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    Tytuł:
    Techniki budowy zamków w typie kasztelu w państwie krzyżackim w Prusach
    Techniques of construction of castellumtype castles in the state of the Teutonic Order in Prussia
    Autorzy:
    Wasik, Bogusz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1927169.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa
    Tematy:
    zamki krzyżackie
    kasztele
    zamki konwentualne
    średniowieczne techniki budowlane
    zakon krzyżacki
    Teutonic Order castle
    Castelle
    conventual castles
    medieval building techniques
    Teutonic Order
    Opis:
    W artykule scharakteryzowane zostały techniki budowy zamków regularnych (kasztelowych) w Prusach. Wznoszono je od ok. 1280 r., kiedy to stabilizacja i rozwój państwa stworzyły podstawy do rozwoju monumentalnej architektury. Okres ten charakteryzuje ilościowy i jakościowy rozwój budownictwa. Wysoka klasa architektury szła w parze z rozwojem technik budowlanych i realizacją przemyślanych inwestycji. Nowsze badania wskazują, że zamki kasztelowe budowano według podobnych schematów, począwszy od wyboru miejsca budowy, przez projektowanie, porządek prac murarskich, po wielki nakład prac ziemnych. Cechy te, powtarzalne do pocz. XV w., wskazują na obecność ugruntowanej tradycji budowlanej w Prusach.
    The article describes the techniques of building regularly-shaped castles (Castelle) in Prussia. They started to appear around 1280, when the stabilization and development of the state provided a basis for the development of monumental architecture. This period is characterized by rapid advances in architecture, both in quantitative and in qualitative terms. The development of high-class architecture was accompanied by progress in building techniques and the completion of well thoughtout investments. More recent studies indicate that castellum-type castles were built according to similar patterns, ranging from the choice of a construction site, through design, order of masonry work, to extensive earthworks. These features, repetitive until the beginning of the 15th century, evidence the presence of a well-established building tradition in Prussia.
    Źródło:
    Ochrona Zabytków; 2018, 2; 33-60
    0029-8247
    Pojawia się w:
    Ochrona Zabytków
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    ZAMEK POKRZYŻACKI W MIEJSCOWOŚCI ROGÓŹNO-ZAMEK
    FORMER TEUTONIC KNIGHTS CASTLE IN ROGÓŹNO-ZAMEK
    Autorzy:
    Stocka, Marzenna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/535637.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2006
    Wydawca:
    Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa
    Tematy:
    CASTLE IN ROGOZNO-ZAMEK
    ROGOZNO-ZAMEK
    TEUTONIC KNIGHTS CASTLE
    TEUTONIC ORDER
    Opis:
    The locality of Rogozno-Zamek lies between Grudziadz and Lasin. The ruins of a Teutonic Order castle tower on a hillock above the mouth of the river Gardega into the Osa. The selection of a site convenient for erecting a fortification was determined by the outstanding defensive properties of the lay of the land. The construction of a brick castle in Rogozno was commenced after 1275, on the site of an earlier wooden fortification. From 1285 the castle was manned by Teutonic Knights, headed by commander (komtur) Winand. In 1335 the 'komturia' (area administered by the komtur) was replaced by a 'wojtostwo' (area administered by a 'wojt'/commune head/). In 1466-1590 the castle was the seat of the local 'starosta'. After 1772 a large part of the buildings was demolished to serve as a source of building material necessary for raising a Prussian fort in Grudziadz. In 1934 the ruins of Rogozno Castle were recognised as an historical monument. Work on protecting the object was inaugurated in 1911. The plan of the upper castle was recreated in the course of archaeological research conducted in 1941-1942 under the supervision of H. Jacobi. The mediaeval castle was composed of three parts: the castle proper, the upper castle standing on top of the hill, the middle castle with a tall gate tower, and a sprawling forecastle on a neighbouring elevation, separated from the main fortification by a moat. The upper castle included four wings, and was encircled by outer walls. The western part of the hill features scarce preserved fragments of the upper castle walls. The grounds of the inner forecastle contain an extant square, five-storey gate tower, originally preceded by a gate gorge, and a bridge leading to the non-residential part of the forecastle. Another surviving element is a long fragment of the outer wall with a corner turret built on a circular plan. Today, the castle is considerably devastated due to natural destruction, efforts to obtain building material, and incorrect exploitation. Only a part of the object, which urgently calls for additional protection measures, is suitable for reconstruction.
    Źródło:
    Ochrona Zabytków; 2006, 1; 27-38
    0029-8247
    Pojawia się w:
    Ochrona Zabytków
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    GOTYCKIE DEKORACJE MALARSKIE ELEWACJI KOŚCIOŁA PARAFIALNEGO P.W. ŚW. KATARZYNY ALEKSANDRYJSKIEJ W GOLUBIU Przyczynek do badań nad dekoracją maswerkową w architekturze Państwa Zakonnego w Prusach
    GOTHIC PAINTED DECORATIONS ON THE ELEVATION OF THE CHURCH OF ST. CATHERINE OF ALEXANDRIA IN GOLUB. A Contribution to Studies about Tracery Decoration in the Architecture of the Teutonic Order State in Prussia
    Autorzy:
    Tuliszewski, Piotr
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/536670.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2006
    Wydawca:
    Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa
    Tematy:
    CHURCH OF ST. CATHERINE OF ALEXANDRIA (GOLUB)
    GOTHIC DECORATIONS
    POLYCHROME
    TEUTONIC ORDER STATE
    Opis:
    The Gothic painted decorations of the plastered blind windows and friezes on the elevation of the parish church in Golub have been mentioned at the end of the nineteenth century by German conservators and historians of East Prussian architecture (J. Heise, A. Boetticher) in the catalogues of historical monuments written by them. Nonetheless, it was not until the research, drawings and measurements of the roof truss construction were carried out in December 2004 by the employees of ROBiDZ (Torun), that the presence of the titular painted decorations was unearthed. The discoveries were made in a rather inaccessible spot, i. e. under the roof of the chapel of the Holy Cross, covering part of the eastern axes of the northern elevation. The second stage of the measurements performed next to the bell tower disclosed remnants of identical engraved tracery decorations at the level of the fourth storey of the southern tower elevation. The excellent condition of the preserved compositions engraved on a thin layer of lime plaster made it possible to reconstruct their original form. This material, together with photographic documentation, was used for making inventory drawings based on a CAD-type programme. The documentation produced by ROBiDZ (Torun) classified four types of the originally polychromed tracery decoration. With the exception of a plastered band on the cornice, the other compositions share an identical tripartite division of the lower lancet sphere as well as a band above it, featuring a carpet pattern with a recurring four-leaf motif. Moreover, a characteristic feature of the Golub tracery is the fact that the classical three-, four- and five-leaf motifs occur next to each other, and have been executed both from petals cut out of a circle and those which are enclosed within a lancet. The presented article embarks upon an attempt at defining the provenance of the forms of the discovered compositions. A formal analysis has been unquestionably facilitated by the studies conducted by specialists as well as the conservation documentation of similar objects by, i. a. M. Poksinska and E. Pilecka. Golub, located in the territory of the Teutonic Order state, only 40 kms from Torun, must have found itself within the range of the impact exerted by this cultural centre, the second largest in Pomerania, a fact decisive for a search for analogous decorations in the buildings of Golub and its environs. We cannot exclude the probability that the described tracery should be attributed to a group of artists working not only Toruń but also in the provinces. They included representatives of various nationalities and assorted West European trends, influencing art in the region of Chełmno, Kujawy and Varmia. It must be added that the imposing number of architectural solutions and decorative motifs in the land of Chełmno makes it impossible to indicate a concrete source of inspiration for the solutions encountered in Golub. Cited analogies prove that fourteenth-century ornamental motifs were popularised in Toruń and the neighbouring regions by means of the pattern books and construction complexes which appeared in these terrains as part of a cultural exchange augmented by the intensive trade contacts maintained by the Baltic towns. The presented study does not propose an ultimate classification of all types of the tracery decorations originally executed on the elevation of the parish church in Golub. Within this context, the documented examples comprise only part of the whole repertoire of the ornamental blind windows in the church. Initial results of the examination of the chemical composition of lime mortar in the blind windows and tower cornice made it possible to identify the pigments used in the decorations, i. a. iron oxide red, ochre and plant black. The execution technology of the painted tracery could be ultimately explained after complex conservation studies. With all certainty, the tracery discovered in Golub in 2005, both engraved in plaster and painted, confirms the great popularity of this decoration technique in the state of the Teutonic Knights, used not only on sacral edifices but also on secular and town buildings. In turn, the immense variety of the types of compositions attests to the fact that the basic purpose of such ornaments was to enhance the decorativeness and prestige of the embellished objects.
    Źródło:
    Ochrona Zabytków; 2006, 1; 39-51
    0029-8247
    Pojawia się w:
    Ochrona Zabytków
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Odkrycie dekoracji malarskich na stropach i ścianach sali krzyżackiego zamku w Morągu
    MURALS IN THE CHAMBERS OF THE TEUTONIC ORDER CASTLE IN MORĄG - THE DISCOVERY OF PAINTED DECORATIONS ON VAULTS AND WALLS
    Autorzy:
    Jakubowski, Paweł
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/537141.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2002
    Wydawca:
    Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa
    Tematy:
    zamek krzyżacki w Morągu
    dekoracje malarskie
    polichromowany drewniany strop
    Morąg
    dekoracje ornamentalne
    technika kazeinowa
    dekoracje stropu
    malowidła en grisaille
    Opis:
    The new owner of the much neglected fourteenthcentury castle in Morąg commenced a gradual restoration of the whole building. Repair and construction conducted in 2002 were preceded by a search for murals in the castle interiors. All the interiors were examined by means of uncovering methods applying the cross-strip system as well as a non-invasive method based on solvents. Both investigations and earlier quests led to the discovery of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century vaults richly decorated with ornamental polychrome and figurai motifs in the tondos. The researchers also uncovered fragments of murals in ground-floor interiors underneath numerous layers of plaster and lime whitening. Finally, the author describes a series of examinations of the plaster and brick walls.
    Źródło:
    Ochrona Zabytków; 2002, 3-4; 286-293
    0029-8247
    Pojawia się w:
    Ochrona Zabytków
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Zamek prokuratorski w Unisławiu. Układ przestrzenny i technika budowy w świetle badań archeologiczno-architektonicznych
    The Prosecutor’s Castle in Unisław. Spatial layout and construction technique in the light of archaeological and architectural research
    Autorzy:
    Wasik, Bogusz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1927175.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa
    Tematy:
    zamek
    dom wieżowy
    historia technik budowlanych
    zakon krzyżacki
    castle
    tower house
    history of building techniques
    the Teutonic Order
    Opis:
    Zamek w Unisławiu na ziemi chełmińskiej był do niedawna jedną z najsłabiej rozpoznanych warowni krzyżackich. Nie była znana jego forma, a źródła historyczne dostarczały jedynie przesłanek do jego chronologii. Przeprowadzone w 2017 r. badania archeologiczno-architektoniczne skupione były na terenie zamku wysokiego, ale towarzyszące im obserwacje pozwoliły także na określenie układu budowli: na trójczłonową warownię składały się zamek wysoki i dwa przedzamcza. Badania wykazały, że zamek murowany wzniesiono na miejscu komturskiej warowni drewniano-ziemnej, a inwestycję tę łączyć należy z rezydującymi od 2. ćw. XIV w. w Unisławiu prokuratorami. Głównym elementem zamku wysokiego był masywny dom wieżowy, osłonięty od strony przedzamcza murem obronnym. Na przełomie XIV i XV w. zamek został rozbudowany – dodano nowe budynki, w tym bramny. Badania dostarczyły także podstaw do rekonstrukcji szczegółów techniki budowy zamku. Kres funkcjonowania warowni przyniosła wojna trzynastoletnia (1454-1466).
    The castle in Unisław on Chełmno Land has until recently been one of the least-known Teutonic strongholds. Its form was unascertained, and historical sources provided only some premises for its chronology. The archaeological and architectural research carried out in 2017 focused on the area of the high castle, but the accompanying observations also enabled to determine the layout of the structure: the three-part stronghold consisted of a high castle and two wards. The research has shown that the brick castle was erected on the site of the wooden and earthen commandery stronghold, and this investment should be connected with the prosecutors residing in Unisław from the 2nd quarter of the 14th century. The main part of the high castle was a massive tower house, shielded from the side of the ward with a defensive wall. At the turn of the 15th century, the castle was extended – new buildings were added, including gates. The research also provided the basis for the reconstruction of the details of castle construction techniques. The stronghold was captured and destroyed during the Thirteen Years’ War (1454-1466).
    Źródło:
    Ochrona Zabytków; 2018, 1; 49-64
    0029-8247
    Pojawia się w:
    Ochrona Zabytków
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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