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    Wyświetlanie 1-2 z 2
    Tytuł:
    Rewel (Tallinn) w planach Zygmunta Augusta
    Reval (Tallinn) city in plans Sigismund Augustus
    Autorzy:
    Jeziorski, Paweł A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1064751.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Archiwum Główne Akt Dawnych
    Tematy:
    Rewel
    Tallin
    Zygmunt August
    Reval
    Tallinn
    Sigismund Augustus
    Opis:
    Reval city (modern Tallinn) in the middle of the 16th c. was one of the largest cities of Livonia. This important seaport, which played a key role in the Hanseatic trade with Russia, consisted of a strongly fortified city and castle. After invasion of the army of Ivan the Terrible into Livonia in 1558, the residents of Reval – facing the weakness of the Livonian Order – quickly felt the threat of a violent aggressor. Looking for help from neighboring countries, the authorities of Reval turned to Sweden and Denmark for help but were not granted any support. The situation changed when in the Livonian conflict became involved King Sigismund Augustus, who strived to rule the whole Livonian lands. He appreciated the importance of Reval city as the most important port on the northern Livonia, enabling rapid delivery of food, weapons and soldiers for fighting. Involved in the diplomatic game Sigismund Augustus missed most convenient moment to get control over Reval city. The moment was seized by the new king of Sweden, Erik XIV Vasa, who in 1561, conquered Reval and a portion of Harrien (Harju) and Wierland (Virumaa). Action taken by Sigismund Augustus, to get control over Reval, did not bring the expected results, also due to the reluctance of the authorities and inhabitants of the city to pass under the rule of Lithuania. Struggling with financial problems Polish king ultimately failed to recover Reval through diplomatic negotiations (Szczecin Congress in 1570), as well as, by force. The loss of Reval city and acceptance of the Swedish rule over a large part of the Estonia must be regarded as one of the most important errors of King Sigismund Augustus, resulting in the loss of the greater part of the Livonian lands.
    Źródło:
    Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica; 2014, 21; 23-49
    0860-1054
    Pojawia się w:
    Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Unia Lubelska a problem rywalizacji o przywództwo w elicie politycznej Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego
    The Union of Lublin and the problem of competition for leadership within the political elite of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
    Autorzy:
    Kempa, Tomasz
    Rachuba, Andrzej
    Choińska-Mika, Jolanta
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/chapters/16648085.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-12-23
    Wydawca:
    Archiwum Główne Akt Dawnych
    Tematy:
    Union of Lublin
    magnates
    elite of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
    Sigismund II Augustus
    Unia lubelska
    magnateria
    elita Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego
    Zygmunt II August
    Opis:
    The paper presents the problem of power struggle among the leading Lithuanian magnates in the context of the preparation and conclusion of the Union of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with the Crown of Poland in 1569. Three centres contended to play a major role in Lithuanian policy before the Union of Lublin: The Radziwiłłs, with their undisputed leader – Chancellor, and Voivode of Vilnius, Mikołaj known as “the Red”; the Chodkiewicz family, among whom the starost of Samogitia, Jan Chodkiewicz, grew to be the most active figure even before the Sejm in Lublin; and a representative of Orthodox Church adherents, Knyaz [prince] Jerzy Olelkowicz Słucki, who did not hold any prestigious offices. The aspirations of Prince Słucki stemmed from the fact that he was the closest relative of Sigismund II Augustus, the last representative of Jagiellonian dynasty on the Polish-Lithuanian throne. While Radziwiłł “the Red” was against the new, stricter union with Poland, the other two magnates opposed him, supporting the idea of a new union. Since the King supported the project of further political rapprochement between Poland and Lithuania since the Sejm of 1562/63, the support for the union brought Chodkiewicz a number of promotions and royal endowments in the 1560s (all the more so as the monarch wanted to pit the Chodkiewicz family against the Radziwiłłs, who were all-powerful in Lithuania at that time). Jan Chodkiewicz was also able to take advantage of the obstruction that “Red” used during the Lublin Sejm (when he forced the Lithuanians to secretly leave Lublin), and it was ultimately he who played a major role in completing negotiations on the union and signing the new union in 1569. Although “Red” did not return to Lublin to finalise the union deliberations, he quickly regained the King’s trust. He was supported by the younger generation of the Radziwiłłs, including his son Krzysztof and his nephew Mikołaj Krzysztof, who had sworn an oath of union in Lublin. Prince Słucki’s plan, on the other hand, failed completely. Słucki, as a result of his absence from the Sejm in Lublin due to illness, lost his chance to gain an exceptional position in the new Senate (as the king’s closest relative). The Union of Lublin did not change the balance of power in Lithuania. Mikołaj “the Red” Radziwiłł and Jan Chodkiewicz remained the most influential Lithuanian magnates in the following years.
    Źródło:
    Unia Lubelska 1569 roku i unie w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej; 140-161
    9788395630255
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-2 z 2

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