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    Wyświetlanie 1-7 z 7
    Tytuł:
    Górnicze metody zabezpieczania wyrobisk kopalń Wieliczki i Bochni przed zagrożeniem zawałowym
    Mining methods of protecting the excavations of Wieliczka and Bochnia mines against the cave-in hazard
    Autorzy:
    Charkot, Józef
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2055007.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-12-10
    Wydawca:
    Muzeum Żup Krakowskich Wieliczka
    Tematy:
    kopalnia
    szyb
    chodnik
    komora
    zabezpieczanie
    obudowa
    kaszt
    podsadzka
    a mine
    a shaft
    a gallery
    a chamber
    securing
    timbering
    a box-crib
    filling material
    Opis:
    Eksploatacja soli w kopalniach Wieliczki i Bochni wymagała systematycznego prowadzenia prac zabezpieczających. Na przestrzeni wieków zmieniano lub modyfikowano metody ich realizacji. W artykule przedstawiono sposoby zabezpieczania poszczególnych rodzajów wyrobisk: szybów, szybików, chodników i komór. Szyby od XIII do XIX w. miały z reguły obudowę drewnianą i prostokątny przekrój. Od początku XX w. nowo zgłębiane szyby otrzymywały obudowę murowaną. Wymieniano również obudowy drewniane na murowane. Szybiki na odcinkach przechodzących przez pokłady i bryły soli oraz zwięzłe skały płonne pozostawiano bez obudowy, inne zabezpieczano obudową drewnianą. Chodniki w bardzo dobrych warunkach geologicznych nie wymagały zabezpieczeń, jednak w zdecydowanej większości posiadają różnorodne odmiany obudowy drewnianej. Pierwotnym, powszechnie stosowanym sposobem zabezpieczania komór było pozostawianie solnej łuski ochronnej. W rozległych komorach już od XIV w. stawiano filary solne. Od tego stulecia budowano również kaszty. Od początku działalności górniczej jednym ze sposobów ochrony komór przed destrukcją było ich podsadzanie. Do XVIII w. podsadzkę stanowił urobek pozyskiwany podczas prac podziemnych (skały płonne, zanieczyszczona sól). W Wieliczce w XIX w. rozpoczęto jej transport z powierzchni. Początkowo była to ziemia, a od początku XX w. piasek. Systematyczne podsadzanie piaskiem na sucho prowadzono do II wojny światowej, incydentalnie w latach 60. XX w. Od lat 80. tego stulecia prowadzi się podsadzanie hydrauliczne. W ten sposób zabezpieczono zasadniczą część wyrobisk, które nie zostały objęte ochroną konserwatorską.
    The exploitation of salt in the Wieliczka and Bochnia mines required systematic protection works. Over centuries, the methods of their implementation have been changed or modified. The article presents methods of securing specific types of mine workings: shafts, pit-holes, galleries and chambers. Between the thirteenth and nineteenth century, shafts generally had a timbering and a rectangular cross-section. It was at the beginning of the 20th century that newly sunk shafts started to receive a brick lining. Timbering was also replaced with brick lining. Within sections passing through the deposits and blocks of salt as well as compact waste rocks, pit-holes were left without timbering, while others were secured with it. In very good geological conditions, galleries did not require any protection, however, the vast majority of them have various types of timbering. The original, commonly used method of securing chambers was to leave salt protective slices. Salt pillars had already been erected in large chambers since the 14th century. It is also then that the first box-cribs were built. From the beginning of mining activity, one of the methods of protecting the chambers from destruction was to backfill them. Until the 18th century, the filling material consisted of the output obtained in the course of underground works (waste rocks, contaminated salt). In Wieliczka its transport from the surface started in the 19th century. Initially, it was earth, and from the beginning of the 20th century – sand. Systematic dry backfilling had been carried out until World War II, and incidentally in the 1960’s. Hydraulic backfilling has been carried out since the 1980’s. That is how the essential part of the excavations, which were not under conservation protection, was secured.
    Źródło:
    Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce; 2021, XXXV, 1; 128-199
    0137-530X
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Konie w służbie salinarnej
    Horses in the Salt Mine service
    Autorzy:
    Charkot, Józef
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1574601.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Muzeum Żup Krakowskich Wieliczka
    Tematy:
    Konie
    służba salinarna
    stajnie
    kopalnia soli
    wieliczka
    transport
    Horses
    Salt Mine service
    salt mine
    stables
    Opis:
    Horses supported miners’ work throughout the period of the production operation of the Wieliczka and Bochnia salt mines. The only thing that changed was the nature and scope of this assistance. Initially it was limited to the maintenance tasks of saltworks farms, salt transport to warehouses by the Vistula River and the supply of wood for the protection of underground workings. From the middle of the fifteenth century, horses were incorporated directly in the process of salt production as traction force for horsemills installed over shafts. In the next century in Wieliczka and in the seventeenth century in Bochnia horses also started to work underground. Until the 1860s, they mainly served horsemills, and later, in the era of mechanized vertical transport, they served the underground horizontal transport. Most horses in both mining centers were working in the eighteenth century – about 60 in the Bochnia mine, and in Wieliczka usually more than 100. In the first one, the last horse finished its work in the 1970s, and in the second one only in 2002. Horses were surrounded with due care by miners who actually cared about their nutrition, health, proper work and rest regimens. Employees of the mine and animals “employed” for a longer time developed a special bond.
    Źródło:
    Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce; 2014, 29; 69-98
    0137-530X
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wybrane wyrobiska górnicze kopalni wielickiej w rejonie kopuły grot kryształowych
    Selected mining excavations of the wieliczka mine in the crystal caves dome area
    Autorzy:
    Charkot, Józef
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1371174.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Muzeum Żup Krakowskich Wieliczka
    Tematy:
    sól
    komora
    chodnik
    eksploatacja
    zabezpieczanie
    walory zabytkowe
    salt
    chamber
    gallery
    mining
    securing
    historic values
    Opis:
    Kopuła Grot Kryształowych to nietypowy fragment północno-wschodniego rejonu złoża soli Wieliczki, który uformowały ruchy tektoniczne Karpat. Powstała ona w wyniku odmiennego ukształtowania północnej łuski złoża pokładowego, podobnego do architektonicznej kopuły. Prace górnicze w jej obrębie prowadzone były przez dwa stulecia, tj. od lat 30. XVIII w. do okresu międzywojennego, a ubocznym ich efektem było odkrycie pod koniec XIX w. Grot Kryształowych. Systematycznie prowadzone roboty doprowadziły do powstania cennego zespołu wyrobisk górniczych. Nagromadzone w nich walory są pod wieloma względami reprezentatywne dla całej zabytkowej kopalni. Dotyczą one w szczególności sposobu rozpoznania złoża, metod prowadzonej eksploatacji i rozwiązań w zakresie zabezpieczania komór i chodników. Rozległe komory z bardzo dobrze zachowanymi śladami eksploatacji, przetrwałymi historycznymi zabezpieczeniami stanowią o ich wyjątkowych walorach widokowych. Interesujące jest pochodzenie nazw wyrobisk. Z reguły mają one etymologię odimienną. Honorują osoby znane z życia politycznego i gospodarczego w XVIII i XIX w., częściej jednak zasłużone postacie z administracji kopalni. W XX w. prace badawcze i zabezpieczające koncentrowały się głównie na Grotach Kryształowych. W tym stuleciu prace projektowe i górniczo-konserwatorskie zrealizowano już w nielicznych wyrobiskach. Planowana jest konsekwentna ich kontynuacja. Kompleksowe zabezpieczenie tego rejonu kopalni stworzy warunki do jego turystycznego, dydaktycznego i badawczego zagospodarowania.
    The Crystal Caves Dome is a non-typical fragment of the north-eastern area of the Wieliczka salt deposit, formed by tectonic movements of the Carpathian Mountains. It was developed as a result of different shaping of the northern slice of the bedded deposit, similar to an architectural dome. Mining works in this area were conducted for two centuries, that is, from 1730s until the pre-war period, leading – as a side effect – to discovery of the Crystal Caves in the late 19th century. Systematic works have led to development of a valuable complex of mining excavations. Their features are in many ways representative of the entire historic mine. These include, in particular, the deposit exploration methods, as well as mining techniques and solutions applied to secure the chambers and galleries. The extensive chambers with very well-preserved mining traces and the surviving historic maintenance equipment make tours of the area a unique sightseeing experience. Another interesting aspect is the origin of names given to the excavations. Usually, they are named after specific people. Some of them refer to persons known from political and economic life of the 18th and 19th century; most often, however, to the renowned administrators of the mine. In the 20th century, mining and maintenance works were focused mainly on the Crystal Caves. In this period, design, mining and maintenance works were carried out in only a few excavations. Their consistent continuation has been planned. Complex securing of this part of the mine will allow for creation of appropriate conditions for its use for tourism, education and research purposes.
    Źródło:
    Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce; 2020, 34; 8-80
    0137-530X
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Uwarunkowania historyczne i prawno–organizacyjne górniczo–konserwatorskiego zabezpieczania zabytkowych wyrobisk Kopalni Bocheńskiej
    Historical, legal and organisational determinants of mining and conservation protection of historical pits in the Bochnia Salt Mine
    Autorzy:
    Charkot, Józef
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/487332.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Muzeum Żup Krakowskich Wieliczka
    Tematy:
    uwarunkowania historyczne
    organizacja
    zabezpieczania
    zabytkowe
    wyrobiska
    kopalnia
    Bochnia
    Historical legal
    mine
    conservation
    protection
    historical pits
    Salt Mine
    Opis:
    The objective of this article is to present hitherto accomplishments in the area of protection of the mine understood as a monument in a legal sense. They are presented in reference to securing activities in the mine, effected throughout the history of its functioning. These issues have not been presented in a  synthetic manner so far. The basic source material for the study was information accumulated in the course of documentation work conducted by the employees of the Cracow Saltworks Museum Wieliczka (in cooperation with engineers and technical employees from the Bochnia Salt Mine) underground. The manner of presentation of issues discussed in the study derives from an analogous article pertaining to the Wieliczka Salt Mine, presented in volume XXIII of this yearbook. The necessity of securing the mining pits in the Bochnia Salt Mine has been apparent since the very beginning of its commercial operation. Various solutions were applied, frequently quite untypical, adjusted to the specific geological structure of the deposit. The basic material was wood, used to line the rising headings, as well as drifts in the weak rock mass. Extensive chambers were propped up with support columns, usually filled with mining spoil and contaminated salt types. The specific nature of the Bochnia Salt Mine was that the support columns were constructed of thin alder and birch trunks. Support columns made of thick pine, spruce or fir wood were rarely used. Some of the selected areas were liquidated by being completely filled with waste rocks and post-production waste. Smaller of them, left without any means of protection, were completely clamped after several centuries. The original form of securing the chambers from the progressing destruction was leaving them at the edge of a thin salt shell. Until the 18th century, transport routes were designated in some of them via lining or support columns, which connected exploitation areas located on various depths. Conservation work in the legal sense began only after inclusion of the mine in the list of monuments in 1981, even though some of the projects undertaken earlier had this objective in mind, especially in the underground chapels. Mining and conservation work is performed in a zone included under protection, i.e. on levels from I to IX, in most valuable mining pits, selected on the basis of substantive criteria with respect to the values of the mining pits. The selection was made by the employees of the Cracow Saltworks Museum Wieliczka on the basis of materials accumulated during the systematic scientific and technical stock-taking conducted in the 1970s and 1980s; the list was approved by the Małopolska Province Monument Conservator in Kraków. It includes 65 chambers, 112 drifts, 3 shafts and 4 fore-shafts. Furthermore, the most valuable regions of the mine with respect to natural assets were encompassed by a detailed stocktaking in 2005 and subjected to additional legal protection on the basis of the Nature Conservation Act in the form of 27 documentation sites. The conservation authorities have also formulated guidelines pertaining to the procedure of preparing and performing work in the historical pits. The starting point is preparation of a historical and conservation study and subsequently a technical design relying on its recommendations. On this basis, permits are issued for the conduct of work in protected shafts, chambers and drifts. Direct supervision over the performance of work until 1999 was the obligation of the Province Monument Conservator in Tarnów, and later the Małopolska Province Monument Conservator in Kraków and, since 2016, the Cracow Saltworks Museum Wieliczka. The basic source of financing for the conservation projects are funds deriving from the state budget, which may be formally assigned for such a purpose since 2000. Earlier (since 1991) they were fully assigned to liquidation work. As of 2000, funds assigned for specific projects from the National Environmental Protection and Water Management Fund constitute a significant supplement for the financing. Relatively small funds are also generated by the tourist and spa activities pursued since 1995. The majority of mining and conservation work was performed by the mining team of the Bochnia Salt Mine. Tasks calling for specialist equipment and special qualifications of employees were commissioned from external companies. The basic part of the work was concentrated on levels from I to IV, in mining pits that are the most valuable with respect to the presented historical values. The speed of work gained momentum after the mine was classified as the monument of history (2000). Initially, the work focused on securing pits that are assigned for being made available to tourists on level IV, i.e. the August Chamber, and on level VI: the Sienkiewicz Chamber and the Dobosz Inter-level. As a result of them, in 1995 the conditions in the mine allowed for admission of organised groups to the mine for the first time in history. Later, work was conducted in drifts and chambers assigned for thematically oriented exhibitions. In the first period, the greatest mining and conservation projects included securing the central part of the August Drift, along with adjoining corridors and the extensive Ważyn Chamber. Its adjustment to perform recreational and sanatorium-type functions required a lot of effort. In the second stage, work performed in the complex of mining pits called Zejście Kalwaria, spreading from level I Danielowiec to level IV August, was of great importance, as well as work at eleven sections of Regis Stairs connecting these levels. It is also necessary to mention professional conservation of the 18th century Passionis Chamber and opening the 17th century Krucyfiks Chamber for tourists. Performance of mining and conservation work has acquired a special rank and should be an absolute priority after inclusion of the Salt Mine in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2013.
    Źródło:
    Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce; 2016, 31; 119-150
    0137-530X
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Zagrożenie metanowe w Kopalni Wielickiej
    Methane Threat Explosion In Wieliczka Salt Mine
    Autorzy:
    Charkot, Józef
    Wiewiórka, Janusz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1574552.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Muzeum Żup Krakowskich Wieliczka
    Tematy:
    Zagrożenie
    metan
    Kopalnia Wielicka
    gaz
    złoże
    wybuch
    Methane
    Threat
    Explosion
    Wieliczka
    Salt Mine
    gas
    Opis:
    Methane threat has accompanied miners in the Wieliczka salt mine since the very beginning of salt extraction. Methane leaks caused serious impediments in safe conduct of underground work, whereas methane ignition and explosions resulted in burns and fatalities among the mining personnel. Increased probability of occurrence of this dangerous gas existed with respect to work in the “spiz” salt deposits and in the vicinity of southern and northern border of the bed. It also accumulated in significant amounts in the Crystal Grottoes and in their direct vicinity. Manners of eliminating methane threat changed throughout history: from preventive methane burning, improvement of ventilation and modern techniques of methane detection. Mining regulations were also used to ensure safety.
    Źródło:
    Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce; 2015, 30; 109-127
    0137-530X
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Dzieje Szybu Regis
    History of the Regis shaft in Wieliczka
    Autorzy:
    Charkot, Józef
    Gawroński, Wojciech
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1574568.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012
    Wydawca:
    Muzeum Żup Krakowskich Wieliczka
    Tematy:
    Szyb
    Wieliczka
    Kopalnia Soli
    Rewitalizacja
    Urządzenia szybowe
    Budowa szybu
    Shaft
    Salt Mine
    Revitalization
    Shaft machine
    Shaft building
    Opis:
    The object of the study is the history of the oldest shaft – out of shafts that are still operating – of the Wieliczka Salt Mine. Hollowed out in the centre of the town in the middle of the 14th century, it continued to be the main mining shaft incessantly for approx. 600 years. It was the first shaft to be deepened below level I of the mine (18th century). Here, technical novelties in vertical transport were introduced and the first steam winding machine in Wieliczka was launched in 1861 and later an electric one (1912). The authors present the following issues in detail: construction and deepening of the shaft, modernization of winding machines, the salt mill and the surface infrastructure, changes in nomenclature and revitalization. Available historical sources were used, along with iconographic accounts, mining cartography and technical documentation. The Regis shaft, after completion of renovation work in 2012, started a “new life” contributing to streamlining of tourist traffic in the Wieliczka Salt Mine.
    Źródło:
    Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce; 2012, 28; 7-30
    0137-530X
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Dzieje szybu Daniłowicza
    History of the Daniłowicz Shaft
    Autorzy:
    Charkot, Józef
    Krzysztofek, Danuta
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/487372.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Muzeum Żup Krakowskich Wieliczka
    Tematy:
    Historia
    Szyb
    Daniłowicz
    wieliczka
    budynek
    History
    Shaft
    building
    Opis:
    The Daniłowicz shaft was deepened in the years 1635-42. The excavation drilling was completed at a time when the function of mine manager was held by Jan Mikołaj Daniłowicz, the Grand Treasurer of the Crown. Over 230 years it reached only to level 1 (64 m deep). In the second half of the nineteenth century it was deepened in stages to level 5 and in 1929 to level 6 (240.6 m deep). Throughout its history, the shaft was repeatedly modernized and served a variety of functions. For more than 200 years, it was used to draw large amounts of salt, mainly located in the solid deposit. As a  result of the work carried out with this shaft, most splendid chambers of the current tourist route and the most beautiful excavations of the underground exhibition of Wieliczka Cracow Saltworks Museum were created. Since the eighteenth century it also served the growing tourist traffic. After it was deepened and thoroughly modernized in the 1970s, it had only communication functions, serving both the crew and tourists. Since the beginning of the 1960s, its sole task is to serve the visitors of the Wieliczka mine. After the installation of air-conditioning in 1996 and a modern hoist (years 2011-12), every year it provides great comfort and safety to over one million tourists.
    Źródło:
    Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce; 2014, 29; 7-32
    0137-530X
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-7 z 7

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