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    Tytuł:
    Skarby wczesnośredniowiecznego Śląska w kontekście znalezisk wielkopolskich
    Hoards of Early Medieval Silesia in the Context of Finds from Greater Poland
    Autorzy:
    Butent-Stefaniak, Barbara
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/532239.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy
    Tematy:
    srebro
    skarby srebrne
    skarby wczesnośredniowieczne monety
    wczesnośredniowieczne
    denary
    silver
    silver hoards
    early medieval hoards
    early medieval coins
    denars
    Opis:
    At least 110 sites with finds of early medieval coins have been recorded so far in Silesia. These include 62 hoards, 29 graves, 22 settlements and 14 stray and undefined. Finds from Greater Poland were much more numerous, as in 2010 their number amounted to as many as 237, including about 160 hoards. The earliest Silesian finds of early medieval coins are dated to the first half of the 10thc. At the settlement in Wszemirów, 3 fragments of dirhams minted after 914 were found. The earliest find, coming from an unknown locality (Śląsk XIII), contained (apart from illegible fragments of dirhams) a small part of an English coin of Athelstan (924–939). Other deposits, containing exclusively Oriental coins are dated to after 942/3 (Śląsk XIV) and after 954 (Sośnica). West European coins are primarily German denars from the Bavarian- Swabian circle, and they appeared in assemblages dated to the 970s (Obiszów, Niemcza). Silesian hoards from the 10th c. also contained considerable numbers of Bohemian coins, cross denars, various German coins, a somewhat lower number of Danish half-bracteates, single English, Italian and French specimens, as well as Ancient Roman denars. Apart from coins, there were also ornaments and silver raw materials, sometimes blanks (usually strongly fragmented). The weight of these assemblages oscillates between c. 7 g to 1.140 g, while the average weight is c. 100–600 g. 10th c. hoards from Greater Poland represent at least 42 finds. The earliest ones appear as early as the second quarter of this century (e.g. Piwonice, Ochle, Gościejewice). Other ones are dated to the 950s and 960s. the earliest assemblages contain exclusively Oriental coins and jewellery. Earlier on in Silesia, that is, in the 950s, the first West European denars occur in deposits, apart from dirhams. Such denars come from Cologne and Bavaria (Kuźnica Czarnkowska, Grzybowo, Gwiazdowo). In somewhat later assemblages there are also Bohemian, English, Danish and Italian cross denars, Byzantine milliarenses, single Ancient Roman denars or French coins. However, the ratio of dirhams is still somewhat higher than in Silesia. Apart from coins, jewellery and silver raw materials occur, and they are less fragmented than in Silesia. The weight of Greater Poland’s deposits from this period is from c. 7 g to 15 kg of silver (Dzierżnica II), c. 200–600 g being the average range of weight.
    Źródło:
    Studia Lednickie; 2014, 13; 39-48
    0860-7893
    2353-7906
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Lednickie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Monety odkryte w obiektach na stanowisku Giecz 10 w latach 2014-2019
    The coins discovered on the Giecz site 10 in the years 2014-2019
    Autorzy:
    Pisula, Norbert
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2044578.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021
    Wydawca:
    Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy
    Tematy:
    Giecz
    stanowisko Giecz 10
    cmentarzysko wczesnośredniowieczne
    monety wczesnośredniowieczne
    Giecz 10 site
    an early medieval burial ground
    early medieval coins
    Opis:
    Podczas badań archeologicznych prowadzonych w latach 2014-2019 na stanowisku Giecz 10 natrafi ono na cmentarzysko wczesnośredniowieczne. Z odkrytych na stanowisku 385 numizmatów 16 znajdowało się w obiektach archeologicznych (w tym 14 wewczesnośredniowiecznych grobach). Celem pracy jest rozpoznanie odkrytych w obiektach monet i próba określenia chronologii cmentarzyska na podstawie ich datowania.
    During archaeological research conducted in the years 2014-2019 on the Giecz site 10, an early medieval burial ground was found. 385 old coins were discovered, out of which 16 were located in archaeological sites (of which 14 are in early medieval graves). The aim of the study is to recognize the coins discovered in the features and to assess the chronology of the burial ground on the basis of their dating
    Źródło:
    Studia Lednickie; 2021, 20; 197-214
    0860-7893
    2353-7906
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Lednickie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Cmentarzysko wczesnośredniowieczne w Gieczu, stan. 10, woj. wielkopolskie - wyniki badań z lat 2014-2019
    Early medieval burial ground in Giecz, site 10, Wielkopolska Voivodeship – the results of the research from the years 2014-2019
    Autorzy:
    Miciak, Magda
    Agnew, Amanda M.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2044582.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021
    Wydawca:
    Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy
    Tematy:
    Giecz
    stan. 10
    cmentarzysko wczesnośredniowieczne
    wyposażenie grobowe
    the early medieval burial ground
    grave goods
    Opis:
    Artykuł prezentuje dotychczasowe wyniki badań przeprowadzonych na cmentarzysku wczesnośredniowiecznym, na stanowisku Giecz 10. W ciągu sześciu sezonów badawczych odkryto tam 133 pochówki wczesnośredniowieczne, wśród których szczególną uwagę zwracają groby z konstrukcjami drewnianymi lub w obstawie kamiennej, groby o nietypowym ułożeniu zmarłego (pozycja podkurczona na boku lub pozycja na brzuchu), groby o odmiennej orientacji oraz groby zawierające podwójne pochówki kobiet z małymi dziećmi. W większości z nich odkryto wyposażenie grobowe w postaci monet, ozdób lub przedmiotów codziennego użytku (w tym egzemplarze o unikalnym charakterze), które – wraz z analizami 14C, wykonanymi dla 7 pochówków – pozwalają określić chronologię cmentarzyska na okres od początku XI wieku (być może nawet końca X) do wieku XIII.
    The article presents the results of the research conducted so far on the early medieval burial ground at site 10 in Giecz. Over six seasons of research, 133 early medieval graves have been discovered. Graves of wooden construction or encased in stone, as well as graves with an unusual arrangement (the deceased bent on the side and on the stomach), with different orientation, or double graves of women with small children draw particular attention. In the majority of graves, grave goods were found such as coins, ornaments or household items (including pieces of unique character). These finds – together with 14C analyses conducted for 7 graves – made it possible to determine the chronology of the burial ground to the period dating from the beginning of the 11th century (or even the end of the 10th century) till the 13th century.
    Źródło:
    Studia Lednickie; 2021, 20; 125-195
    0860-7893
    2353-7906
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Lednickie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Cmentarzysko wczesnośredniowieczne w Gieczu, stan. 10. Wstępne wyniki badań
    Early medieval cemetery in Giecz, site. 10. Preliminary research results
    Autorzy:
    Miciak, Magda
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/532006.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy
    Tematy:
    Giecz
    wczesnośredniowieczne cmentarzysko szkieletowe
    XI–XIII w.
    early medieval inhumation cemetery
    eleventh-thirteenth centuries
    Opis:
    Discovered in 2013, the inhumation cemetery in Giecz, site 10, is the fourth funeral site related to the early medieval settlement complex that developed around one of the principal stronghold centres of the first Piast site. The cemetery is located about 500m north-west of the stronghold, near an early medieval settlement discovered during surface research in 1928. During three excavation seasons (2014–2016), 55 burials and several dozen settlement features from the period preceding the establishment of the cemetery were discovered and excavated at the site. In general, the graves were oriented along an east-west axis, forming a row system characteristic of early medieval cemeteries. The burial pits were distinct, mostly rectangular, with rounded corners, of varying dimensions. In a few cases, traces of wood were observed. These were interpreted as a formwork or a wooden construction framing the grave or a specific widening of a burial pit suggesting a remnant of the bier. The deceased were placed in an extended supine position, their heads mostly to the west, with arms folded along the body or on the pelvis. These rules were not always respected in the case of the graves of small children, but also several adults were positioned differently in graves (with the head facing east, flexed on the side or with the hand on the abdomen or the chest). Most of the burials were single, but a double grave was also discovered, in which a small child was later interred into in the grave of an adult woman. Grave goods were recovered from 31 burials. They were mainly everyday items (knives, buckets with iron rings, spindles or fragments of combs), coins and ornaments, among which noteworthy are two necklaces consisting of glass beads and semi-precious stones found in children’s graves. A very preliminary analysis of the grave goods (the excavated artefacts have not yet been subject to conservation) suggests that the cemetery functioned between the eleventh and the thirteenth centuries. Excavations at Giecz, site 10, are going to be continued under a research programme implemented by the Archaeological Reserve in Giecz in cooperation with the Slavia Foundation.
    Źródło:
    Studia Lednickie; 2017, 16; 39-59
    0860-7893
    2353-7906
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Lednickie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Pochodzenie mieszkańców grodu w Grzybowie (Wielkopolska) na podstawie badań izotopów strontu
    The origin of the inhabitants of the gord in Grzybowo (Wielkopolska) based on strontium isotope studies
    Autorzy:
    Bełka, Zdzisław
    Wrzesińska, Anna
    Wrzesiński, Jacek
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2176152.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy
    Tematy:
    Grzybowo
    środkowa Polska
    early medieval graves
    origin of human individuals
    central Poland
    groby wczesnośredniowieczne
    pochodzenie ludzi
    Opis:
    Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań składu izotopowego strontu kości z trzech grobów szkieletowych odsłoniętych w latach 2018-2019 podczas badań grodziska w Grzybowie. Materiał badawczy stanowiły zęby ludzkie i zwierzęce, dla których określono skład izotopowy strontu 87Sr/86Sr. Sygnatury izotopowe zbadanych zębów trzonowych kobiety i mężczyzny z Grzybowa mieszczą się w wąskim zakresie pomiędzy 0,7116 a 0,7121 i są typowe dla osób zamieszkujących obszary Polski, na których odsłaniają się czwartorzędowe osady polodowcowe.
    The article presents the results of a study of the strontium isotope composition of bones from three skeletal graves uncovered during the 2018-2019 survey of the Grzybowo settlement. The study material consisted of human and animal teeth, for which the isotopic composition of strontium 87Sr/86Sr was determined. The isotopic signatures of the examined molar teeth of a woman and a man from Grzybowo fall within a narrow range between 0.7116 and 0.7121 and are typical of people inhabiting the territory of Poland.
    Źródło:
    Studia Lednickie; 2022, 21; 275-283
    0860-7893
    2353-7906
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Lednickie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Opracowanie antropologiczne szczątków ludzkich z wczesnośredniowiecznego cmentarzyska rzędowego w Gołuniu, stan. 23/24, woj. wielkopolskie
    An Anthropological Analysis of Human Remains from the Early Medieval Row Cemetery in Gołuń, Site 23/24, the Wielkopolskie Voivodeship
    Autorzy:
    Wrzesińska, Anna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/532438.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy
    Tematy:
    Gołuń
    cmentarzysko wczesnośredniowieczne
    rzędowe
    osteologia
    paleopatologia
    paleodemografia
    Early Medieval cemetery
    row cemetery
    osteology
    palaeopathology
    palaeodemography
    Opis:
    The Early Medieval cemetery in Gołuń is archaeologically dated to the period from the end of the 10th c. to the mid-11th c. (Małgorzata Talarczyk-Andrałojć in this volume). The span of use of the cemetery was about 50 years. In the nearest neighbourhood there is no other uncovered and examined cemetery from this period. Only in the second half of the 11th c. did two cemeteries in a close vicinity commence to exist next to each other — Dziekanowice Site 2 and Dziekanowice Site 22. Both are situated on the eastern coast of Lake Lednica (to the north, c. 10 km from Gołuń). The anthropological analysis first of all concerned the age and sex assessment (of adult individuals) (Table 1), the structure of deaths for the examined cemetery (Table 2) and the reconstruction of intravital body height, done individually for each adult individual (Table 5; Table 6). Based on measurements of the long bones of the upper and lower limbs, the average intravital body height of the examined individuals was reconstructed. It was found that the inhumation burials and stray human bones belong to no less than 54 individuals. The bones of 5 individuals were found in 2007, while the bones of another 49 individuals were discovered in 2011 (Table 1). The group of children’s burials was composed of 10 skeletons (or skeleton fragments). Among these, 7 died at the age of Infans I, while three — at the age of Infans II (for one individual the age was assessed as 13–15 years, i.e., the end of Infans II and the beginning of Juvenis). 4 burials were classified as juvenile persons (the age of Juvenis): 3 of these were female burials and 1 was a male burial. 13 individuals died at the age of Adultus: 3 females and 10 males. Yet another burial was that of a woman who died at the age of Adultus–Maturus. 13 individuals died at the age of Maturus: 4 females and 9 males. One man died at the age of Maturus–Senilis. 7 persons: 3 females and 4 males died at the age of Senilis. Gender was assessed for 39 adult or juvenile individuals. 14 female individuals and 25 male individuals were isolated. For 5 individuals their age was assessed as “Adult” (Table 2). The state of health of the examined group can be assessed, with some approximation, on the basis of the changes which have come into existence in the bones [Gładykowska-Rzeczycka, Sokół 2000]. In the group of analysed skeletons, lesions of disease were found within 34 skeletons (Table 1), more often in male than female ones (22:10). Two skeletons with recorded lesions of disease belonged to children (Table 1). The bone material was measured using the anthropometric technique. Individual results for each person are offered in the Tables. A poor state of preservation of the bone material rendered most measurements impossible. The obtained results of intravital body height, separately for women and men, were compared with data for various Early Medieval skeleton series from the territory of Poland. The average height of female individuals (157.9 cm) and male individuals (169.3 cm) buried in the cemetery in Gołuń displays the greatest similarity to a series from Dziekanowice 2 (women 157.0 cm, men 170.1 cm) [Henneberg, Puch 1989: Table 7, p. 153]. We can assume that the group buried in the cemetery in Gołuń was remarkable for their considerable body heights. These values are higher than the average value of this trait in the Early Middle Ages in Poland (men — 165.7 cm, women — 153.6 cm) [Stolarczyk, Lorkiewicz 1993]. Thus, the body height of individuals from this population was above the average in this period. Thanks to the detailed anthropological analysis of the examined bone remains, it was possible to carry out a reconstruction of mortality processes in the group from Gołuń. The distribution of mortality of the examined group (Table 9) diverged from the mortality model which is typical for prehistoric populations [Henneberg, Strzałko 1975; Piontek 1979]. What is absent are evenly distributed frequencies of mortality of the adult individuals, and the frequency of mortality of children too is low (18.5%). If one assumes, however, that this is a reflection of the actual mortality conditions in the examined group, it would be necessary to state that the group from Gołyń does not significantly differ from other groups from the territory of Poland in terms of their biological condition. Differences in values of individual measures, i.e., the percentage of individuals who lived until the age of x (lx), the probability of death (qx), and the average further continuation of life of an individual at the age of x (eo x) (Table 9 and 11), confirm the observations of Janusz Piontek [1979] on the considerable diversification of biological conditions of local groups in historical periods. The anthropological analysis of even such a small and poorly preserved group can be a valuable contribution to the reconstruction of the structure and the age of the dead and the reconstruction of the biostructure of this population. Based on the nature of the changes, we are able to say that in spite of the fact that in a majority of cases the dead suffered from childhood diseases related to periodical malnutrition, they belonged to a “wealthy” group, whose living conditions were at least good. The adult population rather suffered from diseases progressing with age than from too onerous physical labour.
    Źródło:
    Studia Lednickie; 2015, 14; 177-237
    0860-7893
    2353-7906
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Lednickie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Monety z cmentarzyska w Gieczu, stanowisko 4, jako źródło do badań obrzędów funeralnych
    Coins from the burial ground in Giecz, site 4, as a source for the research of funeral rituals
    Autorzy:
    Indycka, Elżbieta
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/532523.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy
    Tematy:
    Giecz
    monety
    zwyczaje pogrzebowe
    wczesnośredniowieczne cmentarzysko
    XI–XIII wiek
    coins
    funeral rituals
    early medieval burial grounds
    11th–13th century
    Opis:
    The article presents the results of the analyses of coins, which were found during excavation works on the early medieval skeleton cemetery in Giecz (site 4). 281 graves were uncovered and examined there, among which were the ones with coins. The conducted archaeological and numismatic analyses refer to funeral rituals, chronology of the burial ground and various cultural phenomena connected with coins. The obtained data indicate that the ritual of depositing coins with the dead at the cemetery located next to the castle-town in Giecz appeared over half century after converting to the new religion and continued for 200 years. On the basis of the conducted analysis it can be stated that the coins were placed with the dead regardless of their sex or age at the moment of death. The deceased were buried in the same way as the majority of the decedents at the burial grounds; their graves did not stand alone. With the exception of the shears, no other special objects were placed in them and no two groups of graves of the same type were registered. Graves with coins, regardless of their orientation as well as sex and age of the individuals buried in them, and regardless of the chronology of the coins which they contained, were placed on the entire burial ground. They were orientated similarly to the majority of graves. The relationship between the type of coin and the grave’s orientation, where the coins were put, was not identified. The complete coins were placed in graves and these included almost exclusively saxon cross coins and princely denars. The custom of placing coins in graves was probably restricted to the elite groups which were in the possession of coins. At the present stage of research one could risk saying that it also showed the bonds connecting members of the family. It is possible that families had their quarters “assigned” at this cemetery, which can be reflected in graves with coins of different chronology located next to each other. The family bonds can also be indicated by the coins minted with the same stamps, which were found in the graves. The archaeological analysis of graves with coins also brought crucial data, which can be pertained to the stages of the functioning of the burial ground. It has been pointed out that in the third decade of the 11th century the custom of placing coins in graves appeared in Giecz. However, it was not prevalent in those days and was probably limited to a small group of the local community which was in the possession of money in the period when the monetary economy had just started to popularize [Łosiński 1991: 251–257]. Presumably the first coins, which were placed in graves of both segments after the incursion of Bretislav, are the cross denars type V, which were first issued in 1060. The research also revealed that in both periods when the burial ground was in use, at least two of its segments were occupied simultaneously. The coins manifested, among other things, power, prestige, wealth and religious content [Kiersnowski 1988: 38; Dzieduszycki 1995: 85–86]. The coins spread, among other ways, through wealth redistribution [Dzieduszycki 1995: 64–69]. The presence of coins in graves — the symbols of wealth and glamour, of which a small piece was placed with a deceased member of the family — despite the absence of other “precious” objects, points to the high social status of both the buried individuals and the contributor. In the research concerning the importance of coins in graves, the iconography of coins attracts attention, especially the religious symbols visible on them [Kiersnowski 1988: 314– 326; 170, 378–379]. Such varied images of a cross and saints can also be found on coins from Giecz. Therefore, it can be assumed that some of the coins were placed with the deceased as a confession of their faith and/or an offering to the Creator. It could be possible that the coins in the youngest children’s graves were their baptism certificate. Only one object from a grave which depicted religious symbols has been identified so far. It was a metal pendant. Its décor presents a miniature Maiestas Crucis, derivative from the pattern known from cards and the covers of Carolingian and Ottonian books [Indycka 2017]. Hence, the coins found in the graves should be included in the group of objects which express the Christian ideology. Diverse aspects of belief in the magic of coins show that the living could have multiple motives for placing coins with the deceased member of the family and community [Miechowicz 2006: 149–153]. Further analyses of the coins minted with the same stamps may lead to the research concerning the origins and distribution of the coins [Paszkiewicz 2015: 237]. The presence of coins in graves, with different periods of emission, brings data concerning the period of their circulation [Suchodolski 2016: 184], as well as their hoarding [Dzieduszycki 1995: 73–78]. The above considerations also point to the family bonds. Due to numismatic and archaeological analyses, the data concerning various cultural phenomena related to coins and funeral rituals and their chronology was obtained. The remarks concerning the usefulness of coins in social analyses, both in the aspect of social hierarchy and family bonds of the Giecz community, are also crucial. However, almost all the issues mentioned in the present article require further interdisciplinary research and profound comparative studies.
    Źródło:
    Studia Lednickie; 2019, 18; 207-243
    0860-7893
    2353-7906
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Lednickie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Gdzie pochowano mieszkańców grodu w Grzybowie?
    Where were the inhabitants of the Grzybowo stronghold buried?
    Autorzy:
    Wrzesińska, Anna
    Wrzesiński, Jacek
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2176153.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy
    Tematy:
    Grzybowo gród
    stan. 1
    wczesnośredniowieczne groby szkieletowe
    chronologia
    analiza antropologiczna
    Grzybowo stronghold
    site 1
    early medieval skeletal graves
    chronology
    anthropological analysis
    Opis:
    Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań kości ludzkich pochodzących z trzech grobów szkieletowych wkopanych we wczesnośredniowieczne nawarstwienia północnej partii majdanu grodu w Grzybowie oraz analizę luźnego materiału kostnego z warstw zasypiskowych. Są to pierwsze pochówki szkieletowe, jakie odsłonięto i udokumentowano na grodzie. Analizowane szczątki należały do osób dorosłych obu płci oraz dzieci – w tym płodu i noworodka. W sezonie wykopaliskowym w 2018 roku odsłonięto dwa groby szkieletowe orientowane na osi E-W. W większej jamie grobowej spoczywały szczątki osoby dorosłej (grób nr 1/2018), w mniejszej – pochówek dziecka (grób nr 2/2018). W sezonie 2019 roku odsłonięto kolejny grób orientowany wzdłuż osi E-W (grób nr 1/2019), gdzie w jamie spoczywał kompletny szkielet osobnika dorosłego, u którego, przy kości udowej prawej i w zasypisku grobu, odsłonięto kości szkieletu dziecka. Materiał szkieletowy wydatowano metodą radiowęglową 14C na wiek XII/XIII.
    The article presents the results of a study of human bones from three skeletal graves buried in the early medieval stratification of the northern part of the maidan of the Grzybowo stronghold, as well as an analysis of loose bone material from backfill layers. These are the first skeletal burials to be exposed and documented in the stronghold. The analysed remains belonged to adults of both sexes and to children – including a foetus and a newborn. The 2018 excavation season uncovered two skeletal graves oriented on the E-W axis. In the larger grave pit was situated the burial of an adult individual (grave no. 1/2018), and in the smaller one the burial of a child (grave no. 2/2018). In the 2019 season, another grave oriented along the E-W axis was uncovered (grave no. 1/2019) where the pit contained the complete skeleton of an adult and the bones of a child’s skeleton which were exposed near the right femur and in the grave fill. The skeletal material was dated by the 14C radiocarbon method to the 12th/18th centuries, respectively.
    Źródło:
    Studia Lednickie; 2022, 21; 239-274
    0860-7893
    2353-7906
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Lednickie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wczesnopiastowskie cmentarzysko rzędowe w Gołuniu, gm. Pobiedziska, woj. wielkopolskie
    The Early Medieval Row Cemetery in Gołuń, the Pobiedziska Commune, the Wielkopolskie Voivodeship
    Autorzy:
    Andrałojć, Małgorzata
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/532639.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy
    Tematy:
    Gołuń
    cmentarzysko rzędowe
    cmentarzysko wczesnośredniowieczne
    cmentarzysko wczesnopiastowskie groby wojowników
    topór typu M
    paciorki mozaikowe
    row cemetery
    Early Medieval cemetery
    Early Piast cemetery
    warrior graves
    Type M axe
    mosaic beads
    Opis:
    This work discusses the results of rescue excavations in the Early Medieval row cemetery in Gołuń, the Pobiedziska Commune. 17 ares were examined, out of which the necropolis took up the area of 13.21 ares. Prehistoric and Late Medieval finds were also recorded in the cemetery. The cemetery in Gołuń is situated in the Gniezno Lake District, in an area which is pretty diversified with regard to its hypsometry. There are a few more prominent rises of terrain, and one of these, located near a small watercourse, was occupied by the examined necropolis (Fig. 1). All immovable features and finds related to the cemetery were discussed in detail in the catalogue. The catalogue is divided into two principal parts — one of which contains descriptions of graves, including those preserved in situ and destroyed, while the other iscusses the remaining features found within the necropolis: empty grave pits and bonfires. All the graves contained inhumation burials and the dead were buried directly at the bottom of grave pits (perhaps in one case the body was covered with bog soil). 42 graves in situ containing one burial in each were discovered. Further discoveries included 1 grave with the remains of 2 persons as well as bones belonging to 10 individuals, which came from destroyed graves. Almost all out of the 44 burials which were not destroyed were located along the E–W axis or with some deviation to the N and S from it, according to the alignment of the grave pits. The arrangement of skeletons from two graves (24 and 38) which are aligned along the N–E axis is at variance with this principle. Furthermore, these two graves disturb the row arrangement of the cemetery. On the other hand, one can see some sort of regularity for the cemetery in Gołuń, as women were deposited with their heads to the west and men — with their heads to the east. The anthropological analysis demonstrates that most of the dead were men (26 persons — c. 48%), while the women were buried in 14 graves (nearly 26%). Persons whose sex was not assessed constituted about 26% altogether, including children. The nature of the grave inventories (recorded in c. 61.5% of graves) and the co-occurrence of given funds were analysed (Tables 1–2). Deformations of bone materials (e.g., a successful skull trepanation was recorded) as well as the stratigraphy of this basically single-layer cemetery are also discussed. In the work an analysis of all the portable finds discovered in the cemetery was carried out. 3 groups of finds were isolated: artefacts and tools of daily use (knives — 17 items in the graves and 1 in a secondary deposit; a bronze fitting of a leather knife sheath, vessels — 4 in the graves, 1 in the top of an empty grave pit, 1 in a secondary deposit; 2 staved buckets with iron rims; 4 phyllite whetstones; 1 double fire striker; an iron hoof; a clay spindle whorl, an iron awl and 4 artefacts with unclear functions), weaponry (a Type M iron axe and two pairs of spurs belonging to Type I:2 according to Hilczerówna, including one with a pair of buckles) and ornaments (2 silver temple rings; 2 necklaces having 9 beads each — Tab. 3, including 2 mosaic beads; a bronze bell-shaped pendant) and a single find — a silver clump. Concerning other features discovered in the area of the cemetery in Gołuń, 5 features were classified as unused grave pits based on their formal traits, while one of these may have been a cenotaph (a vessel was found in the top of this feature). Another two features — bonfires, which did not disturb graves but overlapped them — are believed to have been related to post-funeral ceremonies. C14 dating (AD 985–1043, cf. Fig. 21) demonstrates that the functioning of the cemetery in Gołuń should be dated to between the late 10th and the mid-11th c. This is also coherent with the results of a typological-chronological analysis of the discovered finds: such as first of all the Type M axe (finds from Greater Poland are dated to the first half of the 11th c.), Type I iron spurs (chiefly dated to the 10th-mid-11th c. in Central and Northern Europe), and a silver bead taken from an earring of Type Świątki, which were in use from the mid- 10th to the late 11th c., or perhaps only to the mid-11th c. Two glass polyhedral mosaic beads with a few groups of “eyelets,” probably coming from Scandinavia or Rus’, are dated to about 1000 and they belong to artefacts with a more precise chronology among those found in the “Gołuń” necropolis. Both temple rings found in the cemetery are dated to between c. the mid-10th c. and the early (?) 13th c. However, their small dimensions (Variant A according to Kóčka-Krenz) rather suggest the first half of this period. Furthermore, the co-occurrence of clay vessels of the Type Menkendorf-Szczecin and Type Vipperov demonstrate that we are dealing with partially slow-wheel made forms which became obsolete and the occurrence of fully slow-wheel made vessels. Therefore, it is justified to propose the first half of the 11th c. as the chronology for the pottery finds. Phyllite whetstones have one quality which confirms the assumed chronology of the cemetery, as in the Baltic Sea zone they have been most commonly discovered among finds from the 10th–11th c. Bronze bell-shaped pendants and staved buckets with iron rims are most often recorded in Poland in necropolises dated to the 10th/11th–11th c. The remaining artefacts, such as the fire striker, the hoof, some other types of beads and the bronze fitting of the leather sheath of a knife, although having a broader chronology, are also discovered in grave inventories which are contemporary to the cemetery in Gołuń. Furthermore, the fittings of knife sheaths with extended upper parts (as it is the case with the Gołuń find) occurred already in finds from early phases in Birka. The sparse stratigraphic relations between the graves, their low number and the relatively small area of the necropolis also suggest that it was in use for a rather short period of time. The necropolis in Gołuń belongs to a type of Early Medieval row cemeteries, which were not located next to churches. It is possible to isolate two zones of this burial ground. The main one — the southern, western and northern parts — consisted of 4 rows, running from the north to the south. However, the arrangement of some parts (especially the central one) is disturbed (Fig. 5). The cemetery with such a spatial layout is adjoined from the south-east by a much smaller cluster of 17 graves (2–3 rows), some of them overlapping each other. Within these two main parts of the necropolis one could make an attempt at isolating smaller units of division. This brings some order and reveals a better spatial organization of the cemetery in Gołuń. This is a hypothetical division, as no traces of fences were recorded in the course of excavation works. When analysing the positions of the graves in the cemetery in Gołuń one can isolate as many as 10 such smaller zones/quarters, which were marked with Roman letters from I to X (Fig. 22). The central part of the necropolis in Gołuń is taken up by Quarter I, with dimensions of c. 8 × 10 m. Only 4 graves were located in it, but they stand out with regard to their grave furnishings. In an empty square which can be seen in the centre of the southern part of the cemetery in Gołuń, no remains were discovered, which could imply an existence of any structure fulfilling a role of a sacral building, e.g., a small wooden church or a cemetery chapel. On the basis of the number of discovered graves and taking the data on destroyed burials into consideration, one can suppose that the cemetery was used by a small local community for some dozen years. Among the finds which were recorded together with the burials of the dead, one’s attention is attracted to grave goods which testify to the formation of a group of warriors, related to the Early Piast monarchy — which was coming into existence at that time. There is no doubt that two women buried with necklaces composed of 9 beads each, belonged to the group of wealthier members of the community using the necropolis. The knife in a leather sheath which is fitted with a bronze sheet with rich ornamentation, which was found in Grave 30, should also be regarded as a luxurious artefact. The analysis of the Archaeological Record of Poland’s research results, demonstrated that the cemetery is situated on the edge of an area which was used in an enormously intensive manner in the Early Middle Ages. The cemetery in Gołuń was probably one of the burial grounds which were used by this broader community, inhabiting the mentioned settlements.
    Źródło:
    Studia Lednickie; 2015, 14; 15-176
    0860-7893
    2353-7906
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Lednickie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Skarby wielkopolskie z początków państwa polskiego
    Greater Poland’s Hoards from the Beginnings of the Polish State
    Autorzy:
    Kurnatowska, Zofia
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/531926.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy
    Tematy:
    skarby wczesnośredniowieczne
    znalezisko gromadne
    początki państwa polskiego
    kontakty handlowe
    szlaki dalekosiężne
    early medieval hoards
    multiple finds
    beginnings of the Polish state
    trade relations
    long-distance routes
    Opis:
    In the 9th–11th c., hoards consisting of silver coins and ornaments chiefly occured in the Baltic zone and they are a kind of distinguishing mark of this zone against the background of other European countries. These hoards present archaeological sources which allow for the examination of various aspects of the culture and civilisation of those days. In the territory of northern Poland, especially in Pomerania, there are known hoards which are dated to as early as the 9th c., or even the 8th/9th centuries. On the other hand, in the territory of later Greater Poland, hoards mainly appear in the first half of the 10th c. They become more widespread in the second half of the 10th and in the 11th c. These hoards can be roughly divided into so-called dirham hoards and somewhat later ones, which contain Western coins. The map of the distribution of early medieval hoards in Greater Poland shows an evident concentration of such finds in the hinterland of the most important centres of the arising state of the Piasts—in the vicinity of strongholds in Giecz, Gniezno and Poznań, as well as in the hinterland of Ostrów Lednicki and Kruszwica. There are various hypotheses in scholarly literature which attempt at explaining this phenomenon. The distribution of hoards was related to the trade routes of those days. The relation of the hoards to a defined group of contemporary society was also pointed out. At that time, a group of magnates in the entourage of the duke was in the process of formation. These magnates lived in the neighbourhood of the especially significant centres of the arising state and they were believed to actively participate in the exchange of goods, especially long-distance ones. Another issue is the reason behind the deposition of hoards in the ground. Comparative studies incline the researcher to assume that artefacts made from precious metals which were deposited in the earliest of Great Poland’s hoards may have come from ceremonial exchange, or, more precisely, from gifts granted by the ruler to his men. However, another possibility must also be taken into consideration. The person who deposited the hoard was not doing this in order to temporarily secure it and to be able to extract and use it at some later time. Rather, in contrast to this, the deposition of the hoard had a completely different meaning: a non-economic and non-prestige one. It could be assumed that the deposition of the hoard was (at least in some cases) related to magical or cult activities. Such practices have been well-known since Antiquity.
    Źródło:
    Studia Lednickie; 2014, 13; 19-26
    0860-7893
    2353-7906
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Lednickie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Analiza trwałych izotopów węgla i azotu w szczątkach osobników pochowanych na grodzisku w Grzybowie
    Analysis of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in the remains of individuals buried in the Grzybowo stronghold
    Autorzy:
    Lisowska-Gaczorek, Aleksandra
    Szostek, Krzysztof
    Wrzesiński, Jacek
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2176151.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy
    Tematy:
    stan. 1
    wczesnośredniowieczne groby szkieletowe
    analiza trwałych izotopów węgla i azotu
    rekonstrukcja diety osobników
    Grzybowo
    site 1
    early medieval skeletal graves
    analysis of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen
    reconstruction of the diet of individuals
    Opis:
    Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań izotopowych kości ludzkich z dwóch grobów szkieletowych odsłoniętych w trakcie badań wykopaliskowych w roku 2018. Materiał badawczy stanowiły zęby ze szkieletu osobnika dorosłego, mężczyzny zmarłego w wieku Maturus (grób nr 1/2018) i zęby dziecka zmarłego w wieku Infans I (grób nr 2/2018). Jako materiał porównawczy w badaniach wykorzystano kości długie i ząb zwierząt z obiektów, w które wkopane były groby. Rekonstrukcję diety osobników przeprowadzono poddając analizie 8 prób – cztery pobrane ze szkieletów ludzkich i cztery z kości zwierzęcych
    The article presents the results of isotopic studies of human bones from two skeletal graves uncovered during the 2018 excavations. The study material consisted of teeth from the skeleton of an adult male who died at the age of Maturus (grave no. 1/2018) and teeth of a child who died at the age of Infans I (grave no. 2/2018). Long bones and a tooth of animals from the sites into which the graves were buried were used as comparative material in the study. Reconstruction of the diet of individuals was carried out by analysing 8 samples – four taken from human skeletons and four from animal bones.
    Źródło:
    Studia Lednickie; 2022, 21; 285-299
    0860-7893
    2353-7906
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Lednickie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wczesnośredniowieczny srebrny skarb z Tarnowa (Łekna). Informacje na temat jego odkrywania
    An Early Medieval Silver Hoard from Tarnowo (Łekno). Data on the Process of Its Discovery
    Autorzy:
    Wyrwa, Andrzej Marek
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/532211.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy
    Tematy:
    Łekno
    Tarnowo Pałuckie
    Hedeby
    łekneński kompleks osadniczy
    rotunda w Łeknie
    skarb wczesnośredniowieczny
    denar Bolesława Chrobrego
    dirhemy,
    ozdoby,
    monety czeskie
    monety saskie
    Łekno settlement complex
    rotunda in Łekno
    early medieval hoard
    denar of Bolesław the Brave
    dirhams
    ornaments
    Bohemian coins
    Saxon coins
    Opis:
    The silver hoard from Site Ł5 in Łekno, the Wągrowiec Commune, which was discovered in 2007 and which was subsequently examined up to 2014, is a scattered one. As a consequence of ploughing and denudation, it was dragged over a quite vast area (see Fig. 5). It constitutes Part III of a hoard which was discovered here in 1861 by Wojciech Jankowiak and Antoni Łukaszewicz. Based on our findings, it can be said beyond doubt that it was found in the field of A. Łukaszewicz (Figs. 2, 3, and 4). Its Part II was gathered as a result of the activities of “treasure hunters” in 2004 [Bogucki 2006b]. This hoard (Parts I–III), as it can be said, based on hitherto preliminary findings (examinations are still in process), was deposited in a “trade settlement” situated to the west of the suburbium and the stronghold at Sites Ł3 and Ł4 in Tarnowo Pałuckie—that is, Medieval Łekno (see Figs. 1 and 2) in the late 10th c.—or in the first five years of the 11th c. at the latest. It occurred in the layer of humus and in the upper zone of Cultural Layer I (Trenches I, II, and III—cf. Fig. 5). It is a scattered-type hack-silver hoard. In the years 2007–2014, in the course of surveys and excavations, more than 630 finds related to the discussed hoard were discovered. Together with its 19th c. part (Part I) and Part II from 2004, it contains more than 841 finds. The contents of Part III of the hoard, discovered in 2007–2014, include: whole and fragmented coins, fragments of silver and cast lead/silvered jewellery, silver clumps, and wires. Concerning the coins, there are: Arabian dirhams (hacked) from the Abbāsid, Sāmānid and possibly Buvaihid?, Hamdānid?, and Ziyārid? dynasties (dated to between c. 815 and c. 976, according to the analysis by D. Malarczyk); silver coins (whole and fragmented)— according to a preliminary analysis by Z. Bartkowiak, they are West European: German denars of Otto and Adelheid, Heinrich, Otto, denars from the Cologne mint (?), Bavarian denars; Danish half-bracteates (Hedeby); denars of the Bohemian type, including a hybrid of a Bohemian denar, cross denars of Type I; Byzantine coins of Constantine VII and Roman II (945–959). A hitherto unknown hybrid of the Princes Polonie denar of Bolesław the Brave is also related to this assemblage [Bogucki 2006b, p. 181–182 ff.) The silver hoard from Tarnowo Pałuckie (Łekno) is a very significant find for defining settlement changes in the centre of the Łekno settlement complex, its settlement, economic-trade and architectural-construction structures, as well as for broader cultural phenomena within Greater Poland and its relations to the European cultural circle. All the finds from Part III of the hoard (coins, jewellery, silver clumps and wires, other finds) underwent detailed numismatic and art history studies, as well as specialist examinations—detailed non-invasive metallographic examinations and conservation ( J. Strobin and M. Sawczak). The results of these examinations and the hoard itself (the catalogue with specialist examinations) will be published in a separate monograph devoted to this discovery after all the examinations are completed. Apart from the planned monograph, details of a 9th c. sword scabbard chape from this hoard have already been published [Wyrwa, Janiwski 2014].
    Źródło:
    Studia Lednickie; 2014, 13; 95-111
    0860-7893
    2353-7906
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Lednickie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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