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Tytuł:
Die Finanzpolitik des Deutschen Ordens unter Friedrich von Sachsen
Financial policy of the Teutonic Order under the rule of Friedrich von Sachsen
Autorzy:
Sarnowsky, Jürgen
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1194001.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
Tematy:
Teutonic economy
finances of the Teutonic Order in Prussia
court ordinance of 1499
the court of the Grand Master in Prussia
Opis:
During the rule of the Grand Master Friedrich von Sachsen significant reforms were conducted, which were also reflected in the court ordinance of 1499. In this period of time detailed financial documentation was prepared. In earlier research various shortcomings and mistakes in the account books have been indicated. However, they still show the revenues of Teutonic economy at the central level. The most important sources of income were resources obtained from agricultural products, trade in amber, revenues from the judicial system and customs. Both incomes and expenditures started to take on a more regular form. Accountancy was conducted better after the office of Rentmeister had been taken over by Franz Buss in the years 1506–1509. The counsellors of the Grand Master Dietrich von Werther and Paulus von Watt contributed to the improvement in the quality of accountancy in the Teutonic State. The rule of Friedrich von Sachsen to some extent made Teutonic economy similar to that of other princely courts.
Źródło:
Zapiski Historyczne; 2016, 81, 4; 117-132
0044-1791
2449-8637
Pojawia się w:
Zapiski Historyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Piętnastowieczny kopiariusz OF 80a z terenu państwa krzyżackiego
Fifteenth-Century Cartulary OF 80a from the State of the Teutonic Order
Autorzy:
Dobrosielska, Alicja
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1059132.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-09-30
Wydawca:
Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
Tematy:
territorial borders
conflicts over borders
state of the teutonic order
prussia
cathedral chapter of warmia
bishopric of warmia
settlements in warmia
late middle ages
Opis:
This text comprises the first complete critical edition of eight out of twelve primary sources contained in the fifteenth-century cartulary from the State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia. The cartulary is currently kept in the Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz in Berlin and is marked with archival reference number OF 80a. The creation of the cartulary was connected with a dispute over the territory and the borders of the dominion of the Bishopric of Warmia (Ermland). It contains copies of the privileges issued by the bishop and the Cathedral Chapter of Warmia in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries for the towns located on the border with the Teutonic Order territories. Some copies of the documents are directly related to this dispute and refer to the judgement of the arbitration court of 1374 and the inspections of the border between the territory of the bishopric and the Order of 1428 and 1449. In order to present the reader with the most accurate version of the source text, the content of the cartulary, which is the basis of this edition, has been compared with other preserved copies of the documents published here. These copies were included in fifteenth-century books containing privileges issued by the Cathedral Chapter of Warmia, which are currently kept in the Archives of the Archdiocese of Warmia in Olsztyn.
Źródło:
Zapiski Historyczne; 2020, 85, 3; 105-128
0044-1791
2449-8637
Pojawia się w:
Zapiski Historyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Vom Ordensland zum Herzogtum. Religiöse Überzeugung oder politisches Kalkül des Hochmeisters Albrecht von Brandenburg-Ansbach?
From the state of the Teutonic Order to the duchy: religious beliefs or a political calculation of Grand Master Albrecht of Brandenburg-Ansbach?
Autorzy:
Arnold, Udo
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1194226.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
Tematy:
the Teutonic Order
Prussia
Reformation
Albrecht von Brandenburg-Ansbach
Opis:
The article underlines the fact that Prussia became Protestant prior to Saxony (considered to be the “mother country of the Reformation”) and other German states. After the end of the Thirteen Years’ War one of the problems constituted the relations between the Grand Master and the Polish King as they went beyond the area of politics affecting also religion and law. Having been elected Grand Master Albrecht Hohenzollern introduced significant changes in the political system of the state. He was related to King Sigismund the Old thanks to his mother, who was Sigismund’s sister. It was unusual for the Teutonic Order to have elected twenty-one-year-old Albrecht to be Grand Master as normally the tendency was to appoint the most respectable member of the Order. Albrecht Hohenzollern launched many reforms the aim of which was to centralize the Teutonic administration. Gradually, the corporate style of management was being transformed into a one-person leadership. Albrecht Hohenzollern also planned to carry out religious reforms. That is why he tried to contact Martin Luther. He attempted to establish the first contact with Luther in the years 1521–1522. The next attempt was made by Martin Luther. In 1523 Luther wrote a letter to the Teutonic Order, where he suggested the rejection of the principle of purity and taking over the lands in hereditary ownership by Teutonic brothers as it was done by noble families. In practice, it would have meant the liquidation of the Order. Albrecht refused to accept the ideas, which did not mean that he disliked Luther. Albrecht met Luther at the end of 1523 in Wittenberg. Luther repeated his guidelines to make the Teutonic state a secular duchy. In May 1524 there was another meeting. Taking into account the political situation at that time, the political isolation of the Teutonic Order and the threat to become subjected to Poland, Albrecht decided to convert into Lutheranism. In this way, he made himself independent of the Pope and in the long run he could set up the foundations to make himself less and less dependent on Catholic Poland. Owing to secularization, Albrecht saved his personal rule and transformed the monastic state into the first Protestant European country.
Źródło:
Zapiski Historyczne; 2017, 82, 2; 21-40
0044-1791
2449-8637
Pojawia się w:
Zapiski Historyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Prozopografia pruskiej gałęzi zakonu niemieckiego w pierwszej połowie XIV wieku. Uwagi krytyczne na marginesie książki Norberta Delestowicza
Prosopography of the Prussian Branch of the Teutonic Order in the First Half of the 14th Century: Critical Remarks on the Book by Norbert Delestowicz
Autorzy:
Krajniak, Radosław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/32388146.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-12-31
Wydawca:
Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
Tematy:
Teutonic Order
Teutonic Knights
Prussia
late Middle Ages
prosopography
Opis:
The book by Norbert Delestowicz on members of the Teutonic Order in the first half of the 14th century was highly anticipated within the scholarly community, and the research conducted by the historian from Poznań seemed promising. Until now, comprehensive biographies were prepared only for the representatives of the Prussian branch of the Teutonic Order, who appeared in primary sources up to 1309. In his endeavour to bridge this historiographical gap, the author of the reviewed book undertook an extensive effort to create a collective portrait of the analysed group and to construct several hundred biographies of Teutonic knights, priests, and sariant-brothers. However, the laborious task of accurately collecting and organising the vast amount of source material posed numerous challenges for the author, leading to evident shortcomings. This discussion article aims to highlight various errors that can be found throughout the book, including those in the general chapters, individual biographies, and the appended lists of Teutonic officials and convent members. Many of these errors suggest the disorder that prevailed during the creation of different parts of the book, as well as shortcomings stemming from incomplete or inadequate use of available primary sources and relevant scholarly publications. Regrettably, the extent of identified deficiencies prevents us from considering the reviewed monograph as a fully successful scholarly publication.
Źródło:
Zapiski Historyczne; 2023, 88, 4; 119-156
0044-1791
2449-8637
Pojawia się w:
Zapiski Historyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Chronologia wznoszenia krzyżackiego murowanego zamku prokuratorskiego w Nidzicy w świetle źródeł pisanych
The Chronology of Erecting the Teutonic Brick Pfleger Castle in Nidzica in the Light of Written Sources
Autorzy:
Jóźwiak, Sławomir
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2197805.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-09-30
Wydawca:
Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
Tematy:
Teutonic Order
Prussia
castle construction
administration
late Middle Ages
Opis:
The erection of the brick castle of the Teutonic Order in Nidzica (border territory of the state of the Teutonic Order with Mazovia), intended as the seat of the Teutonic pfleger, directly subordinate to the commander of Ostróda, began at the end of the 14th century. The castle has so far been studied almost solely by historians of art, who were not entirely familiar with the numerous medieval written sources that referred to it. The analysis of the records (documents, correspondence, bills, stock lists) carried out in this article provides answers to two key questions. First, the brick castle of the Teutonic pfleger in Nidzica, which has survived to this day, was built in the period of 1399–1409, contrary to the suggestions of previous researchers, who dated it about 20 years earlier. The main (western) wing was completed in 1405. In the following years, intensive construction work was carried out on the other three wings of the main castle and the surrounding defensive curtain wall (and possibly the outer bailey). In March 1409, the first mention of a Teutonic pfleger appeared in the sources, and the newly built castle became his headquarters. Secondly, the earlier wood-earthen fortress (probably erected in the 1350s) was placed in a different location, which is still unrecognized today.
Źródło:
Zapiski Historyczne; 2022, 87, 3; 5-22
0044-1791
2449-8637
Pojawia się w:
Zapiski Historyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Pojęcia notoryjności i famy w protokole procesu polsko-krzyżackiego z lat 1320–1321
The Notions of Notoriousness and Fama in the Minutes from the Trial between Poland and the Teutonic Order of 1320–1321
Autorzy:
Maćkowiak, Patryk
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2197829.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-03-31
Wydawca:
Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
Tematy:
trial between Poland and the Teutonic Order of 1320–1321
Kingdom of Poland
Ladislaus ‘Elbow-high’
Teutonic Order
trial records
witness testimony
fama
notoriousness
Opis:
In the years 1320–1321 a canonical trial took place between the Polish king Ladislaus ‘Elbow-high’ and the representatives of the Teutonic Order authorities over the possession of Pomeranian lands, seized by the Teutonic Knights in the years 1308–1309. The research that has been carried out on the legal documents from the trial so far has inadequately accounted for their legal layer. The purpose of this article is to partially fill these gaps by addressing the issue of how legal concepts functioned in the context of witness testimony. When comparing the proceedings of 1320–1321 with the trial between Poland and the Teutonic Order of 1339, which was similar in many aspects, attention was drawn to the difference in the understanding of the concept of fama in both cases. Next, the paper discusses the issue of the testifiers elaborating on the answers to the question of the existence of notorium and publica vox et fama regarding the events presented in intenciones. The analysis of selected legal and juridical texts, which functioned at that time both in the educational process and in the court practice, and then comparing them with some testimonies, showed that at least some witness statements were adapted to the concepts and phrases typical of the legal language of the era. This influences the need to revise the older historiography, as it has hitherto been emphasized that the language of testimony reflects the individual style of the original statement. The article concludes that the studies of the minutes from the testimony, in addition to taking the usual critical steps, should include an analysis of the language with regard to the presence of concepts and phrases characteristic of legal language.
Źródło:
Zapiski Historyczne; 2022, 87, 1; 5-25
0044-1791
2449-8637
Pojawia się w:
Zapiski Historyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kariera Michała Küchmeistra w zakonie krzyżackim w Prusach do 1410 roku
The Career of Michael Küchmeister in the Teutonic Order in Prussia until 1410
Autorzy:
Jóźwiak, Sławomir
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1913220.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-12-31
Wydawca:
Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
Tematy:
Teutonic Order
Prussia
Michael Küchmeister
territorial authority
administration
late Middle Ages
Opis:
The analysis of primary sources presented in this article determines that the career of Michael Küchmeister in the administrative structures of the State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia until 1410 at certain points significantly differed from what the scholarly literature previously assumed. His first office to appear in primary sources was the castle commander of the Commandry of Rhein, newly established in 1394. After that territorial administration unit was dissolved in 1397, Küchmeister held other offices in the Commandry of Balga, such as the companion of a local commander and the Pfleger of Rastenburg. However, in 1400 he certainly was not the Schäffer of Elbing. Immediately before the end of June 1402, Küchmeister was appointed the Großschäffer of Königsberg. Most likely he held this office until the end of September 1404. From this moment, he was probably the Pfleger of Gerdauen for a year and then in September 1405, he was granted the office of a Vogt in Samogitia which had been re-conquered by the Teutonic Order. He stayed there until August 1409. In September 1409, by command of Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen, he set out on a diplomatic mission to Hungary. Unfortunately, there is no record of his actions in the period of six months between August 1409 and April 1410. At the end of April 1410, he was appointed the Vogt in the Teutonic Neumark. The further steps in the career of Küchmeister, who eventually reached the office of the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order in January 1414, are well known.
Źródło:
Zapiski Historyczne; 2021, 86, 4; 55-69
0044-1791
2449-8637
Pojawia się w:
Zapiski Historyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Relics of St Barbara at Althaus Kulm: History, Patronages, and Insight into the Teutonic Order and the Christian Population in Prussia (Thirteenth–Fifteenth Centuries)
Autorzy:
Leighton, Gregory
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1059251.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-03-31
Wydawca:
Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
Tematy:
teutonic order
prussia
relics
st barbara
cult of saints
warfare
local christianity
Opis:
This article summarizes the history of the relics of St Barbara in Althaus Kulm (Starogród Chełmiński), a topic with extensive research in Polish and German circles, but only recently addressed by scholarship in English. It begins with an overview of the relics’ history and a summary of St Barbara’s vita, pointing out the quick rise in her cult in the Teutonic Order’s Prussian territory (Ordensland). Following this, it assesses the function of the relics through three lenses: warfare, daily life, and as a symbol of the Order’s power using three methodological frameworks. These are hierophany (manifestations of the sacred) for warfare, naming practices for studying the impact of St Barbara on the local population, and as a reflection of the Order’s territorial power (Landesherrschaft). The article ultimately demonstrates that the relics were a significant element of the multifaceted structure of religious life in medieval Prussia, both within and outside of the Teutonic Order. Appended to the text are two previously unpublished accounts of the relics of St Barbara and their arrival in Althaus, demonstrating the reputation of the shrine not just in the Ordensland, but within Christendom. It concludes with a summary of the research findings, and a consideration of these findings in light of more ‘recent’ interpretations of the Teutonic Order and the Prussian Crusades.
Źródło:
Zapiski Historyczne; 2020, 85, 1; 5-50
0044-1791
2449-8637
Pojawia się w:
Zapiski Historyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ungarisch-preussische Handelsbeziehungen im Mittelalter
Hungarian-Prussian Trade Relations in the Middle Ages
Autorzy:
Pósán, László
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1064755.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-12-31
Wydawca:
Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
Tematy:
Hanseatic League
East Central Europe
trade
Teutonic Order
Late Middle Ages
Opis:
The aim of the article is to present trade contacts between Prussia and Hungary from the end of the 13th century to the mid-15th century. The problem has hitherto remained beyond the interest of researchers dealing with trade relations. On the basis of the Hanseatic, Polish and Hungarian sources the author analyses the structure of goods being traded, participants of the trade and trade routes. The author points out the connection between the development of trade contacts with political relations in East Central Europe. After the death of King Louis I of Hungary (1382) the trade conducted between Hungary and Prussia, which went through the Polish territories, became heavily dependent on the balance of power between the Teutonic Order, the Kingdom of Poland and the Kingdom of Hungary. The author underlines that the range of goods which were the subject of the trade started to grow at the end of the 13th century. Apart from metals (copper, iron, silver) Hungarian merchants sold to Prussian merchants wax, furs, wine, cheap cloth and southern products such as fruit, spice and condiments. In the 15th century Melnaterite (Kupferwasser), the mineral used in dyeing, was exported from Upper Hungary to the Baltic zone. Merchants from Prussian towns exported to Hungary goods imported from West Europe, mainly cloth. Until the mid-15th century the main role in Prussian trade with Hungary was played by merchants from Toruń, while in the second half of the 15th century their place was taken over by merchants from Gdańsk.
Źródło:
Zapiski Historyczne; 2018, 83, 4; 115-145
0044-1791
2449-8637
Pojawia się w:
Zapiski Historyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
About the date when the foundation privilege was granted to Chełmno and Toruń,
O czasie wystawienia przywileju lokacyjnego Chełmna i Torunia
Autorzy:
Dorna, Maciej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1193870.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
Tematy:
diplomatics
the Chełmno privilege
Kulmer Handfeste
the Teutonic Order
Chełmno Land
Opis:
The article addresses the problem of dating the foundation privilege for Chełmno and Toruń. The author presents the discussion which has been held so far in reference to the problem; he also attempts to estimate the value of the arguments used in the debate. The author devotes a great deal of space to the analysis of the argumentation of the German researcher Marc Löwener, who made an attempt to revise the well-established opinion that the foundation privilege for Chełmno and Toruń had been issued on 31 December 1233. According to the author, the attempt did not bring convincing arguments for dating the Chełmno foundation privilege in 1232; still, the author considered this option to be adequate. The author maintains that the evidence for the aforementioned dating of the document is the content of the document issued by the Magdeburg burgrave Burchard von Querfurt in Schraplau in 1233. In the same way, the author interpreted the results of his research on the various styles of commencing a new year in the Monastic State. According to the findings, the Teutonic knights in the 13th century used the a nativitate style. Another argument supporting the opinion that the Chełmno foundation privilege was issued in 1232 is the fact that in the Chełmno document the title “Lodewicus in Quidin provisor” was used with reference to the governor of Kwidzyn, while in 1233 the title should have taken the form of “provisor Insule Sancte Marie”.
Źródło:
Zapiski Historyczne; 2015, 80, 4; 85-102
0044-1791
2449-8637
Pojawia się w:
Zapiski Historyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A Conflict for Values in the Origins and at the Beginning of the Thirteen Years’ War,
Konflikt o wartości w genezie i początku wojny trzynastoletniej
Autorzy:
Kwiatkowski, Stefan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1194027.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
Tematy:
the Teutonic Order
Prussian Confederation
law and justice in cultural sense
Opis:
W przededniu wojny trzynastoletniej stanęły naprzeciwko siebie dwie koncepcje ładu krajowego: zakonna i stanowa. Ścierały się one ze sobą od dłuższego czasu, aż w końcu stały się nie do pogodzenia. Zakon, jeśli chodzi o zasadę, stał na gruncie priorytetu prawa Bożego, z zasady niezmiennego, wiecznego. Jego poddani, skonfederowani w Związku Pruskim, powoływali się na to, co przysługuje poddanemu z racji otrzymanych przywilejów, prawa pozytywnego, pojmowanego jako gwarancja zachowania sprawiedliwości między ludźmi. Podstawą sporu o wartości stało się pojęcie ius i pochodne od niego: iustitia i iustum, zaprowadzające ład w stosunkach między ludźmi, regulujące to, co przysługiwało człowiekowi w relacjach z innymi ludźmi. Zakon, jako duchowny pan kraju, stał na stanowisku, że iustitia opiera się na autorytecie prawa kanonicznego i cesarskiego, następnie władzy krajowej wyposażonej w przyrodzone prerogatywy (znany jest cytat opinii brata zakonnego wobec poddanych: „my jesteśmy waszym prawem”). Krzyżacy i ich poplecznicy twierdzili, że związkowcy występują przeciw słusznym prawom Zakonu i Kościoła, że chociaż na mocy iustitia poddani są zobowiązani do posłuszeństwa i lojalności, to jako ludzie o określonym, wysokim statusie postępują buntowniczo, czyli niegodnie. Związkowcy powoływali się na przywileje należące do prawa krajowego. Na nich opierali poczucie swej godności (ehrbar Leute) i subiektywne rozumienie sprawiedliwości. Postawy tej nie można zrozumieć bez uwzględnienia jej kulturowego kontekstu. Według związkowców na mocy ogólnego wyobrażenia o prawie i sprawiedliwości przywódcy zakonni i prałaci mieli być związani powinnością zachowania sprawiedliwości człowieka względem drugiego człowieka, oddania tego, co mu się należy. Dlatego w argumentacji związkowej pojęcie sprawiedliwości odnosi się do praw ludzi, którzy są poddanymi władzy zakonnej, ale wyposażonymi w prawne gwarancje. Ius i iustitia miały być fundamentem z jednej strony ładu krajowego (zapewnienie dobra powszechnego, w szczególności pokoju i sprawiedliwych sądów), z drugiej zaś – gwarancją czci i honoru poddanych. To założenie w znacznej mierze określało faktyczne stosunki poddanych z władztwem zakonnym już w okresie wcześniejszym. Jednakże w połowie XV w. przedstawiciele Zakonu i Związku Pruskiego zradykalizowali swe pozycje. Krzyżacy dążyli do umocnienia swoich władczych prerogatyw w kraju. W argumentacji związkowców, zasługującej zresztą na uwzględnienie przez historyka jej antropologicznych aspektów, Zakon pogwałcił prawa mieszkańców Prus, a przez swoje zarzuty wobec nich zniesławił ich i zakwestionował publicznie, na szerokim forum ich poczucie godności, honoru i prawowierności.
Źródło:
Zapiski Historyczne; 2016, 81, 4; 5-30
0044-1791
2449-8637
Pojawia się w:
Zapiski Historyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dienerzy w służbie zakonu krzyżackiego w Prusach w drugiej połowie XIV – pierwszej połowie XV wieku. Liczebność, utrzymanie, zakwaterowanie
Dieners in the Monastic State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia in the Second Half of the 14th Century – the First Half of the 15th Century: the Group Size, Maintenance, Accommodation
Autorzy:
Jóźwiak, Sławomir
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1075898.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-03-31
Wydawca:
Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
Tematy:
the Middle Ages
topography
Teutonic castles
Prussia
servants
the Teutonic Order
Opis:
In the late medieval Monastic State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia dieners were people who came from knightly families (not infrequently from beyond the territory of Prussia) and were maintained by Teutonic dignitaries and officials (they were provided with accommodation, food, clothes and pay) in exchange for the diplomatic, military-knightly and courtly service (the participation in military actions, the manning of castles, transporting information, the defence of envoys and guests, the examination of the territory occupied by the enemy, the participation in corteges, etc.). In the first half of the 15th century (the available data refers only to this period of time), every high Teutonic official, commander and Vogt had even a few dozens of dieners at their disposal, except extraordinary situations such as the manning of frontier castles in Klaipėda and Dybów. In the whole territory of the Teutonic State in Prussia there might have been about 450–500 dieners at that time. The source analysis conducted here which concerned the castles in Malbork, Świecie, Elbląg and Brandenburg allow us to state that dieners were provided with the accommodation in the buildings situated in the outer wards of the castles. They were given rooms (chambers) exclusively for their use or individual rooms in infirmaries of dieners/servants. As may be inferred from the relatively numerous sources in the Malbork castle they were accommodated on the ground floor in the southern part of the eastern wing of the first internal ward, in the infirmaries next to the Church of St. Lawrence (the southern wing of the first internal ward). In Konigsberg the solution was quite exceptional. Dieners residing there were allowed to have their residential space within the outer wards of the castle (which cannot be proved), but the infirmary where they resided was situated in the territory of the so called wolnizna [Burgfreihei], in the north of the north-east part of the outer ward.
Źródło:
Zapiski Historyczne; 2018, 83, 1; 7-37
0044-1791
2449-8637
Pojawia się w:
Zapiski Historyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Murowany zamek prokuratorów krzyżackich w Bytowie w średniowieczu. Chronologia wznoszenia, rozplanowanie i układ przestrzenny
The Medieval Brick Castle of the Teutonic Pflegers in Bytów: Construction Chronology, Layout and Spatial Arrangement
Autorzy:
Jóźwiak, Sławomir
Wasik, Bogusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/32388140.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-12-31
Wydawca:
Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
Tematy:
Teutonic Order
Teutonic castles
Teutonic Pflegers
Bytów
medieval fortifications
late medieval warfare
Opis:
Teutonic castles in Prussia have long captivated the interest of scholars, with greater emphasis placed on the fortresses of Teutonic commanders and, notably, Malbork Castle. Lesser attention, however, has been given to the castles of lower-ranking Teutonic officials. One such castle is the Teutonic Pflegers’ fortress in Bytów, which stands to this day. Research on this site has been ongoing since the early 20th century, primarily conducted by art historians who have predominantly relied on architectural elements to delve into the castle’s construction chronology and spatial arrangement. Remarkably, numerous written accounts, both medieval and modern (16th–17th centuries), have been preserved concerning this castle. By incorporating these historical documents alongside archaeological findings made over the past three decades, the authors have reassessed prior conclusions about the castle’s early history and reconstituted its medieval spatial layout. Regrettably, little information is available regarding the initial residence of the Teutonic Pflegers in Bytów during the latter half of the 14th century. The brick castle was erected around the turn of the 15th century, displaying a rectangular design with four corner towers. The primary building was located on the northwestern side. Within the courtyard, a distinctive feature was a transverse wall that divided the castle into two sections, viewing from the side of the kitchen. This architectural choice was distinct from other fortifications of Teutonic officials constructed in the first half of the 15th century in Prussia. The design of the castle in Bytów was innovative, while its architecture and spatial layout were to align with the evolving demands of warfare, such as the development of firearms.
Źródło:
Zapiski Historyczne; 2023, 88, 4; 5-37
0044-1791
2449-8637
Pojawia się w:
Zapiski Historyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Negotiations Leading to the Second Peace of Toruń
Rokowania prowadzące do zawarcia drugiego pokoju toruńskiego
Autorzy:
Szweda, Adam
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1194009.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
Tematy:
Polska
Prussia
the Teutonic Order
the Thirteen Years’ War
negotiations,
treaty documents
Opis:
Od pierwszych miesięcy trwania wojny trzynastoletniej odbywały się rozmowy, których celem było znalezienie pokojowego rozwiązania. Ich przebieg był warunkowany z jednej strony rozwojem działań wojennych, z drugiej – różnymi oczekiwaniami walczących stron. Zakon krzyżacki od początku prezentował stanowisko legalistyczne, odmawiając ustępstw, co zmieniło się dopiero po kolejnych klęskach i stratach terytorialnych. Stany pruskie uznające władzę króla domagały się całkowitego usunięcia Zakonu z Prus, natomiast elity polskie przejawiały chęć kompromisu. Z szeregu negocjacji wyróżnić można rozmowy w Kobelgrubbe w 1465 r., prowadzone w dużej mierze między przedstawicielami stanów – podległych królowi i wielkiemu mistrzowi. Pokazały one niemożność wewnątrzpruskiego porozumienia na późnym etapie konfliktu. Ostateczne porozumienie zostało zaprzysiężone przez obu panujących, obecnych podczas finalnej fazy negocjacji, co nadało porozumieniu obowiązującą moc prawną, jeszcze przed wymianą głównych dokumentów traktatowych.
Źródło:
Zapiski Historyczne; 2016, 81, 4; 31-46
0044-1791
2449-8637
Pojawia się w:
Zapiski Historyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Qui bona fide a non domino emit. Digesta justyniańskie jako prawny punkt odniesienia w sporze gminy miejskiej z władcą zwierzchnim w późnośredniowiecznych Prusach
Qui bona fide a non domino emit: Justinian’s Digest as the Legal Reference Point in the Conflict between the Urban Municipality and its Ruler in Prussia in the Late Middle Ages
Autorzy:
Kwiatkowski, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1194315.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
Tematy:
Late Middle Ages
Prussia
the Teutonic Order
Elbląg
towns
Roman law
conflicts
Opis:
The article addresses the conflict generated in the last decade of the 13th century between the Prussian branch of the Teutonic Order and the city of Elbląg. The analysis of the preserved sources allowed us to show the dynamics of the conflict, in which the authorities of Elbląg appealed not only to Canon law, but also to the norms of Roman civil law included in the Digesta (Pandects) of Justinian. It was an untypical conduct for then Prussian circumstances. On 16 August 1300 in Paris, the authorities of Elbląg obtained a legal interpretation concerning several controversial matters issued by two well-known lawyers – the advisor to King Philip IV of France, Pierre de Belleperche and Hugo de Besancon. The ruling was based on the interpretation of the sentence by Ulpian Domitius (Digesta 32,2,13). One of the problems addressed in the interpretation was the range of the military duties falling to Elbląg’s burghers regarding the Teutonic Order. The authorities of Elbląg endeavoured to find a legal explanation to support their negative attitude towards the Teutonic Order’s new practice of summoning new military contingents from the city of Elblag to take part in military activities undertaken by the Teutonic Order in the remote eastern edges of the Prussian Land. The legal opinion issued by both lawyers from Paris was favourable for the inhabitants of Elbląg, as it was stipulated that any decision about summoning was the jurisdiction of the Schultheiß (scultetus) elected by the city council. It is difficult to establish what the actual role of the opinion issued by the Paris lawyers was in the conflict between Elbląg and the Teutonic Order, but the mere fact that Elbląg’s burghers’ asked these lawyers in Paris for help indicates that the inhabitants of Elbląg at the end of the 13th century were not only affluent merchants, but also people with an ambition to exercise power. Such ambitions were supported by the authorities of the city, characterised by wide intellectual and cultural horizons. The actions undertaken by the inhabitants of Elbląg addressed in the article remain one of the very few examples of recourse to the ancient system of Roman law in a conflict concerning a particular local law (in this case the law of the city of Lübeck).
Źródło:
Zapiski Historyczne; 2017, 82, 3; 7-30
0044-1791
2449-8637
Pojawia się w:
Zapiski Historyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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