metallurgical centre (M.E. Kłosińska 2006, 310). Facetted axes do not form a uniform group. The four larger specimens, measuring from 13.4 to 13.9 cm in length (Fig. 2:b, 3:b, 8, 9, 14–16), differ in shape and convexity of the cutting edge. All four axes have a vertical midrib, thickened, elevated side edges, longitudinal recesses located on both sides of the midrib, and a prominent, biconical moulding around the edge of the socket, which can be round (Fig. 14) or almost quadrilateral (Fig. 3:b, 9, 10:f). The smaller axes, about 11.0 cm long and with spade-like blades (Fig. 12), differ from each other in a number of details. The specimen from Drohiczyn (Fig. 12:a), with a cylindrical ridge around the mouth of the socket round in cross-section, topped with a vertical collar, has a vertical rib and prominent side edges (Fig. 11, 12:a) like the large facetted axes. On the faces of the Masłomęcz axe, there are wide, curved recesses, separated by a Y-shaped ridge; the ridge of the quadrilateral socket is strongly thickened (Fig. 12:b). In terms of formal features, facetted axes correspond to the oldest socketed axes of the Lusatian Culture. Such specimens, classified as the Kowalewko (length of 12–15 cm) and Wielichowo (length of 9.0 cm on average) types according to J. Kuśnierz (1998, 28, 31), were manufactured at the end of Bronze Age IV at the so-called Oder metallurgical centre. Facetted axes form a peculiar group of objects, characterised by strongly defined midribs and edges, and sometimes also by decorations on the faces (Fig. 2:b, 3:b, 8, 9, 16). According to information provided by the finder, the place where the axes from Gole were discovered is located within the former riverbed of the Pisia Tuczna River, currently not visible in the terrain (Fig. 1). Axe 1 from this assemblage represents forms of Middle Danube origin, with a straight socket mouth of variant B in J. Kuśnierz’s classification, dating north of the Carpathians from HaA1 to the late Bronze Age (J. Kuśnierz 1998, 15–16; J. Orlicka-Jasnoch 2019, 29–30). Most of the formal features of axe 2 (Fig. 2:a, 3:a) are consistent with the Kowalewko type of variant B (J. Kuśnierz 1998, 28), according to the definition – ‘with one rib’ in the middle and bent, thickened edges (axes ‘with several ribs’ are characterised by the presence of short, vertical ridges). It differs thanks to its slenderness, strongly expanded and convex blade and multi-layered ornamentation consisting of incisions, grooves and stamped points (Fig. 6). In proportions, it resembles the forms of the Nordic Culture: flanged axes or palstaves with a socket at the top (Rand- und »Absatzbeile« mit oberständiger Tülle in the classification of E. Aner [1962, 173–178, fig. 4:2.3]) from Bronze Age II, and similarly dated battle/ceremonial palstaves (nordische Streitbeile/Prachtbeile of type B after A. Oldeberg [1974, e.g. no. 194, 255, 406; 1976, 3]), especially the socketed forms (nach Art »nordischer Streitbeile« by E. Aner [1962, 180–186, fig. 6:1.2, 7:2b, 8:2b]) from the younger stage of Bronze Age II, which were often additionally decorated. The motif of three engraved, nested angles, located on the upper part of the Gole axe, occurs quite often at the base of the blade of nordischer Streitbeile, which were sometimes also ornamented with incisions and stamped points (e.g. K. Kersten 1958, pl. 21:270.272, 29:332). The assemblage from Gole, as well as the treasures from Pławowice, Proszowice County and Podłęże, Wieliczka County, also consisting of axes of Middle Danube origin with a straight socket mouth of variant B and local specimens of the Kowalewko type, falls within HaB1, i.e. the final stage of Bronze Age IV (cf. W. Blajer 2013, 31–32). The hoard from Rogowo is dated to HaB1 – apart from the facetted specimen with features of the Kowalewko type of variant B, adorned with three nested V-shaped ribs on the midrib and a knob below the socket mouth (Fig. 16) – consists of a hexagonal axe (Wesseling form) of Nordic provenance and a spearhead with a ribbed blade that has analogies in the Carpathian Basin (W. Blajer 2013, 36–37, 48, 152–153, pl. 76:4–6). Analogies to the Rogowo axe, apart from the almost identical specimen from Wilamowice (Fig. 8, 9, 10:b.c), can be found in five specimens decorated with V-shaped ribs, but with smooth lateral sides, from the hoard from Nowa Górna, Warszawa West County (unpubl., collections of the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw and the City Museum of Zgierz). Significant similarity between specimens from Rogowo and Wilamowice (Fig. 8, 9, 16) indicates that they were made at a similar time. The repetitiveness of axes decorated with V-shaped ribs and their concentration in a relatively small area near the Vistula River (Fig. 17) allows considering them as objects of local provenance, which may have come from workshops operating outside the Oder metallurgical centre; so far, no axes decorated with arcuate facets and V-shaped ribs are known from the western part of the area covered by the Lusatian Culture settlement. The axe from Pobyłkowo (Fig. 15) resembles the smaller specimen from Drohiczyn in proportions and placement of the loop (Fig. 12:a). Similar, slightly lowered loop placement is rarely encountered in the examples of the Kowalewko type; it is more common in the Wielichowo type forms (cf. J. Kuśnierz 1998, pl. 8:117.127, 9:132.137.141, 10:149.151–154.156). The axes from Drohiczyn and Masłomęcz (Fig. 12) correspond in length (11.0 cm) to some of the largest specimens of the Wielichowo type. The axe from Drohiczyn (Fig. 12:a), similar to the large facetted specimens, represents a form with one rib and prominent lateral edges. Socket mouths as the one in the Drohiczyn example – cylindrical with a low vertical collar – can be found in the Czarków and Kotowo type axes, occurring mainly in Bronze Age V (cf. W. Blajer 2013, 35–36). The Masłomęcz specimen differs from other facetted axes in deep, curved recesses separated with a Y-shaped ridge, and non-thickened edges (Fig. 12:b). Such recesses were commonly placed on the blades of norddeutcher Arbeitsbeile of the Oldeberg A group, i.e. palstaves of the Kappeln type, occurring in the Nordic zone, especially from the second half of Bronze Age II to the beginning of Bronze Age III (e.g. K. Kibbert 1980, 212, pl. 32:483–485, 33, 34). They were to play a significant role in the development, already in the second half of Bronze Age II, of socketed looped axes nach Art »norddeutscher Arbeitsbeile«, which possessed analogous indentations (E. Aner 1962, 187–200, e.g. fig. 9, 10:1–3a, 12). The arrangement of recesses and the vertical ridge that separates them, found on the above mentioned Nordic axes, corresponds to the arrangement of indentations and the single vertical rib on early Lusatian axes, including facetted examples (Fig. 2:b, 3:b, 8, 9, 11, 12:a, 13–16). Thus, if the vertical rib is considered to be what remains of a stop-ridge formed on flanged axes and palstaves (cf. E. Sprockhoff 1956a, 87), then the recesses may serve as a model for the concavities on specimens of the Kowalewko and Wielichowo types. The edges, although not thickened in palstaves (and the Masłomęcz axe), were in fact emphasised by the adjoining recesses; in the literature they are described as pseudo-flanges or strongly defined edges (E. Sprockhoff 1950, 95; M. Kaczmarek 2012, 198). On axes of the Lusatian Culture, where the recesses were shallower than on the earlier forms, the edges were emphasised by thickening them. Therefore, it seems likely that the idea of placing one rib on the Lusatian Culture axes may originate in the tradition of the Nordic cultural circle. As local bronze manufacturing developed, axes with one rib were supplanted as early as Bronze Age V by the most numerous local types of Czarków and Przedmieście with several vertical ribs, which were easier to make and reproduce. This theory seems to explain the diversity of the early Lusatian Culture axes, which has already been highlighted many times in the literature (e.g. E. Sprockhoff 1950, 93; E. Baudou 1960, 25). The practice of covering the sides of axes with arcuate facets also originates from the Nordic cultural circle. Flanged axes and axes of Kappeln type were already adorned in this manner (see e.g. A. Oldeberg 1974, no. 93, 624a, 738, 939), as well as socketed axes nach Art »norddeutscher Arbeitsbeile« (e.g. E. Aner 1962, fig. 9, 10:2.3a, 13:2a), to which the Masłomęcz specimen bears a resemblance in the shape of its faces. The demonstrated connections to the Nordic cultural circle seem to confirm the distribution of finds of facetted axes along the final section of a route which, from the Early Bronze Age to the Hallstatt Period, ran from north-western Europe along the Lower and Middle Oder, further along the Warta River through the Gniezno Lakeland to Kuyavia, then along the Vistula and Bug River to the south (Fig. 17; cf. J. Żychlińska 2008, 156; J. Affelski 2011, 165). Before the assemblages from Gole and Nowa Górna (the locations of both hoards, provided by the finders and fully corresponding to the distribution of facetted axes, are considered reliable) were discovered, there had been no known hoards from the end of Bronze Age IV from the area of Mazovia, Kuyavia and central and south-eastern Poland. New finds from the area of western Mazovia shed new light on the distribution of hoards in Poland at the end of the 11th and beginning of the 10th century BCE.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2020, LXXI, 71; 189-216
    0043-5082
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-5 z 5

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