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    Wyświetlanie 1-14 z 14
    Tytuł:
    The Impact of Human Dignity on the Principles of Criminal Liability. The Example of Guilt
    Autorzy:
    Krzysztof, Szczucki,
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/902957.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    criminal law
    constitutional law
    human dignity
    guilt
    culpability
    criminal liability
    Opis:
    Human dignity is a well-known concept among Western countries since after World War II, when states, in an effort to create a new platform of cooperation with a view to guaranteeing peace, were looking for an axiological foundation of the new order. The findings described in the article may serve to underpin the following notions, which have to be the object of further research on relations between the human dignity principle and rules of criminal liability, guilt in particular. First, the “guilt standard” is obligatory, whenever a state intends to punish a person. Second, punishment can be meted out only to an offender with an ability to bear responsibility. In other words, only a person whose characteristic derived from the principle of dignity is fully actualized can be punished. Third, punishing should be preceded by an analysis of the degree of guilt. The more eager the perpetrator was to act against the legal system and against the values protected by it, the severer punishment should be meted out. Finally, law should provide for exclusion of culpability when the human dignity principle demands one to act in a manner that is outwardly criminal, but was committed due to a motivation that ought to be excused in the light of the dignity principle.
    Źródło:
    Studia Iuridica; 2016, 67; 11-31
    0137-4346
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Iuridica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Tension between Human Rights Protection and the Necessity to Ensure Public Security in the Context of Polish Anti-terrorism Law
    Autorzy:
    Marta, Kolendowska-Matejczuk,
    Krzysztof, Szczucki,
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/903035.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    anti-terrorism law
    constitutional law
    human rights
    principle of proportionality
    security
    freedom
    Opis:
    Recurrent events of a terrorist character, especially those occurring not in arenas of armed conflict or in countries that are not – at least formally – at war with others, make it necessary not only to consider a redefinition of the state security systems, but also to reflect deeply on the human rights-inspired paradigms accepted hitherto. Regardless of one’s convictions and interpretation of current events, it is difficult to avoid repeating questions concerning the efficiency of public authorities and our legal system in the context of European experiences with terrorism. It is necessary to examine whether the commonly recognized constitutional and human rights standards facilitate the development by the state of instruments aimed at the effective prevention of terrorism. In the process of enacting and applying anti-terrorist laws one must pay heed to the mutual relations between goods protected and violated by a given regulation. As noted above, there is no freedom without security, but also there is no security without freedom. This tension makes a proportionality test very troublesome. The legislator should, above all, harmonize the axiological contexts of the provisions constructed thereby, so that they are orientated towards the protection of both security and freedom.
    Źródło:
    Studia Iuridica; 2016, 68; 153-180
    0137-4346
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Iuridica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Aggressive Judicial Review, Political Ideology, and the Rule of Law
    Autorzy:
    J, Segall, Eric
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/902971.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-05-04
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    U.S. Supreme Court
    Constitutional Law
    Constitutional Interpretation
    Sąd Najwyższy Stanów Zjednoczonych
    prawo konstytucyjne
    interpretacja konstytucji
    Opis:
    For over one-hundred and fifty years, the United States Supreme Court has been the most powerful judicial body in the world with life-tenured judges consistently invalidating state and federal laws without clear support in constitutional text or history. This paper focuses on what should be the appropriate role of life-tenured, unelected federal judges in the American system of separation of powers. The tension is between wanting judges to enforce the supreme law of the Constitution while at the same time keeping judges within their assigned roles of enforcing not making the law. Much of constitutional scholarship in the United States is devoted to resolving this tension. This article argues that the Court should take a set back and defer more to elected leaders and voters. Although structural reform might help, most needed changes would require a constitutional amendment and are therefore unlikely to occur. The Justices should take it upon themselves to act with more humility and modesty and only overturn laws where there is strong evidence of clear constitutional error.
    Źródło:
    Studia Iuridica; 2019, 79; 68-77
    0137-4346
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Iuridica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The Constitutional Case for Making the Article 50 TEU Notification
    Autorzy:
    Ruairi, O'Neill,
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/902667.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    BREXIT
    European Union law
    national constitutional law
    English law
    Article 50 TEU
    withdrawal from the EU
    Opis:
    In a referendum held on June 23, 2016, the United Kingdom voted in favour of leaving the European Union. For the first time since its creation in the Lisbon Reform Treaty of 2009, art. 50 TEU will probably now be invoked by the UK for the withdrawal process from the EU, envisaged by the outcome of the referendum, to commence. Article 50 TEU requires that national constitutional arrangements exist so that notification on withdrawal can be made to the European Council. Curiously, to date, the biggest consequence of the referendum outcome has not been the creation of a debate about the role of EU law in the UK legal order, but rather the separation of powers within the UK’s unwritten constitution and which organ of state has authority to activate the art. 50 TEU withdrawal: Parliament or the Executive. The debate has spawned dozens of constitutional blog posts, numerous academic articles, a High Court judicial review of the Government’s position, a second draft independence bill published by the Scottish Government and a judicial review before the Northern Irish Court of Appeal. On one side of the debate, the Government maintains that it alone possesses the Royal Prerogative to ratify and withdraw from international treaties, and thus to make the notification of withdrawal. On the other hand, Parliament and the ’Bremainers’ maintain that any unilateral action by the Government exceeds its authority, and Parliament must provide authorisation; a position which could ultimately result in the referendum outcome being ignored and the UK remaining a Member State. In a third corner, the governments of Scotland and Northern Ireland, two countries within the UK whose electorates voted to remain in the EU, demand a voice in both the decision to leave and in the subsequent negotiations with the EU institutions (note, however, that the status of the devolved administrations will not be addressed in this article, as the issue is considered by the author as being too unclear in the absence of any judicial statement on matters of devolution and institutional hierarchy, including but not limited to the limitations imposed on the doctrine of Parliamentary Sovereignty by the Sewel Convention). The judgment of the High Court has not yet been published, and even if it were there will inevitably be an appeal to the Supreme Court, so it is only possible to speculate on what will happen, but this article intends to provide clarity on the legal principles currently under discussion in the most important constitutional discussion to happen in the UK since it joined the EU in 1973.
    Źródło:
    Studia Iuridica; 2016, 68; 249-262
    0137-4346
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Iuridica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Biobanki w dobie Big Data z perspektywy prawa konstytucyjnego
    Autorzy:
    Katarzyna, Łakomiec,
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/902949.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018-06-22
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    biobanks
    right to privacy
    informational autonomy
    genetic data
    constitutional law
    biobanki
    prawo do prywatności
    autonomia informacyjna
    dane genetyczne
    prawo konstytucyjne
    Opis:
    Biobanks for research purposes legal regulation is currently under debate. An important issue discussed is protection of the personal data collected in the biobank, including genetic data and other health data. This subject is extremely important given the current development of information technologies that allow for mass aggregation and analysis of personal information. This article describes the constitutional requirements for the discussed regulation, in particular regarding the privacy and informational autonomy of the individuals. The author refers in particular to the application of the proportionality principle.
    Źródło:
    Studia Iuridica; 2018, 73; 105-118
    0137-4346
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Iuridica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Glosa do punktu 2 lit. b wyroku Trybunału Konstytucyjnego z dnia 7 października 2021 r., K 3/21
    Autorzy:
    Dąbrowski, Marcin
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/48545526.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023-06-22
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    Constitutional Court
    judgment
    international agreement
    application of law
    Opis:
    The author offers a critical commentary on the point 2b of the Constitutional Tribunal judgment of 7 October 2021, K 3/21. The Tribunal claims that issuing court verdicts on the basis of the provisions which are not binding, having been revoked by the Sejm and/or ruled by the Constitutional Tribunal, is inconsistent with Art. 2, 7, 8(1), 90(1), and 178(1) of the Constitution. The Constitutional Court reconstructs the mentioned above jurisdiction of the courts based on the Art. 19(1), second subparagraph, of the Treaty on European Union. The author doesn’t agree with this statement and argues that the Tribunal incorrectly and unlawfully interprets the provisions of the Treaty. Furthermore, the verdict is in contrary to Art. 2 and 42 of the Polish Constitution and the principle of non retroactivity of law. Moreover, the Tribunal’s decision violates the concept of the Constitutional Tribunal judicature with the deferred clause. The author claims that the Tribunal’s decision does not cause any legal effects and the courts in Poland will not apply it during resolving cases.
    Źródło:
    Studia Iuridica; 2022, 95; 95-109
    0137-4346
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Iuridica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Remarks on the Dispute over the Constitutional Tribunal in Poland
    Autorzy:
    Ryszard, Piotrowski,
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/902515.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    Constitution
    democratic state ruled by law
    Constitutional Tribunal
    Opis:
    Where a system of constitutional judicial review is in place, the concept of democracy is understood as rejecting claims about an unlimited will of the sovereign as the source of state authority, and confining democracy to such manifestations of the majority will which enjoy Constitutional legitimacy – meaning that they are in compliance with the version of a human rights culture that has been inscribed in the Constitution and which is embraced by Constitutional judges when delivering their adjudication. Following the recent parliamentary and presidential elections, the political significance of the Constitutional Tribunal has increased enormously. Only the Constitutional Tribunal is capable of preventing the centre of political power (which governs over the legislative and executive branches) from pursuing its plans. According to parliamentary majority in order to change Poland and fulfil commitments to the electorate, the ruling party had to see to it that the Tribunal’s make-up is pluralistic. Otherwise, all their efforts would be exposed to destruction by the Constitutional Tribunal. This way of thinking, though, implies that the Constitutional Tribunal can be changed in an ordinary law in such a way as to render it incapable of opposing the ruling majority. Regarding the ongoing Constitutional crisis over the Constitutional Tribunal, a scenario involving the observance of the basic law does not appear to be a likely one – unless such scenario leads to the expectation, however mistaken, that political gains can thus be scored and that the operation of the Constitutional Tribunal will no longer pose a threat to plans of the parliamentary majority.
    Źródło:
    Studia Iuridica; 2016, 68; 279-292
    0137-4346
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Iuridica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Charakter prawny zakazu klubowego
    Autorzy:
    Marcin, Warchoł,
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/902469.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    the stadium ban
    criminal law
    civil law
    administrative law
    the Constitutional Court
    zakaz stadionowy
    prawo karne
    prawo cywilne
    prawo administracyjne
    Trybunał Konstytucyjny
    Opis:
    The article analyses the legal character of stadium ban. Interpretation of the legal regulations shows that there are a few aspects of stadium ban: administrative, criminal and civil. The author considers the character of stadium ban from administrative, criminal and civil perspectives. Moreover, the author points out two judgments which were held by the Constitutional Court in this regards. The article focuses on a few legal issues, for example regarding to legal basis of the stadium ban. The legislator introduced for mixing together the various elements of criminal law, civil and administrative. The stadium ban is stipulated by a private entity. The stadium ban has criminal character, but the appeal of it is subject to administrative law. Therefore the stadium ban’s regulations are unconstitutional.
    Źródło:
    Studia Iuridica; 2016, 66; 383-396
    0137-4346
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Iuridica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Między prewencyjnym a bezprawnym pozbawieniem wolności − uwagi na tle instytucji kwarantanny
    Autorzy:
    Wasylik, Przemysław
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/48899236.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023-01-23
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    quarantine
    criminal liability
    preventive deprivation of liberty
    unlawful deprivation of liberty
    exclusive validity of a law
    constitutional guarantees
    Opis:
    This article attempts to provide a partial examination of the title issue in the Polish legal order from the point of view of criminal law. The basic thesis of the article boils down to the statement that the criminal law limits of admissibility of the application of quarantine in Poland, during the Covid-19 pandemic, contradicted, inter alia, article 5(1)(e) of the ECHR, but also violated the accepted order of hierarchy of Polish legal acts as referred to in the Constitution and the rules of correct legislation. In order to demonstrate such a statement, the manner and conditions and the possibility of applying this type of measure of medical coercion, as well as the sanctions for its violation, were taken into account. Attention was paid to selected consequences resulting from this classification. In addition, a survey of the case law of the common courts, administrative courts, the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court on the violation of quarantine was carried out. It has been assumed that the court’s imputation of a criminal act the elements of which are defined by a blanket provision of the criminal act and supplementary provisions of other normative acts, requires: 1) verifying the admissibility of regulating a specific matter with regulations of a sub-statutory rank; 2) examining the compliance with the Constitution of the content of such regulations are in line with the blanket regulation, and 3) observing the scope of the authorization to issue them, placed in the law. The aforementioned matters must be regulated directly in the law, which will ensure that the standards resulting from the Constitution are met, and their enforcement should be carried out by sanitary authorities or courts. The view was expressed that in criminal procedure, preventive measures should be aimed at the prevention of crimes and not at every unlawful act. It was stressed that the public authorities should take responsibility for every unlawful violation of constitutionally protected rights. It was argued that the size of any administrative fines imposed for noncompliance with the quarantine obligation should be proportionate to the financial capacity of the majority of citizens, in accordance with the directives that follow from administrative law. Finally, a critical assessment was made of the legality of imposing quarantine in the context of international treaty obligations for the protection of human rights.
    Źródło:
    Studia Iuridica; 2022, 93; 257-284
    0137-4346
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Iuridica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Przepisy dotyczące problematyki opodatkowania w konstytucjach państw członkowskich Unii Europejskiej
    Autorzy:
    Brzeziński, Bogumił
    Wilmanowicz-Słupczewska, Martyna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/48899263.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023-04-24
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    Constitution
    European Union
    constitutional rules
    principle of exclusivity of the act
    principle of non-retroactivity of the law
    Opis:
    Nowadays, the constitution is the fundamental legislative act determining social relations, which lays down, inter alia, the principles of the state’s system, the scope and scale of the state interference in social relations and the rights and obligations of its citizens. The latter also include rights and obligations regarding taxation: the principles of imposing tax obligations and taxation limits, on the one hand, and measures for protecting taxpayers’ rights, on the other. A tax matter is generally considered to be a matter that is explicitly or implicitly governed by constitutional rules. The subject of the in-depth analysis are the diverse tax issues provided for in the constitutional provisions of the European Union Member States. The way in which taxation matters are ‘described’ in those states’ constitutions is an interesting and hitherto insufficiently analysed topic.
    Źródło:
    Studia Iuridica; 2022, 94; 9-26
    0137-4346
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Iuridica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Prawo łowieckie jako instrument realizujący konstytucyjny obowiązek zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa ekologicznego
    Autorzy:
    Przemysław, Kępa,
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/902826.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    ecological safety
    environmental protection
    hunting law
    constitutional rules
    prawo łowieckie
    bezpieczeństwo ekologiczne
    ochrona środowiska
    zasady konstytucyjne
    zasada zrównoważonego rozwoju
    Opis:
    The study contains the results of analysis of the Polish constitutional regulations in a scope of the environmental protection. Main thesis of the paper concerns a substantial role of the hunting law in realization of the environmental safety. At the beginning of paper, author scrutinized main terms, which influence legal definition of the term “ecological safety”. In the second part of the paper author described the polish hunting law regulations and its role in implementing the concept of the environmental safety. In the last part, author summarized and proved that polish hunting law regulations are in accordance with the constitution rule of the ecological safety and that it supports implementation of this rule.
    Źródło:
    Studia Iuridica; 2016, 66; 125-133
    0137-4346
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Iuridica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The Convergence of the Basis of Responsibility for a Crime (an Offense) and for an Administrative Delict and the Ne Bis In Idem Principle in the Polish Law
    Autorzy:
    Anna, Zientara,
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/902832.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-03-11
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    ne bis in idem
    case law
    Constitutional Tribunal
    European Court of Human Rights
    orzecznictwo
    Trybunał Konstytucyjny
    Europejski Trybunał Praw Człowieka
    Opis:
    This study presents the case law of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal referring to the ne bis in idem principle and the case law of the European Court of Human Rights issued on the basis of Article 4 of Protocol No. 7 to the European Convention on Human Rights. The work also includes the discussion of solutions adopted in Polish law in the case when a person meets both the signs of a crime/offense and the premises of administrative responsibility of a punitive (repressive) nature in a single unlawful act. For many years, a system-wide solution to this type of convergence was missing in Polish law. The situation changed last year with the introduction of Article 189f to the Code of Administrative Procedure. However, as indicated in the study, this provision does not fully implement the ne bis in idem standard developed by the European Court of Human Rights.
    Źródło:
    Studia Iuridica; 2019, 82; 328-342
    0137-4346
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Iuridica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Constitution, Judicial Review, and the Rule of Law in the Jurisprudence of Administrative Courts in Poland
    Autorzy:
    Marcin, Wiącek,
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/902997.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-05-04
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    rule of law
    Constitution
    administrative courts
    Supreme Administrative Court
    Constitutional Tribunal
    application of the Constitution
    judicial review of law
    zasada państwa prawnego
    Konstytucja
    sądy administracyjne
    Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny
    Trybunał Konstytucyjny
    stosowanie Konstytucji
    sądowa kontrola konstytucyjności prawa
    Opis:
    In the light of Article 184 of the 1997 Constitution administrative courts verify the lawfulness of administrative decisions and some other acts of public administration. Furthermore, administrative courts may review the lawfulness, including the compliance with the Constitution, of the so called “enactments of local law” (referred to in Articles 87(2) and 94 of the Constitution). Pursuant to Article 8(2) of the Constitution “The provisions of the Constitution shall apply directly, unless the Constitution provides otherwise”. This constitutional competence is addressed, inter alia, to courts. In practice, administrative courts apply Constitution in three ways: 1) pro-constitutional interpretation of laws, 2) referring the so called questions of law to the Constitutional Tribunal, 3) ruling in a case directly on the basis of a constitutional provision. The provision applied by administrative courts in most cases is Article 2 of the Constitution, which stipulates that “The Republic of Poland shall be a democratic state governed by the rule of law (…)”. The Article is focused on most important cases in which the rule of law principle was applied. Administrative courts, as well as other courts and the Constitutional Tribunal, consider the rule of law principle to be the source of several detailed principles, e.g. the certainty of law, the lex retro non agit principle, the loyalty of the State towards citizens, the citizens’ trust in the State and the law, the principle of proportionality. Each of these principles was referred to in the large number of administrative courts’ judgments as the basis of a ruling. This proves that the Constitution, in particular the rule of law principle, is one of the instruments utilized by administrative courts’ judges in their everyday work.
    Źródło:
    Studia Iuridica; 2019, 79; 92-106
    0137-4346
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Iuridica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Status autonomiczny oraz ustrój samorządu Wysp Alandzkich
    Autorzy:
    Serzhanova, Viktoria
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/47390695.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-12-12
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    autonomous status
    self-government of the Åland Islands
    the Basic Law of Finland
    territorial structure
    constitutional guarantees of territorial integrity and indivisibility
    status autonomiczny
    samorząd Wysp Alandzkich
    Ustawa zasadnicza Finlandii
    struktura terytorialna
    konstytucyjne gwarancje integralności i niepodzielności terytorium
    Opis:
    The autonomous status of the Åland Islands and the system of its self-government against Finland’s territorial and administrative structure constitute a fascinating research area in the field of constitutional law and political systems. Such research makes it possible to determine which principles of the system of the division into territorial units possessing autonomous status within the territorial structure of the state and its self-government should be introduced at the legal, constitutional and statutory level in order to ensure the population inhabiting it with a sufficient level of separateness and independence, protection of fundamental rights and freedoms, and at the same time guarantee the territorial integrity of the state. The study also makes it possible to determine which legal mechanisms and instruments of the organization and functioning of autonomous regions, distinguished by some specific feature, need to be applied in order for the system of such a unit to be effective in the performance of public tasks of their own and those commissioned by state authorities by self-government bodies of this region and to enable the self-government of the region serving its citizens at its best. In the case of Finland, it is of great importance for the protection of fundamental human and civil rights and freedoms, especially for ethnically and culturally separate social groups. The aim of this study is the legal analysis of the autonomous status and the local government system of the Åland Islands, applied and currently functioning in Finland, and its subject is an exegesis of the norms concerning the subject matter under the study, contained in the Fundamental Law of 1999 being in force in Finland and the relevant statutory regulations, as well as practices of the functioning of this region within the state from the perspective of its division into other basic units and the system of local government.
    Źródło:
    Studia Iuridica; 2021, 88; 364-374
    0137-4346
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Iuridica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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