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Tytuł:
X pinch as a source for X-ray radiography
Autorzy:
Pikuz, S.
Shelkovenko, T.
Romanova, V.
Sinars, D.
Hammer, D.
Bland, S.
Lebedev, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/147532.pdf
Data publikacji:
2001
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
wire array
X-pinch
X-ray imaging
X-ray radiography
Z-pinch
Opis:
This article describes several applications and methods using the X pinch as a source of X-ray radiation for the radiography of dense plasma objects. These methods, in general, do not use pinholes, and instead take the advantage of the small size (<1 mm, and in some cases <3 mm) and a short X-ray emission duration (<1 ns) of the radiation source produced by an X pinch. Two of these methods, monochromatic and direct point-projection backlighting, are discussed. Experimental images of exploding wires and wire arrays obtained on the BIN, XP, and MAGPIE generators using these techniques are presented. Also included are detailed measurements made on the XP generator of the emission characteristics of X pinches using different wire materials.
Źródło:
Nukleonika; 2001, 46, 1; 21-25
0029-5922
1508-5791
Pojawia się w:
Nukleonika
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
68Ge/68Ga radioisotope generator as a source of radiotracers for water flow investigations
Autorzy:
Palige, J.
Majkowska, A.
Herdzik, I.
Ptaszek, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/146239.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
Ga-68
generator
residence time distribution (RTD)
Opis:
Radiotracer experiments on the model of rectangular settler with a volume of 3 m3, with a consecutive application as a tracer of the aqueous phase fluoresceine (representative tracer of water), eluate from a 68Ge/68Ga radioisotope generator (0.1 N HCl solution) and chelates after Ga ions complexation with 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (NOTA) and 1,4,7,10-tetrazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) were carried out. The obtained residence time distribution (RTD) functions indicate that only the complex compounds of gallium are stable in the water phase and are not adsorb on the vessel walls, so they can be recommended as tracers of the water phase.
Źródło:
Nukleonika; 2011, 56, 1; 77-80
0029-5922
1508-5791
Pojawia się w:
Nukleonika
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
PF-6 an effective plasma focus as a source of ionizing radiation and plasma streams for application in material technology, biology and medicine
Autorzy:
Gribkov, V.
Dubrovsky, A.
Scholz, M.
Jednorog, S.
Karpiński, L.
Tomaszewski, K.
Paduch, M.
Miklaszewski, R.
Pimenov, V.
Ivanov, L. I.
Dyomina, E. V.
Maslyaev, S. A.
Orlova, M. A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/147424.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
dense plasma focus (DPF)
ion beam
plasma beam
X-ray beams
surface damage
microlithography
radioenzymology
positron emission tomography (PET)
Opis:
A review of results on the design and operation of the new efficient Dense Plasma Focus device PF-6 of medium size (transportable) having bank energy of ca. 7 kJ and possessing a long lifetime is presented. New data on the interaction of the pulsed fast ion beams and dense plasma streams generated at this apparatus with various materials are given. These results are compared with the analogous information received at the biggest facility PF-1000. It is shown that it is possible to have about the same power flux density (in the range of 105 109 W/cm2) in both devices however in different areas. Doses of soft X-rays produced by the device within the resists for the goals of microlithography and micromachining appear to be several times less that it is with the conventional X-ray tube. In biological application of this device, medium- and hard-energy X-rays are exploited in the field of radioenzymology. It was found that the necessary dose producing activation/inactivation of enzymes can be by several orders of magnitude lower if used at a high-power flux density in comparison with those received with isotope sources. In medicine, short-life isotope production for the goals of the positron emission tomography (medicine diagnostics) is possible by means of the fast ions generated within DPF. All these experiments are discussed in the framework of pulsed radiation physics and chemistry in its perfect sense thereto the criteria are formulated.
Źródło:
Nukleonika; 2006, 51, 1; 55-62
0029-5922
1508-5791
Pojawia się w:
Nukleonika
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Chemia radiacyjna jako źródło unikatowych technologii syntezy i modyfikacji polimerów
Radiation chemistry as a source of unique technologies of synthesis and modification of polymers
Autorzy:
Głuszewski, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/214135.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
radioliza
polimery
promieniowanie jonizujące
wiązka elektronów
promieniowanie gamma
radiolysis
polymers
ionizing radiation
electron beam
gamma radiation
Opis:
Nawiązując do obchodzonej w tym roku 150. rocznicy urodzin Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie przypominam publikację, która dała początek radiacyjnej sterylizacji wyrobów medycznych jednorazowego użytku. W pracy tej uczona zwróciła również uwagę na heterogoniczny charakter oddziaływania promieniowania jonizującego na materię. Dopiero współcześnie posługując się modelem gniazd jonizacji wyjaśniono otrzymane eksperymentalnie krzywe radiacyjnej inaktywacji. Pierwotne procesy zachodzące w gniazdach jonizacji są nadal obiektem badań. W szczególności dyskutowane są mechanizmy zjawiska ochronnego obserwowanego w chemii radiacyjnej związków organicznych. Tłumaczone jest ono zarówno przeniesieniem wolnego rodnika jak i energii lub ładunku. Prowadzone przy nas badania skłaniają do stwierdzenia, że najbardziej prawdopodobny jest mechanizm wędrówki stanu wzbudzonego (energii). W ten sposób można wytłumaczyć raczej mało prawdopodobne spotkanie się dwóch makrorodników w procesie radiacyjnego sieciowania. Zwracam uwagę na rolę gniazd wielojonizacyjnych w radiolizie tworzyw polimerowych. Również w tym przypadku eksperymentalnie potwierdzono ochronne działanie związków aromatycznych. Benzen i jego pochodne oraz wyższe węglowodory aromatyczne mogą częściowo rozpraszać energię deponowaną w gniazdach o dużym LET (linear energy transfer). Warto podkreślić, że znakomita większość naturalnych i syntetycznych antyoksydantów to związki aromatyczne. Unikatowe cechy obróbki radiacyjnej wynikają ze stosunkowo prostego, wydajnego i łatwego w kontroli sposobu tworzenia wolnych rodników. Z tego powodu relatywnie kosztowne techniki radiacyjne znajdują liczne zastosowania.
Referring to the celebrated 150th anniversary of Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie birthday this year, I recall a publication that gave rise to the radiation sterilization of disposable medical devices. In this work, the scholar also drew attention to the heterogeneous nature of the impact of ionizing radiation on matter. Only now, using the model of the ionization spurs, the experiments have been performed on radiation inactivation curves. Primary processes occurring in ionization nests are still subject to investigation. Particularly discussed are the mechanisms of the protective phenomenon observed in the radiation chemistry of organic compounds. It is translated both by the transfer of free radicals and energy or by charge. The research conducted by us suggests that the most likely mechanism is the travel of the excited state (energy). In this way, it is possible to explain the rather unlikely encounter of two radicals in the radiation crosslinking process. I would like to point out the role of multi-ionization spurs in the radiolysis of polymer materials. Also in this case, the protective effect of the aromatic compounds was experimentally confirmed. Benzene and its derivatives and higher aromatic hydrocarbons may partially dissipate the energy deposited in large LET spurs. It is important to note that the vast majority of natural and synthetic antioxidants are aromatic compounds. The unique features of the radiation treatment result from a relatively simple, efficient and easy to control how to create free radicals. For this reason, relatively expensive radiation techniques find many applications.
Źródło:
Postępy Techniki Jądrowej; 2017, 4; 21-25
0551-6846
Pojawia się w:
Postępy Techniki Jądrowej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Monte-Carlo simulations of a neutron source generated with electron linear accelerator
Autorzy:
Wasilewski, A.
Wronka, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/146272.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
Fluka
Monte Carlo simulation
neutron generation
electron linear accelerator
X-ray converter
Opis:
Neutron generator consisting of an electron linear accelerator and a tungsten X-ray converter can produce a neutron flux of 109 n/s and 1011 n/s at electron energies of 10 and 15 MeV, respectively, with an electron beam intensity of 1014 e/s which means 160 and 240 W of electron incident beam power, respectively. Two stage neutron production with an electron to photon natural tungsten converter and a photon to neutron 9Be converter are equal or less efficient than one stage tungsten converter only. There is a low neutron separation energy of 9Be and a small cross section for the photonuclear reaction g(9Be,8Be*)n in comparison to photonuclear cross section in all tungsten isotopes for the photon energy range in and below resonance region. Results of the neutron generator modeling performed with the Fluka Monte-Carlo code are presented in this article.
Źródło:
Nukleonika; 2006, 51, 3; 169-173
0029-5922
1508-5791
Pojawia się w:
Nukleonika
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dense Plasma Focus as a powerful source of monochromatic X-ray radiation
Autorzy:
Dubrovsky, A.
Gribkov, V.
Ivanov, Y.
Karpiński, L.
Orlova, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/147444.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
dense plasma focus (DPF)
X-ray generation
X-ray dosimetry
exposure dose
absorbed dose
Opis:
A review of some experimental results obtained using the dense plasma focus (DPF) device PF-1000 is presented. The copper Ka1,2 radiation line generated by DPF in the case of device anode made of copper was the main object of this study. The predominance of this characteristic radiation over other kinds of radiation in the DPF X-ray spectrum is shown. A brief description of a new DPF 6.0 device as well as a radioenzymology experiment carried out within this device is presented.
Źródło:
Nukleonika; 2006, 51, 1; 21-28
0029-5922
1508-5791
Pojawia się w:
Nukleonika
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Compensated ionization chamber for (n,α) reaction measurements at a spallation neutron source
Autorzy:
Andrzejewski, J.
Yu, M.
Gledenov, M.
Korejwo, A.
Sobczak, K.
Szałański, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/146570.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
ionization chamber
pulsed neutron source
Opis:
The new spallation neutron facility n_TOF (neutron time-of-flight) at CERN opens wide possibilities in measurements of neutron induced reaction cross sections. The facility with its excellent energy resolution of neutrons, low repetition rate and most important – with a very high instantaneous luminosity, makes up an extra challenge for experimenters faced by doing measurements at a high peak intensity spallation source. Our proposition is directed to the use of a compensated ionization chamber for the (n, alpha) reaction cross section measurements we plan to carry out in a wide range of neutron energy. First experience gained with using such a kind of detector at ORELA (the Oak Ridge Electron Linear Accelerator) neutron source (ORNL) was very optimistic.
Źródło:
Nukleonika; 2007, 52, 2; 51-57
0029-5922
1508-5791
Pojawia się w:
Nukleonika
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Operation modes of the FALCON ion source as a part of the AMS cluster tool
Autorzy:
Girka, O.
Bizyukov, A.
Bizyukov, I.
Gutkin, M.
Mishin, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/146245.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
FALCON
ion source
surface wave
cluster tool
Opis:
The paper investigates the options to increase the production yield of temperature compensated surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices with a defi ned range of operational frequencies. The paper focuses on the preparation of large wafers with SiO2 and AlN/Si3N4 depositions. Stability of the intermediate SiO2 layer is achieved by combining high power density UV radiation with annealing in high humidity environment. A uniform thickness of the capping AlN layer is achieved by local high-rate etching with a focused ion beam emitted by the FALCON ion source. Operation parameters and limitations of the etching process are discussed.
Źródło:
Nukleonika; 2015, 60, 2; 327-330
0029-5922
1508-5791
Pojawia się w:
Nukleonika
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Production of negative hydrogen ions using a low-pressure reflex discharge source
Autorzy:
Toader, E.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/147442.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
magnetized plasma
negative ions
plasma sources
Opis:
In this paper we analyze the possibility to use the reflex discharge plasma as a volume source of negative hydrogen ions. The basic internal parameters like the temperature Te and the density ne of the electrons, the density ni of the positive hydrogen ions, the density n- of the negative hydrogen ions, and the negative ion fraction n-/ne are measured and discussed. The operating conditions are optimized within the pressure range 0.1-10 Pa, the discharge power 20-140 watt, and the magnetic field 0-150 gauss. The experiment shows that the enhanced magnetic ionization is the most effective within the pressure range from 0.7 to 4.0 Pa. When p ť 1 Pa the cold electron temperature Te is 0.77 eV, the cold electron density ne is 4.2 ´ 10 18 m-3 and the negative ion density n- is as high as 0.8 x 10 17 m-3. The negative ion fraction n-/ne increases from 1.4% for p = 0.1 Pa to almost 2.2% within the pressure range 1-4 Pa. The positive ion density scales with the power, while the negative ion density and the negative ion fraction seems to saturate at higher power levels.
Źródło:
Nukleonika; 2006, 51, 1; 29-35
0029-5922
1508-5791
Pojawia się w:
Nukleonika
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Efficiency of a 252Cf source in normal or in B-10 enriched lymphocytes evaluated by SCGE assay, classical cytogenetics and FISH technique
Autorzy:
Cebulska-Wasilewska, A.
Niedźwiedź, W.
Florjan, D.
Schneider, K.
Kopec, M.
Kreft, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/147547.pdf
Data publikacji:
2001
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
BNC reaction
BSH o 252Cf
DNA and chromosomal damage
FISH
lymphocytes
Opis:
Biological effectiveness of a californium-252 source was evaluated after irradiations in vitro of normal or pretreated cells with compound enriched in the B-10 ion (Na210B12H11SH also known as BSH) in order to check the possibility of any enhancement effect due to the process of boron neutron capture. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were used as a model for human cells. Human blood samples or isolated lymphocytes were irradiated with the isotopic source of 252Cf, at the Faculty of Physics and Nuclear Techniques at the University of Mining and Metallurgy, Kraków, (both the neutron source and the samples were placed in an "infinite" polyethylene block). DNA and chromosomal damage were studied to compare the biological effectiveness of irradiation. Single cell gel electrophoresis also known as the Comet assay was done to investigate the DNA damage. Classical cytogenetic analysis was applied to assess the frequencies of unstable aberrations (dicentrics, rings and acentric fragments). To evaluate the frequencies of stable aberrations the fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) with probes for chromosomes 1, 4 (14,3% of the whole genome) was performed. Linear (or close to linear) increases with radiation doses were observed for the DNA damage and aberration frequencies in lymphocytes both untreated or pretreated with BSH. Levels of translocations evaluated for the whole genome were comparable with the frequencies of dicentrics and rings. No significant differences were detected due to radiation dose in the frequencies of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) detected in the second mitosis. Statistically no significant differences were observed in various biological end-points between normal or boron pre-treated cells.
Źródło:
Nukleonika; 2001, 46, 2; 41-49
0029-5922
1508-5791
Pojawia się w:
Nukleonika
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
First beam from the DECRIS 14-2m ion source for Slovak Republic
Autorzy:
Loginov, V.
Bekhterev, V.
Bogomolov, S.
Efremov, A.
Lebedev, A.
Leporis, M.
Yazvitsky, N.
Zelenak, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/148668.pdf
Data publikacji:
2003
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
ECR ion source
injector
Opis:
The ECR laboratory of the Cyclotron Centrum of Slovak Republic (CC SR) in Bratislava, Slovakia, consists of the DECRIS 14-2m ion source and two low energy channels. It is a complete injector, consisting of an ECR ion source, focusing and steering elements, an analyzing magnet, a vacuum system, and an ion beam diagnostic system. The DECRIS 14-2m ion source is a multiply charged heavy ion source based on the electron cyclotron resonance principle. The ECR ion source DECRIS 14-2m and other system have been designed and manufactured at the FLNR JINR. The preliminary testing (magnetic field measurements, vacuum testing and testing of ECR ion source) has been performed at FLNR JINR. The final assembly of the DECRIS 14-2m will be done at the CC SR in Bratislava.
Źródło:
Nukleonika; 2003, 48,suppl.2; 85-88
0029-5922
1508-5791
Pojawia się w:
Nukleonika
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Druga rewolucja w konstrukcji lamp rentgenowskich
The second revolution in the design of X-ray tubes
Autorzy:
Jezierski, Grzegorz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2171856.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
lampa wyładowcza
lampa rentgenowska Coolidge’a
źródło elektronów
termoemisja
emisja polowa
nanotechnologia MEMS
nanorurki węglowe
mikroostrze
discharge tubes
Coolidge X-ray tube
electron source
thermoemission
field emission
MEMS
nanotechnology
carbon nanotubes
micro-tips
Opis:
W artykule przedstawiono najnowsze osiągnięcia w konstrukcji lamp rentgenowskich, które można określić drugą rewolucją. Mianowicie podstawowy problem jaki stwarzają dotychczasowe rozwiązania wynikające ze stosowania termicznego źródła elektronów (m.in. problem chłodzenia, sterowania pracą lampy) został rozwiązany poprzez wykorzystanie nanotechnologii do konstrukcji innowacyjnych źródeł elektronów w oparciu o emisję polową (nanorurki węglowe czy mikro-ostrza).
The article presents the latest achievements in the design of X-ray tubes, which can be described as the second revolution. Namely, the basic problem posed by the current solutions resulting from the use of a thermal electron source (including the problem of cooling, tubes control) has been solved by using nanotechnology to construct innovative electron sources based on field emission (carbon nanotubes or micro-tips).
Źródło:
Postępy Techniki Jądrowej; 2022, 4; 23--30
0551-6846
Pojawia się w:
Postępy Techniki Jądrowej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Production of actinium-225 from a (n,p) reaction: Feasibility and pre-design studies
Autorzy:
Abolaban, Fouad A.
Banoqitah, Essam M.
Taha, Eslam M.
Alhawsawi, Abdulsalam M.
Djouider, Fathi A.
Nisbet, Andrew
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2055664.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
Actinium-225
radiopharmaceutical
Californium-252
neutron source
(n,p) reaction
Opis:
Actinium-225 is used in nuclear medicine for the treatment of malignant tumours. It can be applied to produce Bi-213 in a reusable generator or can be used alone as an agent for radiation therapy, in particular for targeted alpha therapy. However, the availability of Ac-225 for worldwide use, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, is limited. We present a feasibility study employing GATE, an open-source Monte Carlo simulation toolkit, on the production of Ac-225 from a neutron generator. This work suggests that a design consisting of three concentric cylinders, the innermost a Cf-252 neutron source, the middle nickel cylinder acting as a proton-producing target and the outer cylinder a RaCl2 target may provide a feasible design outline for an Ac-225 generator.
Źródło:
Nukleonika; 2021, 66, 2; 61--67
0029-5922
1508-5791
Pojawia się w:
Nukleonika
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Efficient dead time correction of G-M counters using feed forward artificial neural network
Autorzy:
Arkani, M.
Khalafi, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/146121.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
dead time
artificial neural network (ANN)
Geiger-Müller (G-M) detector
hybrid model
source decaying experiment
Opis:
Dead time parameter of Geiger-Müller (G-M) counters causes a great uncertainty in their response to the incident radiation intensity at high counting rates. As their applications in experimental nuclear science are widespread, many attempts have been done on improvements of their nonlinear response. In this work, response of a G-M counter system is optimized and corrected efficiently using feed forward artificial neural network (ANN). This method is simple, fast, and provides the answer to the problem explicitly with no need for iteration. The method is applied to a set of decaying source experimental data measured by a fairly large G-M tube. The results are compared with those predicted by a given analytical model which is called hybrid model. The maximum deviation of the corrected results from the true counting rates is less than 4% which is a significant improvement in comparison with the results obtained by the analytical method. Results of this study show that by using a proper artificial neural network structure, the dead time effects of G-M counters can be tolerated significantly.
Źródło:
Nukleonika; 2013, 58, 2; 317-321
0029-5922
1508-5791
Pojawia się w:
Nukleonika
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dense plasma source development and jet injection in Globus-M*
Autorzy:
Voronin, , V. A.
Gusev, V. K.
Petrov, Y. V.
Mukhin, E. E.
Tolstyakov, S. Y.
Kurskiev, G. S.
Kochergin, M. M.
Hellblom, K. G.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/147768.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
plasma gun
spherical tokamak
fuelling system
Opis:
Progress in the development of a plasma jet source and its utilization for injection of hydrogen plasma and neutral gas jets into the Globus-M spherical tokamak are presented. The latest version of the high kinetic energy gas and plasma jet source with titanium hydride grains is described. Reproducibility of the gas jet generation was increased due to automatic loading of fresh grains into the source before every shot. It allows producing stable gas release for many discharges. Impurity radiation intensity from the plasma jet was decreased by more than 100 times by preliminary processing titanium hydrate grains and developing a new filter. The result of special experiments on two colliding jets is discussed. It was confirmed that the plasma jet recombines into a gas jet after it escapes the source edge and has a kinetic energy higher than the hydrogen ionization potential. Hydrogen plasma jet with low impurity content has a density up to 2 × 1022 m-3, a total number of accelerated particles (1-5) × 1019 and a flow velocity of ~ 200 km/s. It was used as an instrument for density control in Globus-M. Jet injection into deuterium plasma core during current plateau phase led to fast density increase in all spatial points of the plasma column including the plasma central region. Such injection allowed density doubling in the tokamak plasma. The model predictions are consistent with the experimental observations of the density raise recorded by the interferometer and Thomson scattering.
Źródło:
Nukleonika; 2008, 53, 3; 103-109
0029-5922
1508-5791
Pojawia się w:
Nukleonika
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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