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    Tytuł:
    Prognoza zmian składu gatunkowego drzewostanów Białowieskiego Parku Narodowego
    Forecast of changes in the tree species composition of forest stands in the Bialowieza National Park
    Autorzy:
    Gazda, A.
    Miścicki, S.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/989230.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    lesnictwo
    Bialowieski Park Narodowy
    drzewostany
    sklad gatunkowy
    dorost
    ubytki
    miazszosc drzew
    przyrost miazszosci
    zmiany skladu gatunkowego
    prognozy
    increment
    ingrowth
    hornbeam
    mortality
    size−class model
    strict protection
    volume
    Opis:
    The studies initiated by Włoczewski in 1936 revealed changes in the species composition of forest stands in the Białowieża National Park. This led to the question about what these changes would be in the future. The aim of our study was to predict changes in the volume of tree species in the so called Strict Reserve in the Białowieża National Park over the period of 40 years. A size−class growth model was developed for this purpose. The average merchantable timber volume for each of the eleven taxa was calculated for the successive 10−year intervals, and the increase in standing volume as well as the volume of tree loss (mortality) and ingrowth were calculated for these intervals. The empirical material was taken from the permanent and temporary sample plots. The permanent plots (160) were measured in 2000, 2002, 2004 and 2011. The empirical data were used to determine, separately for each species, the relationship between trees dbh and mortality (fig. 1), diameter growth (fig. 2) or the rate of saplings (height of 0.3−1.3 m) growth into the first dbh class (0.1−1.9 cm). The temporary sample plots (460) were measured in 1995 and 2005, and the data were used to validate the size−class growth model and predict timber volume in the period 1995−2005 (tab.). The results of the validation may indicate significant changes in standing volume for the majority of tree species in the period 2005−2045 (fig. 3). In 2045, hornbeam will dominate. The volume increment in the period 2005−2045 will remain at almost the same level, the volume of tree loss will decrease and the volume of ingrowth will slightly increase, beginning from 2015 (fig. 4). Only five taxa will have a significant share in the ingrowth throughout the period 2005−2045, of which approx. 85% will be hornbeam in the period 2035−2045 (fig. 5). The observed changes in the species composition of forest stands in the Białowieża National Park may be the result of global, regional as well as local factors such as the pressure of herbivorous ungulates on young trees. Anticipating changes in the structure of forest stands may be useful in planning the protection of forest areas by reducing the impact of local factors on forest stands (regeneration) in an indirect way.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2016, 160, 04; 309-319
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Śmiertelność fauny na szlakach turystycznych w zależności od ich szerokości i położenia
    Mortality of invertebrate fauna on hiking trails depends on their width and location
    Autorzy:
    Bajor, P.
    Trynkos, M.
    Skłodowski, J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/985788.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    turystyka
    fauna epigeiczna
    bezkregowce
    smiertelnosc zwierzat
    smiertelnosc weekendowa
    turysci
    oddzialywanie na srodowisko
    okolice Warszawy
    Nadlesnictwo Chojnow
    lasy
    szlaki turystyczne
    outdoor recreation
    tourism
    forest
    a. stercorosus
    trial width
    weekend mortality
    Opis:
    The study tested the following hypotheses: the mortality of invertebrate fauna is higher (1) on wide trails than on narrow ones, (2) on sections near the entrance to the forest than on the parts located within the forest, and (3) during the weekend than during the workdays. To assess the mortality of epigeic fauna trampled on hiking trails, the most frequented trails in the Chojnów Forest District (central Poland) were selected. On each trail, 100 m long segments were designated near the boundary with open terrain (‘entrance' sections) and inside the forest, 500 m from the edge. Paths wide less than 1.5 m were considered as narrow, while those wider than 3 m as wide ones. Data was collected in 2016 and 2017 (8 and 7 inspections, respectively). A total of 752 trampled animals belonging to 25 species or taxa were found. GLM analysis did not reveal significant differences between the number specimens or species trampled on trails with different location or width. However there were more dead individuals and species on the entrance segments. Also, more dead specimens and species were found on wider paths, but the difference was not significant (fig. 1, tab.). The number of trampled invertebrates increased significantly during the weekend (fig. 2, tab.). NMDS clearly ordered the data from fauna collected at the entrance trails to those collected within the forest (fig. 3). 74.9% of the variation in species data was explained by the first PCA axis and 14.0% by the second one. The first axis was associated with the trail location (fig. 4). Points representing invertebrate fauna found on narrow paths (especially inside the forest stand) are located closer together than points representing fauna on wide trails (especially those bordering on open areas). The PCA correlated the most significant trampling of the dor beetle (A. stercorosus) with narrow trails within the stand and trampling of the spring dor beetle (T. vernalis) with wide paths near the entrance. The impact of hiking on the forest and all of its fauna is still little known. In order to effectively counteract its negative effects and protect organisms present on trails, research should be continued.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2018, 162, 04; 325-332
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Urządzenia akustyczne UOZ-1 sposobem na ograniczenie kolizji z udziałem zwierząt na liniach kolejowych
    Sonic deterring devices UOZ-1 as a tool to limit collisions with animals along the railways
    Autorzy:
    Jasińska, K.
    Werka, J.
    Krauze-Gryz, D.
    Wasilewski, M.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/990028.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    zwierzeta dziko zyjace
    wedrowki zwierzat
    linie kolejowe
    zagrozenia zwierzat
    kolizje z pociagami
    odstraszanie zwierzat
    odstraszacze akustyczne
    urzadzenie UOZ-1
    skutecznosc
    railways
    natural sounds
    density of tracks
    animals mortality
    Opis:
    Modernization of railways in Poland should ensure not only safety of passengers, but also limit their negative impact on the environment, especially possibility of train collisions with animals. The aim of the study conducted in the years 2007−2013 on the E20 railway Mińsk Mazowiecki−Siedlce were (1) to record places where animals cross the railway most often, both on the stretches secured and unsecured with sonic deterring devices (UOZ−1), and (2) to specify the number and locations of collisions of trains with mammals. Winter tracking along the railways identified 12 mammal species that crossed the railways. These included four ungulates (moose, red deer, roe deer, wild boar) and eight smaller mammals (red fox, marten, domestic dog, domestic cat, polecat, stoat, brown hare, red squirrel). The average number of tracks of all mammals was higher on the stretches with UOZ−1 than on the stretches over 100 meters away from UOZ−1 (1.52 and 1.01/100 m, respectively, p<0.0001). For ungulates it was higher on the stretches with UOZ−1 (0.66 and 0.38/100 m respectively, p<0.0005) as well. During the study 26 cases of animals kills as result of collisions with trains were recorded: 9 mooses, 2 red deer, 7 roe deer, 15 wild boars, 1 fox, 1 stone marten, 4 dogs. Most of these collisions took place out of the range of UOZ−1.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2014, 158, 02; 143-150
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wybrane parametry populacyjne brudnicy mniszki (Lymantria monacha L.) na powierzchniach objętych i wyłączonych z zabiegu chemicznego zwalczania w Nadleśnictwie Tuczno w 2003 roku
    Chosen population parameters of Lymantria monacha L. in stands of the Tuczno Forest District subjected to chemical control treatments in 2003, and in those not exposed to such treatments
    Autorzy:
    Sałek, P.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1015714.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2007
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    zmiany liczebnosci
    samce
    Lymantria monacha
    brudnica mniszka
    lasy
    lesnictwo
    chemiczne metody ochrony roslin
    larwy
    liczebnosc
    zwalczanie szkodnikow
    wystepowanie
    owady
    ochrona lasu
    Nadlesnictwo Tuczno
    nun moth
    abundance
    mortality
    chemical control
    Opis:
    A dynamic increase in the nun moth (L. monacha L.) population was observed in the territory of the Tuczno Forest District. For this reason a large part of forest complexes was subjected to chemical control of this pest species. At the same time, the monitoring of larvae abundance was carried out by way of the checks of fallen excrements and counts of male butterflies caught in pheromone traps. In the later period a drastic decline in larvae population abundance was noted in both, stands subjected to control treatments and those not exposed to such treatments. The population of male butterflies of nun moth in 2003 was the least abundant since 1996 in both, stands subjected and not subjected to control treatments.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2007, 151, 08; 49-57
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wiek rębności w lesie normalnym oraz lesie celowym
    Rotation age in normal and target forests
    Autorzy:
    Klocek, A.
    Piekutin, J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/973332.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    model lasu celowego
    model lasu normalnego
    drzewostany
    proces ubywania
    proces przezywania
    leśnictwo
    wiek rębności
    deterministic model of normal forest
    probabilistic model of target forest
    survival and mortality processes
    Opis:
    The paper focuses on the deterministic model of normal forest, the probabilistic model of target forest and the processes related to the survival and mortality of forest stands suitable for these models. They are the basis for the assumptions, presented in this paper, of two different methods of regulating rotation age adequate for normal forest and target forest. Optimizing the rotation age of a stand is essential for the regulation of forest production. It aims to establish such an age−dependent state of stand, which is the most desirable from the point of view of the adopted forest management objectives. Because of the long−term cycle of stand development, optimizing the age at which a stand is considered mature for felling usually means maximizing the average annual increase in stand volume. Under the conditions of normal forest, the concept formulated in the first half of the nineteenth century, the above optimization criterion has the form of the equation [2]. The current annual increase of timber production (Pb (tu)) at the optimal rotationage (tu) is equal to the average annual increment (Pp(tu)). At this age, the intensity (rate) of thecurrent growth of the production function (Pb(tu)/P(tu)) becomes equal to the fractionof the stand area (1/tu). These relationships are illustrated in figure 3. The model of target forest is derived from the random nature of two opposing processes described as 'survival' and 'mortality' of forests. This is reflected in the transition probability matrix where a forest stand moves from the younger age class to the older or to the youngest age class. The probability function (U(t)) of stand survival in individual management periods (t) developed on the basis of these data, is one of the main parameters of the optimization equation for the rotation age of target forest [11]. Formula [13] indicates that the optimal rotation age (t=tu) is when the rate of growth in the volume of merchantable timber (Pb(t)/P(t)) and the negative growth rate (decline) for a part or the entirestand (Ub(t)/U(t)) are equal to a fraction of the stand area. These interactions are illustrated infigure 8, which additionally presents the effect of the decline in the survival rate on the optimal rotation age (tu). This age may be analyzed separately for natural disasters and for clear−cuttingof stands in accordance with the forest management plan. These two categories of effects mayalso be dealt with jointly.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2015, 159, 12; 971-988
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wpływ zastosowania trocin w uprawie jednorocznej sosny zwyczajnej na liczebność pędraków chrabąszczy
    Effect of sawdust addition into one-year-old Scots pine plantation on number of Melolontha grubs
    Autorzy:
    Małecka, M.
    Sierota, Z.
    Tarwacki, G.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/991161.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    lesnictwo
    ochrona lasu
    zakladanie upraw
    uprawy sosnowe
    zabiegi ochronne
    trociny
    stosowanie doglebowe
    wymieszanie trocin z gleba
    szkodniki roslin
    wystepowanie
    chrabaszcz
    Melolontha
    pedraki
    liczebnosc
    sadzonki
    przezywalnosc
    melolontha
    frequency
    scots pine
    seedlings
    mortality
    sawdust
    soil
    Opis:
    Number of Melolontha grubs in forest soils reforested with Scots pine (Lubartów A, LA, Lubartow B, LB) and those in post agricultural soils afforested with this species (Swierczyna, SW) were assessed before (autumn 2011, spring 2012) and one year after (2013) planting. At the same time, mortality of seedlings was evaluated on both study sites. Pine sawdust was mixed with soil in rows (treatment T1) or applied under seedling roots just before planting in April 2012 (treatment T2). In May 2013, seedling mortality varied significantly, from 27.5% in LB to 51.0% in LA, whereas the differences between the treatments were not significant. The mean number of Melolontha grubs decreased from 35/0.15 m³ of soil in autumn 2011 to 3/0.15 m³ in spring 2012 and in spring 2013. The differences depended on the site, treatment and grubs spatial distribution in soil. Addition of sawdust did not influence either seedlings, or insects mortality. T2 was more beneficial for Scots pine seedlings growing on agricultural soils, while treatment T1 – for those on forest soils. On the other hand, pine sawdust applied under roots of the seedlings seemed to attract Melolontha spp. grubs.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2014, 158, 08; 604-613
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Prognoza rozwoju drzewostanów lasu naturalnego z wykorzystaniem modelu według klas wymiarów
    Forecast of the development of natural forest resources using a size-class growth model
    Autorzy:
    Gazda, A.
    Miscicki, S.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/972934.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    drzewostany
    buk zwyczajny
    Fagus sylvatica
    Abies alba
    modele wzrostu
    las naturalny
    prognozowanie rozwoju
    Roztocze
    leśnictwo
    Bukowa Góra
    jodła pospolita
    model wzrostu według klas wymiarów
    silver fir
    increment
    mortality
    Roztoczański National Park
    European beech
    Opis:
    The size−class growth model is an empirical model applicable for the prediction of the dynamics of natural forest growth. It is based on the following assumptions: (1) changes in the forest condition are determined on the basis of the sum of the changes that take place in individual size classes, (2) the trees in a given class are represented by single average tree, (3) the calculation of the future tree density distribution in size classes (fig. 1) is the main element of the prediction, and (4) the future tree density distribution is estimated on the basis of the initial structure, actual growth and mortality of trees in individual size classes. The aim of the research was to develop a size−class growth model to be used for the preparation of a medium−term forecast of natural forest dynamics. The study site is located on the Bukowa Góra Mt in the Roztoczański National Park (SE Poland). For the analyses we took all uneven−aged stands (128 ha in total) composed mostly of silver fir and European beech. The material was collected on 65 permanent sample plots every five years in the period 1991−2011. Trees with the breast height diameter (DBH)8 cm were measured on each sample plot (500 m2), while smaller trees – on three smaller concentric plots. We calculated, separately for fir and beech, the relationship between the mortality of trees and their diameter (fig. 2), the relationship between the diameter increment of trees and their DBH (figs. 3−4), the rate of saplings (h=0.3−1.3 m) growth into the first DBH class (DBH=0.1−1.9 cm). On the basis of these data, we elaborated a size−class growth model that we used to predict the development of timber resources (trees with DBH 8 cm) at 10−year intervals in the period 2001− −2041. In 2011, the predicted average standing volume was lower than the one actually measured. The forecast indicated an increase in the average standing volume (fig. 5), a reduction in the volume of ingrowth (fig. 6), an increase in the proportion of beech in the standing volume and ingrowth (figs. 5 and 7) and the maintenance of a similar density structure (fig. 8) throughout the period 2001−2041. The low accuracy of the prediction after 10 years (in 2011) was caused by the difference between the predicted and actual values of tree growth and mortality in the period 2001−2011.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2016, 160, 03; 207-218
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Zastosowanie modelu ryzyka uszkodzenia drzewostanu przez wiatr do oceny procesu śmiertelności drzew w Sudetach w latach 2015-2017
    Application of the wind damage risk model for the assessment of tree mortality in the Sudety Mts. in 2015-2017 period
    Autorzy:
    Dmyterko, E.
    Bruchwald, A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/979365.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    Sudety
    drzewostany
    wiatry
    szkody w lesie
    ryzyko uszkodzenia
    modele ryzyka uszkodzenia
    zamieranie drzew
    czynniki klimatyczne
    lata 2015-2017
    leśnictwo
    drzewa leśne
    RDLP Wrocław
    tree mortality
    critical value of deadwood harvest
    wind damage risk model
    forest threat measure
    Opis:
    A dynamic process of mortality of Norway spruce stands in south−west Poland, mainly in the Sudety Mts. was observed in 2015. It was associated with an insufficient amount of precipitation in the growing season. This process was intensified by the outbreak of insects, especially bark beetles. The aim of the paper was to verify the hypothesis that the application of the stand damage risk model allows to identify stands, which may possibly be predisposed to mortality, after a long−lasting drought in the growing season. The studies concerned the forests of the Wrocław Regional Directorate of State Forests (tab. 1). Their area covers 245,000 ha, the timber volume amounts to 83 million m3 (338 m3/ha) and the volume increment to 2.3 million m3 (9.4 m3/year/ha). The fraction of spruce is the largest (50.3%), ranging from 7.1% (Pieńsk Forest District) to 84.8% (Lądek−Zdrój Forest District). The average age of stands is 74 years, ranging from 56 (Pieńsk Forest District) to 85 years (Jawor Forest District). The drought in 2015 caused an increase in the dynamics of spruce decline. The ratio of harvested to model deadwood volume at a level of up to 5% was assumed the ‘norm’ that characterizes the process of natural spruce mortality. Values higher than normal mean a more intense process of tree mortality caused by external factors (e.g. hurricane winds, floods, droughts). In 2014, the harvested deadwood was below the norm in 15 forest districts (fig. 1). In 2015, the highest ratio values (above 20%) were reported in the Wałbrzych and Szklarska Poręba forest districts (fig. 1). In 2016, the harvest of deadwood in each forest district exceeded the norm, and the highest values were found in the Jawor (102.3%), Bardo Śląskie (83.3%) and Świdnica (69.7%) forest districts. In 2017, the highest ratios of harvested to model deadwood volume were reported in the Bardo Śląskie (117.2%), Jawor (83.6%), Henryków (83.5%) and Świdnica (67.1%) forest districts. The model was found to identify also the stands that are most threatened by droughts. These are stands in the highest damage risk factor Wr class. The highest percentage of deadwood in this damage class was in Jawor (88.8%), Bardo Śląskie (81.9%), Miękinia (79.4%), Świdnica (76.7%), Henryków (73.8) and Złotoryja (73.6%) forest districts. It was also shown that the average value of the measure of threat to forests Ms was 35, qualifying them as highly threatened (fig. 3). Forests characterized by the highest level of threat Ms>40 was found in five forest districts, while in nine others the level of threat was high. The forests of the Sudety Mts. are threatened by the decline and the main direct causes of this process was the long−lasting drought in the growing season, causing damage to the stands earlier weakened by wind and other factors.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2019, 163, 11; 903-912
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Podatność sadzonek sosny zwyczajnej i świerka pospolitego na infekcję opieńką ciemną w warunkach podwyższonej koncentracji CO2 w powietrzu
    Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings susceptibility to infection by Armillaria ostoyae under increased CO2 concentration
    Autorzy:
    Lech, P.
    Żółciak, A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/989044.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    lesnictwo
    sosna zwyczajna
    Pinus sylvestris
    swierk pospolity
    Picea abies
    sadzonki
    infekcja grzybowa
    grzyby
    opienka ciemna
    Armillaria ostoyae
    czynniki srodowiska
    dwutlenek wegla
    koncentracja dwutlenku wegla
    wzrost roslin
    odpornosc na patogeny
    armillaria ostoyae
    growth and mortality of seedlings
    infection intensity
    co²
    Opis:
    Comparative cultivation experiment was carried out in the greenhouse to verify the assumption that increased air CO2 concentration (up to 1000 ppm) stimulates the infection intensity and mortality rate of Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings subjected to the artificial inoculation with Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink. It was found that increased air CO2 concentration reduces the intensity of pine and spruce seedlings infection by A. ostoyae, what was expressed both by the greater number of healthy and lower number of died seedlings at the end of 16−months−long experiment. However, the statistical significance of the observed differences was confirmed in case of only one out of three A. ostoyae isolates used in the experiment. It was also found that during the first 12 months of the experiment growth of pine and spruce seedlings was significantly stimulated by 1000 ppm air CO2 concentration compared to the ambient air conditions (approximately 380 ppm CO2) with not statistically significant effect of A. ostoyae presence. It was manifested for both tree species with significantly higher values of diameter at the stem base in all variants subjected to increased air CO2 concentration. No such difference was observed for the height of seedlings. All the findings suggest that elevated air CO2 concentration may compensate negative impact of disease on growth at the early stages of pathogen attack.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2017, 161, 05; 385-394
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Zmiany udziału buka, jodły i świerka w dolnoreglowych drzewostanach naturalnych w rezerwacie "Dolina Łopusznej" (Gorczański Park Narodowy)
    Changes in the proportion of beech, fir and spruce in the natural stands of the lower-montane zone in the 'Łopuszna Valley' Reserve (Gorczanski National Park)
    Autorzy:
    Jaworski, A.
    Pach, M.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/991817.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    lesnictwo
    Gorczanski Park Narodowy
    regiel dolny
    rezerwaty przyrody
    rezerwat Dolina Lopusznej
    drzewostany naturalne
    sklad gatunkowy
    zmiany skladu gatunkowego
    buk zwyczajny
    Fagus sylvatica
    jodla pospolita
    Abies alba
    swierk pospolity
    Picea abies
    liczba drzew
    zasobnosc drzewostanu
    klasy grubosci
    number of trees
    stand volume
    species composition
    mortality
    regeneration
    Opis:
    In the natural stands of the lower−montane zone in the 'Łopuszna Valley' Reserve (Gorczański National Park) consisting of beech, fir and spruce, a specific phenomenon was observed, which in other natural forests of the Western Carpathians occurred only occasionally. In the years 1981−2011, along with the increase in the proportion of beech in stands and in regeneration, which is now common issue in the forests of Central Europe, an increase or stability in the proportion of fir in stands and an increase in the proportion of fir in the undergrowth was reported. At the same time, the number of spruces in stands clearly decreased, while in the regeneration they occurred sporadically. Reduction in the proportion of spruce leads to a change in the species composition of multi−species stands i.e. from stands with co−dominant beech, fir and spruce to stands with dominant beech or co−dominant beech and fir. In managed forests, it is necessary to maintain the prevalence of all tree species for their productivity, which requires the application of the best silvicultural practices (regeneration and tending).
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2013, 157, 03; 213-222
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-10 z 10

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