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    Wyświetlanie 1-6 z 6
    Tytuł:
    Groby przestępców na Śląsku w świetle najnowszych badań archeologicznych
    The graves of criminals in Silesia in the light of recent archaeological research
    Autorzy:
    Duma, Paweł
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/584835.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe
    Tematy:
    szubienica
    miejsce straceń
    groby skazańców
    gallows
    execution site
    graves of criminals
    Opis:
    The present text focuses on analysis of execution sites and graves of criminals explored in south-west Poland, mainly in the area of Lower Silesia. The author describes results of his own research during archaeological excavations, where remains of masonry gallows and graves of criminals have been found. The remains of gallows and executions sites have been discovered in Lubomierz, Jelenia Góra, Złoty Stok, Kamienna Góra and Modrzewie. All gallows were built on a circular plan with diameter up to 6 meters. Historical sources confirm numerous executions on the mentioned sites. With time they have been surrounded by extensive cemeteries for criminals split in two parts – gallows internal area (where many human bones in non-anatomical form were found) and the external area (where graves containing anatomical structure of bones dominated). Nevertheless most of human remains found during excavations were lying in atypical positions. In the middle of gallows in Lubomierz, a double burial containing bodies of two men with arms crossed behind their back and laying with face to the ground has been discovered. Inside the gallows in Jelenia Góra, there was a 35-45 cm layer of human bones, while inside the gallows in Złoty Stok, there was a pit that contained bones of at least two men, litter and a complete skeleton of cat. Close to this gallows there were also two others, partially destroyed burials. One of them contained body laying on its side and another on its back (only a part of trunk without head and arms was saved). In Kamienna Góra, a smaller amount of human remains was discovered. They were clearly affected by later processes and mixed up with animal remains. The gallows in Modrzewie deserves more attention. In comparison to the other objects, this gallows was sporadically used. Only three humans bones were found on this site. All described gallows were explored in the last 10 years.
    Źródło:
    Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia; 2014, 60; 225-236
    0065-0986
    2451-0300
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Groby podwójne w Polsce wczesnośredniowiecznej. Próba rewaluacji
    Double graves in early medieval Poland. A revaluation
    Autorzy:
    Gardeła, Leszek
    Kajkowski, Kamil
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/584864.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe
    Tematy:
    archeologia śmierci
    groby podwójne
    Słowianie
    rytuały pogrzebowe
    małżeństwo
    symbolika
    archaeology of death
    double graves
    Slavs
    funerary rituals
    marriage
    symbolism
    Opis:
    This article seeks to reassess the notion of double graves in early medieval Poland. Burials of this kind are rarely found at inhumation cemeteries and their total number usually does not exceed 1% of all graves from a particular site. The paper begins by presenting a brief overview of various textual sources, mostly Arabic, which describe funerary rituals of the pagan Slavs. Some of these accounts mention a peculiar practice during which the wives of the deceased committed suicide at the graveside in order to be buried or cremated with their husbands. While it is difficult to assess the authenticity of such descriptions, a number of previous scholars have suggested that double graves of men and women may represent burials of married couples. The authors of the present article seek to expand these interpretations and argue for the necessity to acknowledge the multivalence and diversity of double graves in early medieval Poland. To demonstrate their arguments the different sections of the article focus on several variants of double graves that have been observed within the examined corpus of evidence. The cases discussed in detail include: 1. alleged burials of married couples (where the man and woman lay very close to one another, sometimes holding hands), 2. potential human sacrifices (where one of the individuals seems to have suffered a violent death, as evidenced by traces of wounds, usually to the skull, inflicted with the use of a sharp instrument), 3. double and mass graves perhaps resulting from dramatic events (plagues, war etc.), 4. cases of reopened graves (where the second individual is added to a pre-existing single grave), 5. graves of two men (interpreted as burials of relatives, companions or perhaps homosexuals), and 6. double graves of adults and children. Having reassessed a large body of data the authors argue that the previously proposed interpretations, which perceived practically every double grave of a man and woman as belonging to a married couple, should be seriously reconsidered. The diversity of double graves in early medieval Poland allows for a supposition that they may have resulted from various circumstances – not necessarily as peaceful and innocent as postulated in the works of previous scholars. However, in the context of textual sources, it is quite possible that some funerals may have also been understood as “posthumous weddings”. The ritual murder of one of the individuals could have been intended to wed him or her to the deceased, thereby ensuring they are remembered by their contemporaries not as spinsters or bachelors, but as fully accomplished members of the society.
    Źródło:
    Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia; 2014, 60; 103-120
    0065-0986
    2451-0300
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Groby z płytami na cmentarzysku przy kościele pod wezwaniem św. Mikołaja w Wiślicy. Aspekt archeologiczny i społeczny.
    Graves with plates in the St. Nicholas’ church cemetery in Wiślica. Archaeological and social aspect.
    Autorzy:
    Kalaga, Joanna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/584793.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe
    Tematy:
    Wiślica
    kościół św. Mikołaja
    groby z nagrobkami
    St. Nicholas’ church
    graves with tombstones
    Opis:
    Santa Nicholas church in Wiślica has been used as parish church, from the end of 11th or from the beginning of 12th to m id 13th century. It was i n t he center of s uburbium (ryc. 2). It consisted of church, burial chapel and cemetery. In the chapel and the cemetery there were uncovered 91 graves, including 13 with tombstones. Tombstones were made of gypsum and limestone (ryc. 1). Their fronts were smooth and without decoration. They were deposited directly on a top of pit graves an average of 120 cm above the burials. They were determined the level of utility of cemetery and chapel. Anthropological analyses proved that in graves with tombstones were buried people in infans II – maturus ages. A further aspect of the social interpretation of the dead buried in this kind of graves is difficult. We can only hypothesize that they had to characterize something „special” in the community in Wiślica. This „uniqueness we can consider in a multifaceted sense: „alien” and „different”, but also in a material, social, cultural and intellectual sense. These attributes should be associated with „selected” dweller of Wiślica, belonging to the environment of Sandomierz’s court princes, residing in the palace at Regia (ryc. 2). Among the graves with thombstones attention draws to a sarcophagus (39/59, ryc. 4). We can identify it with the burial of the founder of the church or priest performing a liturgy, but also with the person derived from the secular or ecclesiastical hierarchy. The location of this grave outside the temple is unusual. In funeral tradition sarcophags from 11th-13th century were deposited in center of temples. On the other hand, the burials with thombstones, as numerous as in Wiślica, are a rare phenomenon in the necropolises of churches of the early phase of the Christianization of the Polish lands. The cemetery in Wiślica is unique in this respect.
    Źródło:
    Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia; 2014, 60; 131-136
    0065-0986
    2451-0300
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Trup nieobecny?... czyli o brakujących szczątkach kostnych w grobach kultury wielbarskiej
    The corpse missing?... Or, missing bone remains in graves of the Wielbark Culture
    Autorzy:
    Skóra, Kalina
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/584787.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe
    Tematy:
    kultura wielbarska
    rytuały pogrzebowe
    kenotafy
    groby symboliczne
    analizy antropologiczne
    the Wielbark Culture
    funerary rituals
    cenotaphs
    symbolic graves
    anthropological analyses
    Opis:
    In cemeteries of the Wielbark Culture we notice inhumation or cremation graves, in which there are either no human bones, or merely a small part of them (cenotaphs, symbolic graves, partial burials). This paper discusses reasons behind this absence. First of all, we face the following problem: do we observe a custom of commemoration of the absent dead in the funeral rite, or is it rather our present-day cultural construct? At the moment, it seems rather impossible to correctly describe this phenomenon and to identify its scope. It is first of all natural causes leading to a decomposition of the skeleton that can be made responsible for the absence of bones in the grave. On the other hand, a custom of commemorating of the absent dead must be considered. This custom is testified to in many societies, regardless of their level of civilisation. A death in circumstances which render a burial by relatives or in a home cemetery impossible is not an uncommon phenomenon, especially in turbulent times of military conflicts or in periods of migrations. An empty grave can also be a result of exhumation, undertaken for many a reason: migration and a need for transposition of remains, annihilation of remains of the dead due to personal animosities, for the purpose of political or religious ostentation, post mortem penal activities or anti-vampire practices. A removal of the dead from the grave can be an element of actions which are included in the term of damnatio memoriae. Throwing away of the dead from their places of rest can be a result of new orders, be it political or social ones. Bodies may have also been removed during a robbery. The paper also discusses the issue of a too small weight of burnt human bones which found their way to cremation graves in cemeteries of the Wielbark Culture. The average weight of bones calculated for all the cemeteries which were included in the analysis (from 8.7 g – Kutowa, to 1092 g – Grębocin) significantly differs from expected values (c. 1.5-3 kg, depending on the age and sex). An analogously low result was received for mass graves, where the presence of bones of two (usually) or more dead persons (sporadically) was identified. A low weight of bones in cremation graves can also be due to circumstances and ways of cremation or to taphonomic processes. Another possibility implies that only part of ashes was put into the grave, while for the remaining such as, among others, storing in houses or scattering in various places: in necropoles, throwing into watercourses (as a particular form of sacrifice), a burial of the dead in several graves, deposition in the border space of inhabited places, scattering in the landscape or division of remains between mourners as a physical trace of memory. One of possible reasons for scattering of burnt remains may be a need for a quicker physical destruction of the body. In some cultures this is a condition for a transformation of the dead and obtaining of the status of an ancestor. An overview of discoveries from cemeteries of the Wielbark Culture demonstrated a complexity of interpretation problems. The eponymous issue calls for a development and precise research at the level of individual cemeteries, for, e.g., geochemical examinations of contents of grave pits and the help of anthropology in explanations of proposed hypotheses.
    Źródło:
    Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia; 2014, 60; 45-68
    0065-0986
    2451-0300
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Przestrzeń rozświetlona. Znaleziska świec i wosku w grobach komorowych na terenie Europy Środkowowschodniej
    Space illuminated. Finds of candles and wax in early medieval chamber graves in Eastern-Central Europe
    Autorzy:
    Janowski, Andrzej
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/584872.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe
    Tematy:
    wczesne średniowiecze
    groby komorowe
    świece
    religia
    chrystianizacja
    Early Middle Ages
    chamber graves
    candles
    religion
    christianization
    Opis:
    Among many items which were found in early medieval chamber graves in Eastern-Central Europe are pieces of wax and candles (fig. 1). These artifacts were discovered in seven graves at four cemeteries in Gnezdovo (graves C-198, C-301 and C-306) (fig. 2-4; 7; 8.1-8), Pskov (graves 3 and 6) (fig. 5), Shestovitsa (mound 42) and Timerevo (mound 100) (fig. 6; 8.9). All of these graves were covered with mounds and contained inhumations with very rich grave-goods. The dead were buried with their heads to the west. Candles were found predominantly in female graves (Gnezdovo graves C-198, C-301 and C-306; Pskov grave 3) or in chamber graves containing two individuals (male and female) in association with the females (Timerevo grave 100). The chronology of the graves is very similar – all are dated to the second half of the 10th century. Candles were placed on the periphery in eastern (Gnezdovo graves C-301 and C-306, Pskov grave 6) or southern (Pskov grave 3, Shestovitsa mound 42) part of the chamber. The number of candles in particular graves ranged from one (Pskov grave 6, Shestovitsa grave 42, Timerevo grave 100) to as many as twelve examples (Gnezdovo grave C-306). Apart from chamber graves, from Russia and Ukraine there are also other types of graves, dated to the second half of the 10th – 11th century, which contained wax and candles. They were found in Gnezdovo (grave L-148) (fig. 8.11), Timerevo (mound 323) (fig. 8.10), Saki (mound 54(1)) (fig. 8.13), Starcy (fig. 8.14) Vahrushevo (mound CXVI), and Sednev (mound 2(1886) (fig. 8.12). Parallel finds are also known from Western and Northern Europe. The oldest discovery comes from the cemetery in Oberflacht dated to the 6th-7th century (fig. 9.3-5), and the youngest from Norway (graves in Grønhaug, Storhaug, Oseberg, Larvik and Lille Gullkronen (mound 7)) and Denmark (graves in Jelling, Mammen (fig. 10), Søllested, Brandstrup (fig. 9.2; 11). In the Early Middle Ages wax was a valued commodity and probably fairly expensive. Scholars point out that wax and candles in funerary contexts are connected with individuals of high material and social status. Candles can also have a very deep symbolic meaning in pagan and Christian beliefs. Chamber graves with candles are probably older than the official date of the Christianisation of Rus’ (988/989), but the people in places like Gnezdovo, Pskov, Timerevo and Shestovitsa had contact with Christianity about 100 years earlier. Chamber graves with candles contain Christian symbols like silver crosses/ pendants and other (fig. 12). In my opinion candles had an apotropaic meaning, and the graves with candles may be interpreted as a sign of an individual conversion of social elite to Christianity before official Christianisation.
    Źródło:
    Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia; 2014, 60; 121-130
    0065-0986
    2451-0300
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Uwagi o funkcji i symbolice konstrukcji wczesnośredniowiecznych grobów w obudowach kamiennych.
    Remarks on function and symbolic meaning of constructions of Early Medieval graves in stone-settings
    Autorzy:
    Dzik, Michał
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/584795.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe
    Tematy:
    groby w obudowach kamiennych symbolika grobu
    Drohiczyn
    dom zmarłych
    graves in stone-settings
    stone cists
    symbology of the grave
    mortuary house
    Opis:
    This paper discusses the issues of the meaning and function of constructions characteristic for so called ‘groby w obudowach kamiennych’ – early medieval flat boulder- lined graves with cobblestones covering the burials (fig. 1, 4). Burial sites with these kind of cists are quite rare but were discovered in different parts of Europe; in Poland concentrations of them are known from the Mazovia and the basin of the eastern part of the lower Bug river (fig. 2). In the first of the above-mentioned regions, these constructions are dated to the period between the mid 11th century to the beginning of the 13th century. In the second region – from the last third of the 11th century to the mid 14th century. In the literature of the subject, several explanations of the function of the discussed grave constructions were proposed. They were interpreted as structures buttressing the walls of pit-graves or maybe preventing the burials against animals. According to another hypothesis, the idea of building such cists arose in the times of Christianization of funeral customs, when inhumation replaced cremation, and stone constructions were meant to stop the deceased from rising. An opposite proposal recognises in these cists the imitation of Jesus Christ’s grave, peddled by the Church. In the most recent proposition, the discussed cists are depicted as marks of high social position, popular amongst the elites in emerging states. In this article arguments defying the abovementioned hypotheses were presented. In light of comparative studies and new data on the genesis of the aforementioned graves in eastern Poland, it seems, that these cists are the emanations of ideas according to which graves are symbolic houses built for the dead. Another probable function (apotropaic, mark of status) might aktually have had a secondary meaning, which could be given to these constructions in some regions during the evolution of funeral customs.
    Źródło:
    Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia; 2014, 60; 87-101
    0065-0986
    2451-0300
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-6 z 6

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