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    Wyświetlanie 1-6 z 6
    Tytuł:
    Bezpieczeństwo ekologiczne komarobójczych biocydów Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis
    Ecological safety of mosquitocidal biocides based on Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis
    Autorzy:
    Rydzanicz, K.
    Lonc, E.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2143450.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2010
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Parazytologiczne
    Tematy:
    Bacillus thuringiensis
    bezpieczenstwo ekologiczne
    produkty biobojcze
    biopreparaty
    komary
    preparaty owadobojcze
    zwalczanie biologiczne
    Opis:
    Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) has been developed into many products for the biological control of dipteran larvae, including mosquitoes (Culicidae), black flies (Simuliidae), and midges (Chironomidae) in various parts of the World. Bti appears to pose significantly less of a risk than other chemical pesticides used for mosquito control and eradication programs. Bioproducts based on Bti are highly selective with short environmental persistence, and thus they have very little potential to cause damage to populations of non-target organisms. So far, no example of an unexpected pathogenic organism being developed in the field as well as no examples of resistance to Bti both laboratory and field populations of mosquitoes have been documented. There are some indications that large declines in insect biomass can occur after long-term use of Bti in freshwater wetlands. However, no evidence for permanent damage to ecosystem function has been found. Organisms that utilized insects for food, adapted to the declines and either switched to other food sources or migrate (birds) outside of the treated zones to acquire insects. Even though over 40 tons of Bti have been applied in West Africa alone, no indications of human health or non-target effects have been reported.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Parazytologiczne; 2010, 56, 4; 305-314
    0043-5163
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Parazytologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Nieprzyjazne pasożytom a przyjazne środowisku trangeniczne bioinsektycydy
    Autorzy:
    Kucińska, J.
    Lonc, E.
    Rydzanicz, K.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2147609.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2003
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Parazytologiczne
    Tematy:
    zwalczanie pasozytow
    organizmy zmodyfikowane genetycznie
    biologiczne metody ochrony roslin
    inzynieria genetyczna
    Bacillus thuringiensis
    insektycydy biologiczne
    Opis:
    Transgenic bioinsecticides inimical to parasites, but imical to environment. Identification of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) parasporal crystalline inclusions composed of Cry proteins (=delta-endotoxins) resulted in introduction of microbial pesticides for biological control of some parasites. Delta-endotoxins are encoded by cry genes and are active against pest and nuisance insects (mostly mosquitoes and black flies - vectors of still important infectious diseases). The recent significant progress in DNA recombination technique may overcome limitations (a short residual persistence and a narrow spectrum of activity) associated with application of Bt conventional products. An introduction of cry genes from mosquitocidal subspecies B. th. israelensis (Bti) to the aquatic microorganisms inhabiting the same water bodies as mosquito and fly larvae (Diptera), has considerably improved the toxin delivery system to target insects. However, in the first experiments, in which Bti genes were cloned in cyanobacteria (Agmenellum quadruplicatum, Synechocystis PCC6803), a low gene expression was observed. Thus, it was necessary to integrate cry genes with strong promoters or to increase the number of vector-introduced copies. To overcome the obstacles of low gene expression and regulatory restriction for 1ecombinant organisms, Bti spore/crystal formulations were encapsulated in the aquatic protozoan, Tetrahymena pyriformis. Large numbers of crystals (180 to 240/cell) were accumulated in its food vacuoles. This system resulted also in an increase in toxin persistence from 24 to 71 h. Cloning Bti genes in B. sphaericus (which also produces mosquitocidal proteins) was another way of an increasing Bt crystal residual activity. In this case, the crystals were additionally protected by B. sphaericus exosporium. These transgenic bacteria produced large amounts of delta-endotoxins that remained under water surface longer than the wild B. sphaericus strains. Moreover, they had a broader spectrum of insecticidal activity, because B. Sphaericus is toxic mostly to Culex and Anopheles, and Bti - mostly to Culex, Aedes and some Simmulidae. Gram-negative bacteria (Asticcacaulis excentricus, Caulobacter crescentus and Ancylobacter aquaticus) turned out also to be effective delta-endotoxin producers. They grow on simple media and do not contain proteases which could degrade Cry proteins. In some cases, 100% mosquito larvae mortality was observed as a result of an exposure to transgenic microorganisms containing Bti genes. However, transgenic techniques are still not very popular in the world, despite their efficacy in biological control of insects. The transgenic organism construction is expensive and time-consuming. Genetic engineeling is still raising a lot of anxieties and doubts concerning inappropriate use of modified organisms. On the other hand, this technology could solve many problems associated with vectors of important diseases, which are still unapproachable to contemporary medicine.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Parazytologiczne; 2003, 49, 1; 11-20
    0043-5163
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Parazytologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Biologiczne zwalczanie pasożytów i szkodników a środowisko
    Implications of biological pest and parasite control for environment
    Autorzy:
    Lipa, J.J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2152364.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    1991
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Parazytologiczne
    Tematy:
    pasozyty
    szkodniki
    zwalczanie pasozytow
    zwalczanie szkodnikow
    metody zwalczania
    metody biologiczne
    wrogowie naturalni
    biopreparaty
    zwalczanie integrowane
    oddzialywanie na srodowisko
    zagrozenia srodowiska
    Opis:
    Biological control of parasites, vectors and pests must consider safety to non-target organisms and to the environment. The WHO safety procedure was discussed in respect to such agents as Bacillus thuringiensis, Romanomermis culicivorax, Gambusia affinis and others. Monitoring of the environment in which biological control treatments are performed is necessary to secure safety requirements as well as the efficiency of biological control programmes.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Parazytologiczne; 1991, 37, 4; 461-470
    0043-5163
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Parazytologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Antagonistyczne interakcje między grzybami saprotroficznymi a geohelmintami. 1. Grzyby saprotroficzne w walce biologicznej z nicieniami fitopatogenicznymi
    Antagonistic interactions between saprotrophic fungi and geohelminths. 1. Saprotrophic fungi in the biological control of phytopathogenic geohelminths
    Autorzy:
    Mazurkiewicz-Zapałowicz, K.
    Kołodziejczyk, L.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2143481.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2009
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Parazytologiczne
    Tematy:
    zwalczanie szkodnikow
    interakcje nicienie-grzyby
    oddzialywania antagonistyczne
    biologiczne metody ochrony roslin
    szkodniki roslin
    geohelminty
    nicienie pasozytnicze
    nicienie glebowe
    grzyby saprotroficzne
    Opis:
    The state of knowledge on the possible antagonism between soil saprotrophic fungi and phytopathogenic nematodes of the genera Meloidogyne, Heterodera, and Globodera is reviewed basing on the literature and our own research. Mycelial colonisation of various developmental stages of these geohelminths is the most common factor thought to reduce their populations in nature. The following parasitic fungi can be found on the cysts, eggs, as well as the larvae of the nematodes: Paecilomyces lilacinus, Verticillium chlamydosporium, Cylindrocarpon destructans, Pochonia chlamydosporia, Fusarium spp., and Penicillium spp. The fungi invade the nematodes, such as Heterodera, Globodera, or Meloidogyne, „passively” penetrating through the natural orifices of the cysts, eggs, and larvae of the host. Equally frequent, however, is a biochemical action of the fungi prior to colonisation, which is linked with production of mycotoxins or hydrolytic enzymes. Such an active way of fungal penetration of various stages of the phytopathogenic nematodes has been observed in Pochonia chlamydosporia, Penicillium verrucosum var. cyclopium, P. frequentans, Sclerotinia rolfsii, Rhizoctonia solani, and Fusarium spp. Triacylglycerols (TAG), phenols, as well as trichothecene, T-2, have been found in the metabolites extracted from mycelia of these species. Predation by fungi is also a factor that may reduce a population of phytopathogenic nematodes. This form of antagonism is characteristic for nematicidal fungi of the genera Arthrobotrys and Dactylella. These fungi form shrinking rings and hooks in their mycelia by which the fungus entangles and paralyses a migrating form of nematode. Despite the fact that the antagonism between fungi and nematodes is a commonly occurring phenomenon observed in the soil, the nematicidal and nematotoxic properties of fungi have not a wide application in biological plant protection. Up till now, only the bionematicides based on Arthrobotrys robusta (Royal 300 and Royal 350) as well as Paecilomyces lilacinus (Biocon and PL Plus) have found its commercial application.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Parazytologiczne; 2009, 55, 1; 1-8
    0043-5163
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Parazytologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Przegląd metod zwalczania szkodliwych stawonogów, w tym o znaczeniu medycznym i weterynaryjnym
    Survey of methods controlling arthropod pests of sanitary and veterinary importance
    Autorzy:
    Sobotka, W.
    Styczynska, B.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2152318.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    1991
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Parazytologiczne
    Tematy:
    stawonogi
    owady
    roztocze
    kleszcze
    organizmy szkodliwe
    wektory chorob
    zagrozenia zwierzat
    zagrozenia czlowieka
    zwalczanie szkodnikow
    metody zwalczania szkodnikow
    metody chemiczne
    srodki chemiczne
    substancje semiochemiczne
    metody biologiczne
    biopreparaty
    wrogowie naturalni
    Opis:
    Chemical and biological methods of the title arthropod pests control, during the past 1985-1989, have been reviewed. Among insecticides the chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphorous compounds, carbamates and particularly pyrethroides played still the outstanding role. Juvenoids, chitin synthesis inhibitors and semiochemicals such as pheromones and feeding deterrents were discussed. WHO recommended insecticides for mosquito, housefly, cockroach Pharaoh's ant, flea, and bedbug control in Poland have been listed. Some biological methods applied against agricultural pests were mentioned.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Parazytologiczne; 1991, 37, 1; 167-171
    0043-5163
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Parazytologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Charakterystyka enzymów proteo-, chityno- i lipolitycznych pasożytniczego grzyba Conidiobolus coronatus
    Characterization of proteo-, chitino- and lipolytic enzymes of parasitic fungus Conidiobolus coronatus
    Autorzy:
    Włóka, E
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2143413.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2010
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Parazytologiczne
    Tematy:
    grzyby pasozytnicze
    grzyby entomopatogenne
    Conidiobolus coronatus
    Entomophthorales
    enzymy proteolityczne
    elastaza
    N-acetyloglukozaminidaza
    enzymy chitynolityczne
    enzymy lipolityczne
    lipaza
    aktywnosc enzymatyczna
    owady
    barciak wiekszy
    Galleria mellonella
    zwalczanie szkodnikow
    metody biologiczne
    grzyby owadobojcze
    Opis:
    The largest problem in limitation of insect pest population is increasing resistance of them to chemical pesticides. Alternative are entomopathogens, which regulate frequency of insect pests. Among them decisive role play entomopathogenic fungi, which possess the ability to active penetration through cuticle by mechanical pressure of invasive hypha and production of proteo-, chitino- (egzo- and endochitinases) as well as lipolytic enzymes, which provide nutrients for subsequent development of fungus. Entomopathogenic soil fungus Conidiobolus coronatus (Entomophtorales) is saprophyte fungus, which demonstrates a high efficiency in the paralysis of varied insects. Although leading investigations over mechanism of insect paralysis, we still do not know, what role fungal enzymes play in insect cuticle penetration. The main aim of research was establishment of optimal conditions for elastase, N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGase), chitobiosidase as well as lipase. Optimal reaction parameters were determined: volume of reaction mixture, volume of homogenate, working pH and the substrate concentration. Having on aim a possible use of C. coronatus in pest control, two ranges of temperatures were chosen: 20°C – optimal temperature for the fungus growing and 30°C – optimal temperature for the cultivation of the great wax moth larvae, Galleria mellonella, on which examinations were performed. Also kinetic constants Km and Vmax were determined. Activity of elastase and N-acetylglucosaminidase of C. coronatus was measured spectrophotometrically at 410 nm (towards N-Succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Leu-p-Nitroanilide) and 405 nm (towards 4-Nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-b-D-glucosaminide), respectively. The following optimal conditions of elastase activity were established: the volume of reaction mixture 0.5 ml, volume of homogenate 1 ml, temperature 30°C, pH 8, substrate concentration 40 mM. Optimal conditions of NAGase assay: the volume of reaction mixture 0.5 ml, dose of homogenate 12.5 ml, temperature 30°C, pH neutral and 6 mM substrate concentration. The activities of chitobiosidase and lipase were measured spectrofluorometrically (Ex=360 nm, Em=450 nm) towards 4-Methylumbelliferyl b-D-N-N’-diacetylchitobioside and 4-Methylumbelliferyl oleate, respectively. Chitobiosidase showed the highest activity in dose of 30 ml in 1 ml volume of reaction mixture, at the temperature of 30°C, pH 7 and substrate concentration equal to 2 mM. Lipase showed the highest catalytic activity in 1 ml volume of reaction mixture, in 30°C but 50 ml of homogenate, pH 10 and 10 mM substrate concentration were needed. Higher activity investigated enzymes in 30°C than 20°C indicated that they can take part in pathogenesis. It was suggested that as first in perforation of coats of insects body elastase and lipase take part. Indicated of it, large thermoresistance of both enzymes (only 10.5% decrease of elastase activity at 20°C and 9.4% decrease of lipase activity in comparison with maximal activity at 30°C), alkalophilicity of both proteins (elastase shows the alkaline optimal pH equal to 8 at pH 9 preserves 97% activity, and at pH 10 94% activity, respectively while lipase prefers the pH 10 and at pH 8 and pH 9 enzyme keeps 57 and 60% activity, respectively) as well as lack of repression by suitable substrates. Sigmoid character of curve concerning pH influence on the activity of both enzymes, also indicates similarity between elastase and lipase. On minor part of NAGase and chitobiosidase of fungus C. coronatus in perforation of coats of host body showed high sensibility of both enzymes on hydrogen ions concentration: both enzymes prefer neutral pH, in pH 6 and 8 lose over 35% activity but subjection to substrate repression and 3–4-fold growth of activity followed only in 30°C. In the course of work it was found, that rich medium (LB) stimulates growth of mycelium and production of fungal lipases. So far nobody managed to isolate chitinolytic or lipolytic enzymes from C. coronatus homogenate. The majority of fungal enzymes were isolated from post incubation filtrates. In the literature of the subject lack of data about C. coronatus NAGase, therefore in examinations also the trial of isolation NAGase from C. coronatus homogenate was undertaken. Activity of NAGase showed only first fraction, which did not separate with none of used columns. Disappointing results of purification on cation exchanger CM, weak anion exchanger DEAE, and strong anion exchanger Q were obtained as well as after fractionation tests with the use of Microcon microcolumns. In aim of NAGase molecular mass estimation, two zymograms were made with Triton X-100 and casein and with the use of fluorescent substrate 4-Methylumbelliferyl N-acetyl-b-D-glucosaminide. Molecular mass of NAGase from C. coronatus was established on ca. 60 kDa. This is the first report describing molecular weight of NAGase from C. coronatus. Examined NAGase has different properties than known NAGases from other entomopathogenic fungi. Although its molecular weight is equal to the Metarhizium anisopliae NAGase, optimal pH for both NAGases are different: neutral in the case of C. coronatus NAGase versus acidic in the case of M. anisopliae NAGase. Knowledge of molecular mass of the C. coronatus NAGase should allow to find a new method of this enzyme isolation from C. coronatus homogenate. Thanks to developed methods of assaying activities of elastase, NAGase, chitobiosidase and lipase, real becomes the understanding of mechanism of insects paralysis through C. coronatus fungus.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Parazytologiczne; 2010, 56, 1; 83-85
    0043-5163
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Parazytologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-6 z 6

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