Temat: engine combustion - Katalog OPAC zbiorów

Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:: Research of flame propagation in combustion system with semi-open combustion chamber for gasoline SI engines
Autorzy:: Leżański, T.
Sęczyk, J.
Wolański, P.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/242275.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2011
Wydawca:: Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:: SI engines
engine combustion systems
combustion process visualization
Opis:: Some results of visualization researches of combustion system with divided, semi - open combustion chamber for SI engines, using rapid compression machine (RPM) and experimental visualization engine (EVE) are presented in his paper. Short description of combustion system operation, description of test stands and research equipment can be found in the paper. The tests were performed at stoichiometric ratio natural gas-air and propane-air mixtures. A few the most characteristic of results are shown; to explain how should be operate the combustion system, to yield the better performance. They are compared the research results (photographs of combustion sequence, diagrams of in-cylinder pressure histories) during visualization testing with using RCM and EVE. During RCM testing we obtained the combustion photographs in the plain pass in cylinder axis but during ECE testing at the plain perpendicular to the cylinder axis. All researches shown that the best performance are yielded when a spark advance angle (ignition timing) is such selected that stream outflow prechamber to main combustion chamber starts when the piston is at TDC and it has adequate energy to travel a main combustion chamber with higher velocity than burning velocity in quiescent chamber. Then the shortest time of combustion, the highest peak pressure in the cycle and bigger useful working are yielded. The impact of spark advance angle on flame propagation process into combustion chamber in extreme cases has been analyzed too.
Źródło:: Journal of KONES; 2011, 18, 2; 251-260
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:: Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 2.

Tytuł:: Mathematical model of four-stroke combustion engine working process
Autorzy:: Ślęzak, M.
Jankowski, A.
Wojciechowski, A.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/246405.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2007
Wydawca:: Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:: combustion engine
combustion engine thermodynamics
working process
mathematical modelling
Opis:: By defining the fluid's thermodynamic properties, the cycle can be simplified using various assumptions. A lot of models of the combustion engine process were developed that including the thermodynamics, turbulence, and chemical kinetics to predict thermodynamic parameters of the engines. Mathematical model the working process occurring in the cylinder of the four-stroke piston-combustion engine is an object of the paper. The following assumptions consisting in that thermodynamics system is an open thermodynamical system, in accepted model were taken into account. Generalised mathematical model of the working process in the cylinder of the piston-four-stroke combustion engine was worked out. Dependences describing instantaneous volume of the working charge in the cylinder, equation of the balance of the of the working charge quantity in the cylinder and state equation of the working charge in the cylinder were considered at formulating of assumptions. Values of coefficients for each component processes of working cycle with taking into consideration of the dependence concerning the compression process , the combustion process, and expansion process after finishing of the combustion process were an object of worked out mathematical model. For nonstationary processes formulating working cycle of the engine realized during openings of valves (the open system), the quantity and composition of the working charge in the cylinder, its specific heat and temperature are variable. The temperature difference between the working charge and walls temperature of borderering the space of the cylinder was taken into account, too. Generalized mathematical model of the working process in the cylinder of the piston- four-stroke combustion engine applying for the theoretical analysis of the working process in the combustion engine, as well as for working out of experimental results was elaborated.
Źródło:: Journal of KONES; 2007, 14, 3; 587-595
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:: Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 3.

Tytuł:: Influence of geometry and type of cooling holes on thermal load of combustion chamber
Autorzy:: Swiatek, M.
Domański, R.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/246265.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2010
Wydawca:: Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:: aircraft engines
engine combustion chamber
combustor cooling
CFD
Opis:: The objective of this thesis is to compare various methods of combustor wall cooling and their effectiveness by numerical simulations. It was determined that the first task was to verify how much air is coming through single axial hole with 3.5% pressure drop between hot and cold part of combustion chamber. The results from this flow check serve as a base template for generating more accurate and precise models of single axial hole cooling as well as calculation of hole diameter for multihole cooling. Second task was to generate more sophisticated single hole model with boundary layer in order to better simulate the conditions in areas near the combustion chamber walls and get more accurate results. The same method was used to create multihole model. In order to compare efficiency, all created domains in every model have the same volume, model settings, operating and boundary conditions. Geometry of all models described above is created using SIMENS NX4 and SIMENS NX5 program based on drawings obtained from available literature, and data acquired from the Internet. The discretization into a structural finite volume grid took place in commercial pre-processor GAMBITŽ (GAMBIT and FLUENT - commercial CFD codes from Ansy s Inc). The airflow andheat exchange will be calculated using program FLUENTŽ. The results were shown in the thesis in terms of several comparative pictures of the temperature fields in the combustion chamber domain, and graphs representing difference in temperature fields on cooling wall of the combustion chamber.
Źródło:: Journal of KONES; 2010, 17, 4; 485-494
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:: Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 4.

Tytuł:: Combustor liner cooling methods - numerical simulation
Autorzy:: Lazarczyk, M.
Domański, R.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/247755.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2010
Wydawca:: Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:: aircraft engines
engine combustion chamber
combustor cooling
CFD
Opis:: The objective of this thesis is to compare various methods of combustor wall cooling and to evaluate advantages and disadvantages of each applied cooling methods. It was determined that the flrst task was to verify how much air is coming through singe radial hole with 2.5% pressure drop between hot and cold part ofcombustion chamber. Flowcheck was calculated also to see how geometry of cooling hole affects hole effective area. Second task was to generale 3d model and mesh of both calculated types of cooling. Each model mesh was covered with boundary layer in order to better simulate conditions near the combustion chamber walls and obtain accurate results. In order to run back-to-back analysis, all created models have the same number of mesh elements, same materials used, samefluent settings, same operating and boundary conditions. Geometry of all models described above was created using Unigraphics NX4 program based on drawings obtained from available literature, and data acquired from the Internet. The discretization was done in commercial pre-processor GAMBITŽ. The airflow and conjugated heat transfer analysis was calculated in program FLUENTŽ. The goal of this thesis was to obtain temperature fields and distribution in the combustion chamber domain (lip and panel wall) and to evaluate if applied cooling is sufficient to cool down heat loaded part of the combustor chamber.
Źródło:: Journal of KONES; 2010, 17, 4; 277-286
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:: Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 5.

Tytuł:: Research effects of novel combustion system with semi-open combustion chamber using rapid compression machine
Autorzy:: Leżański, T.
Sęczyk, J.
Wolański, P.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/245605.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2014
Wydawca:: Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:: internal combustion engines
spark ignition
combustion processes
engine combustion systems
combustion process visualization
Opis:: The combustion system with semi open combustion chamber (SOCC) was originally elaborated in Aircraft Engine Department of Warsaw University of Technology. In this system the original combustion chamber of the standard SI engine, was divided by partition in prechamber and main combustion chamber, but yet this division exists only when the piston is close to TDC, on the contrary by the rest of the cycle the chambers are fully open. The system operation mechanism, the visualization research results, the high speed changed of the pressure measurements, was presented in this paper. The influence on the system performances of the different combustion systems parameters: the prechamber volume, the nozzle hole diameter in the partition, the ignition place, the compression ratio, and the ignition advance angle (IAA), on the basis of the research results, using rapid compression machine was presented in this paper. All research results show, that the best results of the system operation can be obtained if the stream outflow from prechamber to main combustion chamber starts when the piston is at TDC, and if the stream energy will be so big to displace all main combustion chamber before the clearance between partition and piston crown was opened. If the system operated correctly, the combustion time shortening, the growth of the maximum cycle pressure, and the combustion efficiency increase were obtained.
Źródło:: Journal of KONES; 2014, 21, 4; 297-310
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:: Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 6.

Tytuł:: Design of novel composite pistons for diesel engine
Autorzy:: Jankowski, A.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/247362.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2014
Wydawca:: Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:: internal combustion engine
diesel engine
piston engine
composite alloy
combustion engine performance
Opis:: The paper presents the requirements to be met by diesel engines and their components, in particular pistons for engines of military vehicles. These requirements are related to the mass of modern military vehicles, which has greatly increased. Materials for the piston should have a good strength properties and low hysteresis of thermal expansion coefficient α across the range of operating temperatures, good resistance to galling, low abrasion, low coefficient of friction and good functional properties. On the clearance of the piston in the cylinder, the coefficient of thermal expansion α and its hysteresis has a decisive influence. The paper includes information on the piston working clearances, the requirements for pistons materials, their chemical composition, standard materials for the forged pistons, for the cast pistons (silumin alloys) and for the composite pistons. The paper presents the changes in coefficient of thermal expansion for the alloy in the raw state and after heat treatment and pistons made of new composite material prior to motor testing and after these tests. The completed new pistons have a lower coefficient of thermal expansion and lower hysteresis α, which allows reducing the running piston and cylinder clearances with the resulting effects.
Źródło:: Journal of KONES; 2014, 21, 4; 211-216
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:: Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 7.

Tytuł:: Control problems in a turbocharged spark-ignition engine
Autorzy:: Mitianiec, W.
Rodak, Ł.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/246107.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2011
Wydawca:: Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:: transport
combustion engine
turbocharging
Opis:: The paper presents the problems of adapting of the charge system to the standard four stroke spark ignition engine Toyota Yaris 1300 cm3 with compression ratio 10.5. The main problem in charged spark ignition engine is control of air-fuel ratio near stoichiometric values at different boost pressure in order to obtain higher torque at the same level of specific fuel consumption and exhaust gas emission. Charging of such engine is connected with the problem of knock in the medium and high values of load at low engine speeds. Higher boost pressure leads to abnormal combustion process and to knocking. The paper describes the boost pressure control algorithm which enables to prevent the knock, so the engine can work near the knock boundary. The article includes a description of the engine, the method of charging and test bench, which was built to verify the proposed control algorithm for boost pressure. The publication contains the results of different tests conducted on the supercharged engine stand by the proposed algorithm and measured parameters were torque, fuel consumption and volumetric concentration of the main exhaust gas components. Applying of turbocharger in SI engines leads to knocking. The controlling of combustion process in SI engine is realized on the adjustment of WG or VTG to decrease or increase the rotational speed of turbocharger. Such control causes the engine work near boundary of knocking.
Źródło:: Journal of KONES; 2011, 18, 3; 269-277
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:: Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 8.

Tytuł:: Thermodynamic cycle of combustion engine with hydrogen fuelling
Autorzy:: Sroka, Z. J.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/246368.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2007
Wydawca:: Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:: combustion engine
thermodynamics
hydrogen
Opis:: Shortage of crude oil gives the reason to look for any alternative engine fuel. One of them is the hydrogen, which will be the most lean fuel between others. Knowledge of hydrogen as an engine fuel, its properties, production and storage problems were analyzed in this paper. At the end own hydrogen concept based on Fiat engine 900ccm was shown. Theoretical comparison between thermodynamic cycles for engine run on conventional petrol and hydrogen was done. Results have given the green light to future development. Petroleum recourses run out have given the reasons to find alternative fuel. One of them could be hydrogen. According to analyze done in the project it can be found similarity between hydrogen engine with 1=1,0 to petrol engine with 1=0,9. Pressure of hydrogen charge is in this case higher of 0.42 mpa and there is calculated in strength of existing engine. The results of estimation show possibility to use hydrogen as a engine fuel, maybe first as a dual-fuel engine like LPG system. Emissions of nox for hydrogen engine as well as theoretical engine work cycles for analyzed cases are illustrated in the engine.
Źródło:: Journal of KONES; 2007, 14, 3; 573-578
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:: Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 9.

Tytuł:: Assessment of the engine boost modernized according to the rules of downsizing
Autorzy:: Sroka, Z. J.
Paropkari, M.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/243541.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2015
Wydawca:: Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:: combustion engine
downsizing
boosting
Opis:: Downsizing is one of the development trends of internal combustion engine due to its direct impact on fuel economy and indirectly in reducing the emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Changing the displacement associated with the same engine performance needs support by additional systems, which primarily include the boost. This paper describes downsizing idea, a review of recharging methods and thermodynamic analysis of the combustion process for the chosen engine before and after downsizing taking into account the different variants of boost. The core objective of this study is to downsize a naturally aspirated 1.6L BMW PSA engine by 25% of its initial swept volume and then boosting downsized engine with higher-pressure ratio using the turbocharger set. The study focuses on the analysis of four turbochargers from Garrett turbos. The study winds up with the analysis of engine performance based on the values of compression ratio, air-fuel ratio, polytropic exponents of compression and decompression with keeping the same chemical composition of the fuel. At the end, study was resulted with turbocharger Garrett GT1548 as a the best solution form considered ones, because of: wide range of pressure rate, reasonably sufficient for the engine of this size, enough room (60%) for extracting better performance, lower compression ratio value, which counts the rise of brake mean effective pressure, although to a very little extent and leaner mixture at 1,20 value of the air/fuel ratio with maximum power and reduction of fuel consumption, what was satisfied for downsizing techniques.
Źródło:: Journal of KONES; 2015, 22, 3; 235-239
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:: Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 10.

Tytuł:: Application of vibration signals in the diagnosis of combustion engines - exploitation practices
Autorzy:: Stanik, Z.
Warczek, J.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/245993.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2011
Wydawca:: Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:: vibration diagnostics
combustion engine
Opis:: Changes in operating properties of the internal combustion engine, for various reasons, may manifest themselves with similar symptoms. An example is the drop in engine power, which may be caused by malfunctioning of the system such as power supply, or excessive wear geometric kinematic pairs as the piston-crankshaft. Identification of the causes of malfunction is the basis for carrying out corrective action. In practice, the workshop frequent disability are different manifestations of the drive units having identical symptoms. An alternative to iterative repair methods is the introduction of diagnostic tools that will help identify causes of failure, without having to remove the individual motor units. These provisions comply with the method of vibration analysis. The vibration signals provide information about the technical condition of the object. The paper presents examples of applying the methods of vibration in the identification of changes in the technical condition of the engine, which confirm their usefulness in identifying sources of failure. During the process of investigations, time courses of vibration accelerations were recorded with piezoelectric transducer mounted at half height of the first cylinder, perpendicular to its axis. The worked out method is based on vibration signals recorded at engine operation. The dominant amplitude components of time courses are strongly connected with air- fuel mixture ignition as well as with kinetic pairs of the engine.
Źródło:: Journal of KONES; 2011, 18, 3; 405-412
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:: Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 11.

Tytuł:: Evaluation of the technical condition of the powerpack for AMV Rosomak on the dynamometer test stand
Autorzy:: Karczewski, M.
Szczęch, L.
Walentynowicz, J.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/245173.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2013
Wydawca:: Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:: combustion engine
diagnostics
powerpack
Opis:: The paper describes standard methods of diagnosing of the AMV (the Rosomak) drive unit technical condition used in daily operation in military missions in Afghanistan. Main rule of the method of diagnosing of the vehicle technical condition is using an external diagnosing system. This system is connected to the vehicle at the time of checking of operation of the powertrain control system configuration of the drive unit to permit the diagnosis, including examination of the engine and gearbox. Enhanced diagnostic system is connected to the OBD system with using standard PC computer with appropriate software. Stored examples of the results of the operation of such system are included in the paper. Measuring was led on a dynamometer stand to perform research of a propulsion unit in work condition. Measurements of the engine parameters were led in steady state and transient engine operating conditions. Unsteady-state condition studies were carried out using the method of free-range acceleration of the engine. Pointed out the merits of the development of this type of study due to the perceived potential and usefulness of the results obtained. The results of studies carried out by various methods and assess the current condition of the engine and the entire powertrain were compared.
Źródło:: Journal of KONES; 2013, 20, 3; 221-228
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:: Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 12.

Tytuł:: Anomalies in combustion of hydrogen in a SI engine modified to work as a supercharged one
Autorzy:: Szwaja, S.
Cupiał, K.
Grab-Rogaliński, K.,
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/246823.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2012
Wydawca:: Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:: combustion
hydrogen
internal combustion engine
supercharging
Opis:: The paper describes combustion anomalies of various types randomly or permanently occurring while hydrogen is burnt in a supercharged spark ignited reciprocating engine. The anomalies were mainly identified as result of combustion pressure data analysis. Originally, the engine was a compression ignition one fuelled with diesel fuel. Modifications done on the engine dealt with decrease in its geometric compression ratio and equipping it with a spark plug located in diesel fuel injector position. The anomalies presented in the paper are typically associated with several abnormal phenomena as follows: flame propagation into intake manifold called back-fire, hydrogen spontaneous ignition by hot surface, flame propagation during valves overlap and extinguishing spark discharge flame kernel by high turbulence around a spark plug. These anomalies were observed in the supercharged engine, however, some of them were also detected while the engine was operated as a freely aspirated one. As investigated, some of these malfunctions would have been removed by change in engine operating parameters. Others need major changes in both exhaust pipeline geometry, hydrogen injection system, engine cylinder geometry and valve timing.
Źródło:: Journal of KONES; 2012, 19, 3; 437-442
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:: Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 13.

Tytuł:: Performance monitoring and diagnostics of drive units of heavy armoured equipment
Autorzy:: Piątek, M.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/244477.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2011
Wydawca:: Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:: diagnostics
engine diagnostics
monitoring
combustion engine
Opis:: Transform the way of visual indication of vehicle traction parameters and the introduction of instinctive, concentrated in one place on-board device service is now possible following the development of microprocessor systems. Centralize system for diagnosis and control of the vehicle in a single desktop, such as the one described here, brings except cost savings also facilitation in addition to the driver and service. Indicators of vehicle speed, engine rpm and other parameters of traction, and the rates and indication of operation states used for additional equipment during the performance of the activities are concentrated in one place. Controls elements, such as circuit breakers, switches and buttons are placed within the areas of appropriate comfort are grouped into blocks that are functionally similar, which further facilitates their location and service. The modern, multi-track switches allow additional control versatility, while reducing their volume, which facilitates access to each of them. Panel equipped with universal input and output circuits and system software provides the flexibility to work with the latest generation of sensors and actuators, and components used previously as well. This allows the design of modern devices and simple upgrading of vehicles already in service.
Źródło:: Journal of KONES; 2011, 18, 1; 443-446
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:: Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 14.

Tytuł:: Analysis of the wear of piston rings prototype in terms of team endurance test
Autorzy:: Kaźmierczak, A.
Dudziński, W.
Kaźmierczak, Ł.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/245677.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2013
Wydawca:: Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:: combustion engine
piston ring
wear
Opis:: The article discusses the results of the wear of piston rings for internal combustion engines with self ignition. The research was a prototype multilayer ring sealing of the porous coating and the so-called chromium embankment diamonds [2]. Technology of the rings is the deposition of multilayer coatings in the process of chromium plating. In times of chromium deposited from the bath particles are technical diamond's shape, and granulation. This technology is a response to domestic factory piston rings to the needs of the automotive market and is an innovative development. Conducted engine tests consisted of a 50-hour cycle and to hour break-in team life cycle, which was repeated 150 times. Thus the total duration of sample equal to 200 hours. Cycle life is a team containing a phase-hour cycle engine traffic load at maximum speed and maximum torque and maximum power of the tween partial load and idling. This cycle is repeated in the 200-hour test 150 times. During the measurement of key indicators were measured at the engine, the fuel consumption, coolant temperature and pressure of the lubricating oil. In order to calculate the wear of piston rings, the difference was calculated to measure the thickness and height before and after sample of 200 hours. In a similar way as the use of thickness and height of the rings was calculated by weight loss.
Źródło:: Journal of KONES; 2013, 20, 2; 181-187
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:: Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 15.

Tytuł:: An impact of engine downsizing on change of engine weight
Autorzy:: Sroka, Z. J.
Cieślak, M.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/247468.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2015
Wydawca:: Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:: combustion engine
downsizing
weight change
Opis:: One of the trends for development of internal combustion engine is downsizing, which in its final form leads to reduction of fuel consumption and limitation of carbon dioxide concentration in the exhaust gases. The obvious effect of reducing the volume of a cylinder is to reduce the dimensions of the various components, e.g. piston with rings and pin, connecting rod, crankshaft, engine block etc. Changes of geometric dimensions also affect the change in mass of each element and consequently − the whole engine. Expected weight reduction will be a benefit in considering downsizing techniques as another significant development trend in automotive applications associated with a reduction in the weight of the complete vehicle – called “light weight vehicle”. The paper discusses the various forms of downsizing (by stroke, by diameter and mix) and their impacts on the changes in engine mass. The engine Subaru Flat 4, constructed with standard components in terms of design and materials was tested by virtual recognition in mass changes. Original drawings of components and sets have been simplified by for example does not account for chamfers and chops. When calculating also omitted the weight of typical accessories (e.g. fuel lines or electronic components), assuming that each considered option has the same equipment. The highest change in the weight of minus 7.27 % relative to the standard engine was done with downsizing by diameter and smallest one (-6.09 %) by downsizing mix.
Źródło:: Journal of KONES; 2015, 22, 2; 213-219
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:: Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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