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    Wyświetlanie 1-8 z 8
    Tytuł:
    Podatki oraz inne świadczenia pobierane od Żydów w Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim w XVII i XVIII wieku
    Taxes and Other Provisions Paid by Jews in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 17th and 18th Centuries
    Autorzy:
    Cieśla, Maria
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1054945.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018-09-30
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    Jewish poll tax
    return tax
    the Lithuanian Waad
    the tax system of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
    the enforcement of taxes in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
    Opis:
    The article includes a description of taxes paid by Jews to the state treasury / royal treasury, which contributed to the budget of cities. The analysis was divided into two parts. The first of them addresses taxes the distribution of which was handled by the Lithuanian Waad. These were: the Jewish poll tax, return taxes, housing tax and general poll tax. The analysis of the treasury materials and minutes of the Lithuanian Waad made it possible to state that the poll tax rate depended on the political situation of the state and the Jews were obliged to pay larger sums during wars. The comparison of the Jewish sources with the sources of the treasury of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania allowed for a detailed description of the return tax, which was imposed on Lithuanian Jews in the first half of the 16th century and continued to exist until the 18th century. It constituted a minor royal income but a significant burden for Lithuanian Jews. Tax sources also show that Jews paid their housing taxes and general poll taxes. The system of taxes paid by the Jews at the local level, through the local qahals, was not transparent. The amount and type of taxes collected from the Jews were determined by many local factors, among them the most important were the position of the burghers and the policy of the city owner. Depending on the centre, the system of collecting rents from Jews differed. In some centres the Jews were obliged to pay: the hiberna tax (winters bread), the czopowe tax (excise tax), the kapszczyzna tax (alcohol tax) and paleczkowe tax. In many cities, besides paying taxes, Jews were also obliged to participate in defensive military actions.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2018, 83, 3; 33-58
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Konflikt hetmana Krzysztofa Radziwiłła „Pioruna” z Zygmuntem III Wazą i jego wpływ na sytuacją polityczną Rzeczypospolitej w latach 1587–1600
    The conflict between Krzysztof Mikołaj “the Thunderbolt” Radziwiłł and Sigismund III Vasa and its influence on the political situation of the Rzeczpospolita in the years 1587–1600
    Autorzy:
    Łabędź, Piotr
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1193686.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    nobility
    political history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
    the particular policy of Lithuania
    Opis:
    Krzysztof Radziwiłł, otherwise know as “the Thunderbolt" (1547–1603) belonged to the leading Lithuanian magnates of the second half of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century. He ended his political career as the voivode of Vilnius (the highest secular office in the senate within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania) and the Grand Hetman of Lithuania. After the death of his father – Mikołaj “the Red” Radziwiłł – in 1584, “the Thunderbolt” was the head of one of the most powerful families in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the whole Rzeczpospolita. Continuing his father’s policy, he aimed to maintain a leading role among the Lithuanian magnates, aspiring to be their informal leader. Moreover, he tried to fight all attempts to increase the integration of Lithuania with the Crown, emphasising the importance of the particular interests of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. However, his firm political stance exacerbated conflict with Sigismund III Vasa, which affected the internal situation of the Rzeczpospolita. The conflict between Krzysztof Radziwiłł and Sigismund III Vasa was caused mainly by the disparity of their political interests. At the beginning of his rule, the King chose a policy which rejected the system created during the reign of Stephen Báthory. The monarch quickly started to build his own political faction, in which Krzysztof Radziwiłł played a secondary role. As a consequence, it led to many conflicts which paralysed the functioning of the state. An additional element which adversely affected relations with Radziwiłł (the informal leader of the Lithuanian protestants) was the religious policy of the King, who supported the development of the Counter-Reformation in the Rzeczpospolita. The last and most crucial problem was the issue regarding the position of the bishop of Vilnius, which affected the relations between the King and “the Thunderbolt”.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2015, 80, 2; 7-30
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Najwcześniejsze (szesnastowieczne) rejestry archiwalne szlachty Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego
    The earliest registers of the private archives of the nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 16th century
    Autorzy:
    Ragauskienė, Raimonda
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1193925.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
    the 16th century
    archives of nobility
    registers of archives
    Opis:
    This article is devoted to the earliest registers of the private archives of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania nobility of the 16th century. The custom of drafting such documents developed throughout this century. Very few original noblemen’s document registers have survived, and our knowledge of them mainly comes from inscriptions in court books and from the Lithuanian Metrica acts. At the very outset of the century, books of document copies (cartularies) were written in the courts of the GDL magnates. Document inventories of the representatives of the minor nobility and gentry started appearing in the second half of the 16th century. The last quarter of the century witnessed the final formation of the inventory characteristics typical of later years. Based on the typology of documents described in the registers, registers are grouped into either general – covering the basic documentation – or partial. However, even in the general registers only the documents most important to the owner were listed. Hence, the registers of the private archives can turn into a “reality trap” reflecting but a part of the archivalia. The article also analyses the purposes of the drafting of registers.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2016, 81, 1; 131-150
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Kilka słów o rodowodzie kniaziów Jamontowiczów Podbereskich w świetle nowych źródeł
    A few words about the genealogy of the knyazes of the Jamontowicz Podbereski family in the light of new sources
    Autorzy:
    Tęgowski, Jan
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1193850.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
    genealogy
    knyazes Jamontowicz Podbereski
    Michał and Jacko Sieńkowicz
    the 16th century
    Lithuanian dukes
    Opis:
    Thanks to the publication of the last will of Princess Zofia Fiodorowa Jamontowicz Podbereska of 1510, the author of the article attempts to explain certain issues connected with the genealogy of the Lithuanian knyaz family of Jamontowicz who resided in the eastern territories of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. An important element of the work is the discovery of the first name of Zofia’s husband (Fiodor) – the penultimate male representative of the family (the father of the knyaz Siemion Jamontowicz Podbereski) and the fact that Fiodor’s daughter Julianna became a nun and later around 1539 the mother superior of the convent (hegumen) a er her marriage with Jacek Sieńkowicz had been nullified.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2015, 80, 3; 39-50
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Jezuici prowincji litewskiej wobec epidemii dżumy z lat 1708–1711
    Jesuits of the Lithuanian province in the face of the epidemic of plague in the years 1708–1711
    Autorzy:
    Mariani, Andrea
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1193950.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    the Society of Jesus
    contagious diseases
    the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
    the 18th century
    the Great Northern War (1700–1721)
    Opis:
    The article presents the activity of the Jesuits during the epidemic of plague in the Rzeczpospolita during the Great Northern War. The author concentrates mainly on the Lithuanian province of the Society of Jesus, where the epidemic caused the highest number of deaths. Against the description of the structure of the personnel and the issue of the mortality rate among the monks prior to the outbreak of the epidemic, the author characterizes the variety of activities undertaken by the Jesuits. On the one hand, the aim of the Jesuits’ activity was to fulfill the mission of the Society, which consisted in providing spiritual and material help to fellow human beings. On the other hand, the aim was to protect the material and human resources of the Society. In the face of the epidemic most members of the Society left the college to seek shelter in one of the estates belonging to the Jesuits. Several Jesuit monks decided to stay to serve the sick monks and the inhabitants of the town who were unable to escape. According to the hierarchy of values of the Jesuits and the laudatory topic a appearing in the home chronicles, the death of those Jesuits was presented as the achievement of the highest good. The Jesuits paid a high price for their material and spiritual involvement - the consequences of the epidemic continued to be visible many years after the outbreak of the plague.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2016, 81, 2; 65-104
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Titles, Seals and Coats of Arms as Symbols of Power and Importance of Lithuanian Dukes before the Union of Lublin
    Tytuły, pieczęcie i herby książąt litewskich jako symbole władzy i znaczenia przed unią lubelską
    Autorzy:
    Rogulski, Jakub
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1194100.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    middle ages
    the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
    parallel branches of a ruling house,
    dukes
    demonstration of power
    titulature
    sigillography
    heraldry
    Opis:
    Titles, seals and coats of arms of Lithuanian dukes have not been hitherto the subject of interest of historians as this issue was mainly addressed marginally in the studies on the symbols of power of Grand Dukes of Lithuania, particularly Jagiellons. Owing to the considerable number and diversification of dukes living in the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania prior to the Union of Lublin, the article focuses on the analysis of titles, seals and coats of arms used by the Gediminas family and their descendants. In the period under discussion the dukes played a major social and political role, particularly at the end of the 14th century and at the beginning of the 15th century since they ruled their own feudal duchies and cooperated (or competed) closely with the Grand Duke. Although in the 15th century they lost their political sovereignty and became part of the class of landowners, they continued to keep many privileges and still played a major role in political and social life, particularly in their provinces. Enjoying the authority and extensive influence, the dukes generated the set of symbols of power and importance, which is worth examining. The analysis of the most representative monuments shows that titles, seals and coats of arms constituted a kind of indicator reflecting the social status and the position of the Gediminas family in the country: different symbols defined the rank of the Gediminas family as feudal dukes, and different symbols referred to their position as wealthy landowners. Both in the first and second situation, the dukes were capable of using the symbols in such a way so as to create their propaganda image and express far-reaching political aspirations. The symbolism of grand dukes, in particular one of the Jagiellons, was available to the dukes and they willingly used it. The fact of being inspired by the monarch’s symbols seems to differentiate Lithuanian dukes from other branches of the ruling European dynasties. It may mean that dukes considered the fact of being related to grand dukes rather than their wealth to be the source of their power and importance.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2017, 82, 1; 97-129
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Kilka uwag na temat politycznych okoliczności małżeństwa Wasyla Moskiewskiego i Zofii Witoldówny zawartego w 1391 roku
    Some Remarks on the Political Circumstances of the Marriage of Vasily I of Moscow and Sophia of Lithuania, Concluded in 1391
    Autorzy:
    Grala, Marcin
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1059244.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-03-31
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    dmitry of the don
    vytautas the great
    vasily i of moscow
    chronicles
    relations between lithuania and moscow
    dynastic union
    grand duchy of lithuania
    grand duchy of moscow
    golden horde
    Opis:
    The marriage of Duke Vytautas the Great’s daughter Sophia to the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily in 1391 was a momentous event that impinged on the course of history. Although the circumstances in which this marriage was concluded address extremely important historical issues, such as relations between Lithuania and Moscow, Vytautas’ biography, and the politics of the Grand Duchy of Moscow towards the end of the fourteenth century, historiography has not recorded many attempts to study them. This is probably due to the rather vague primary sources which are dominated by the accounts contained in the chronicles. The author of the article makes an effort to analyse them, which, combined with other evidence, as well as a review of the political situation at the time, led him to believe that it was the Moscow side that initiated the talks on the marriage of Sophia and Vasily. The Grand Duke of Moscow, Dmitry of the Don, had been looking for the possibility of a dynastic rapprochement with the ruling circles of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania for a long time. The conclusion of the Polish-Lithuanian agreement in Krevo (1385), uncertain situation in the Golden Horde and the desire to strengthen the position of his son were the reasons that could force the Moscow ruler to act more decisively in this field. Therefore, having left Tartar captivity at the end of 1385, Vasily son of Dmitri of the Don, went west, where he took the opportunity of meeting Vytautas to start first talks. The negotiations were interrupted due to a rather weak political position of Vytautas before 1389. They were resumed when it turned out that Władysław Jagiełło, after taking the throne in Kraków, did not intend to forgo his active policy in Eastern Europe. Therefore, when Vytautas fought together with the Teutonic Knights to seize power in Lithuania, Moscow decided to support his efforts. In this way, the duke, with his allies in the Teutonic Order and strong ties with Moscow, became a dangerous rival for Władysław Jagiełło. Such a turn of events could have influenced the Polish king’s decision to reconcile with his cousin yet again.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2020, 85, 1; 141-162
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Between the Union of Lublin and the Mutual Pledge of the Two Nations: From the Union of Two States to the Commonwealth of Three Provinces
    Autorzy:
    Zakrzewski, Andrzej
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1178393.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
    Polish Crown
    Grand Duchy of Lithuania
    Union of Lublin
    political system
    law
    changes of the political system
    Opis:
    The aim of the article is to present changes in the position of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania towards the Polish Crown within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the years 1569–1791. The analysis was based on the transformation of both common (monarch, Sejm) and separate (central and local offices, judicial system and law) institutions in the context of economic, social and cultural changes of the era. Gradually, the Commonwealth was transforming into a state in which Lithuania was not so much one of its two parts – along with the Crown, but one of its three provinces – along with Lesser Poland and Greater Poland. It was, however, a special province since it had its own ministers, offices, courts, treasury and fiscal courts along with its own codification of political and private law. The rule introduced in 1673 that every third Sejm was to be held in Grodno, however, was rarely observed. The reasons for this change were: the smaller population of the Grand Duchy, its lower fiscal income along with the war damage and territorial losses suffered in the mid-17th century. This transformation was also facilitated by the fact that the Lithuanian political system and laws became increasingly similar to the Polish ones. Another factor was the slow creation of a sense of political community among nobles of both the Crown and Lithuania. This feeling was born not only out of the same rights and privileges, but also owing to the immigration of the Crown noblemen to the lands of the Grand Duchy and joining – by marriage – Lithuanian noble families, which was especially the case among magnate families. During this period, the common culture of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth based on the Polish language – lingua franca of the whole state – was also created. Other languages also functioned in the Polish- -Lithuanian state, but Polish, enriched by Lithuanian, Ruthenian, Latin, German and Oriental elements, began to dominate. The Government Act of 3 May 1791 did not mention the Grand Duchy at all, but created a common government for the whole of Commonwealth – the Guard of Laws and Great Commissions. Mutual Pledge of the Two Nations, unanimously adopted on 20 October 1791, constituted an attempt to return to the dualism from the era of the Union of Lublin. This act granted Lithuanians half of the commissioners in the military and fiscal commissions and – in the future – in the police commission. Lithuania also retained separate ministers, offices, a separate treasury and tax judiciary. Thus, the gradual unification of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was still visible, while maintaining some separate aspects, which were important for Lithuanians, albeit secondary in the scale of the entire state. Nevertheless, this process was interrupted by the upcoming partitions.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2019, 84, 4; 5-40
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-8 z 8

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