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Tytuł:
Polityka Surowcowa Państwa 2050 - realizacja założeń uchwały Rady Ministrów
State Raw Materials Policy 2050 - implementation of the Council of Ministers’resolution
Autorzy:
Dziadzio, Piotr S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/20044475.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Tematy:
Polityka Surowcowa Państwa 2050
bezpieczeństwo surowcowe
dostęp do surowców
State Raw Materials Policy 2050
raw materials security
access to raw materials
Opis:
Free, unrestricted access to raw materials is fundamental to the proper functioning of any economy. It should be in the interest of every country to ensure access to raw materials that are needed in the present but will also be needed in the future, particularly taking into account economic, social and also political changes that are taking place or are possible, with different dynamics. In order to meet such needs, it is necessary to have a strategy indicating concrete actions whose implementation will achieve the goal of ensuring raw material security, even in the decades to come. State Raw Materials Policy 2050 (PSP2050), adopted on March 1, 2022, is a very important document, not only from the point of view of the country’s raw materials security, but also for ensuring the country’s energy security. The document describes the actions to be taken for raw material security and considers the concrete implementation work already done. Simultaneously with the work on PSP2050, other activities were being prepared and executed, including legislation to enable its effective implementation.
Źródło:
Przegląd Geologiczny; 2022, 70, 8; 563-565
0033-2151
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Geologiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Surowce mineralne deficytowe dla polskiej gospodarki : propozycja nowego podejścia do surowców strategicznych i krytycznych
Scarce mineral commodities for the Polish economy : a new proposal for approach to strategic and critical mineral commodities
Autorzy:
Mazurek, Sławomir
Roszkowska-Remin, Joanna
Szamałek, Krzysztof
Tymiński, Marcin
Malon, Agnieszka
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2076180.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Tematy:
deficyt surowców mineralnych
krytyczne surowce mineralne
strategiczne surowce mineralne
mineral raw materials deficit
critical mineral raw materials
strategic mineral raw materials
Opis:
The Authors analyze the national deficit of mineral commodities (classified as strategic and critical mineral commodities) against the volume of mineral deposits in Poland, from which these commodities are obtained. The assignment of types and subtypes of minerals that are the source of extraction to the corresponding strategic and critical mineral commodities is presented. A comparison was made between the annual extraction of minerals-sources of mineral commodities and their reserves in documented deposits and the volume of exports and imports of strategic and critical mineral commodities. It was found that Poland does not have a number of mineral deposits useful as sources of mineral commodities (strategic and critical) or documented mineral reserves are not sufficient to cover the needs of the national economy for these mineral commodities. Therefore, most of the critical and strategic mineral raw materials are scarce for Poland. A new approach to the classification of critical and strategic mineral commodities and the definition of the scarcity of mineral commodities in the country was proposed. The task of the geological survey is to conduct research to increase the base of mineral resources, especially those of fundamental importance for the economy. Such works are carried out at the Polish Geological Institute for the benefit of the project of State Raw Materials Policy (still under consideration) and should be continued in subsequent years.
Źródło:
Przegląd Geologiczny; 2021, 69, 5; 273--286
0033-2151
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Geologiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Mapy obszarów perspektywicznych wystąpień rud metali i surowców chemicznych w Polsce w skali 1 : 200 000 wraz z ich oceną surowcową oraz ograniczeniami środowiskowymi i zagospodarowania przestrzennego
Autorzy:
Mikulski, S. Z.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2075354.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Tematy:
zagospodarowanie przestrzenne
surowce
rudy metali
surowce chemiczne
land use planning
raw materials
metal ores
chemical raw materials
Źródło:
Przegląd Geologiczny; 2015, 63, 9; 531--533
0033-2151
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Geologiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kopaliny balneologiczne jako surowiec kluczowy
Balneological minerals as a pivotal raw materials
Autorzy:
Zglinicki, Karol
Szamałek, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2076222.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Tematy:
surowce balneologiczne
surowce kluczowe
prawo górnicze
ekonomia regionalna
balneological raw materials
pivotal raw materials
mining law
regional economics
Opis:
Changesin the demographic structure of the society and the development of civilisation diseases result in an increased interest in health-resort and spa and wellness services in Poland. Balneological raw materials will fill an important role in maintaining and improving the quality of life. The increase in demand for health-resort and disturbing reports on the possible collapse of the current pension system will probably force necessity of extending the retirement age. Undoubtedly, balneological raw materials will be crucial for efficient functioning of the society by providing broader health care prolonging physical fitness of the population. The awareness of occurring and coming changes makes the authors discuss the significance of the role of mineral resources in terms of not only innovation, defence and safety but also socio-cultural and civilisation.
Źródło:
Przegląd Geologiczny; 2021, 69, 4; 218--223
0033-2151
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Geologiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Założenia i cele polityki surowcowej zawarte w krajowych dokumentach strategicznych
Role and aim of mineral raw materials policy presented in national strategic documents
Autorzy:
Kulczycka, J.
Kudełko, J.
Wirth, H.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2075285.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Tematy:
polityka surowcowa
surowce nieenergetyczne
polskie dokumenty strategiczne
raw materials policy
non-energy raw materials
Polish strategic documents
Opis:
The European Commission (EC) started works on mineral policy in last years. In 2008 EC launched the EU Raw Materials Initiative in order ensure security of raw material supply for its economic growth. Sustainable supply of raw materials from European sources, increasing resource efficiency and promoting recycling are the main tasks presented in many EU documents, including European Innovation Partnership on raw materials announced in 2013. It was highlighted the possibility of effective and efficient use of raw materials as a basis for future economic growth and employment in Europe. The scope of paper includes primarily non-energy raw materials at its role in Polish strategic documents. Even EC prepared a lot of documents concerning mineral policy, in Polish strategic documents there are only few records concerning non-energy minerals, but in June 2014 the Ministry of Economy announced "Assumptions for the Action Plan in the field of security of Polish non-energy raw materials", and has taken the role of coordinator in the preparation of a coherent document. Existing principles and objectives for non-energy raw materials included in national documents have been analyses.
Źródło:
Przegląd Geologiczny; 2015, 63, 2; 98--102
0033-2151
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Geologiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Rynek surowców żelaza i stali w początkach XXI wieku
Iron and steel raw materials market at the beginning of the 21st century
Autorzy:
Paulo, Andrzej
Krzak, Mariusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2074329.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Tematy:
żelazo
stal
rynek surowcowy
iron
steel
raw materials market
Opis:
Iron and steel raw materials market evolves rapidly. Global mine production of iron ores and concentrates, metallurgical coal, pig iron and crude steel exceeded 1 billion tonnes at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries or in the first 20years of new millennium. International trade in these fields, as well as trade of such products as coke, ferroalloys and scrap, is also huge. Demand growth rate for steel raw materials, finished and semi-finished steel, and cast iron products is currently the highest among other mineral raw materials. Almost 90% of iron ore supplies come from Australia and Brazil, and the dominant consumer - China - is responsible for almost use. A geographic evolution in the steel production and the consumption of derived products has taken place. China has grown from a secondary crude steel producer and secondary steel products user to a leader with over 50% global share of steel production and a leading exporter of finished products. The iron and steel market has concentrated in the East and South Asia due to high consumption of imported steel raw materials in Japan and South Korea, rapid demand growth in India, investment in energy-efficient scrap processing in Turkey and Iran, while simultaneous reductions in the production capacity of the steel industry in the European Union, former Soviet Union and the US. Market disruption due to Covid-19pandemic appears to be short-lived, and China has strengthened its position. In the first half of 2021, the prices of steel products increased dramatically, which immediately resulted in the change in prices of apartments and other constructions based on this most widely used metal.
Źródło:
Przegląd Geologiczny; 2022, 70, 3; 156-171
0033-2151
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Geologiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Stan rozpoznania i możliwości pozyskiwania metali strategicznych z polimetalicznych kopalin oceanicznych
The state of knowledge and possibilities to extract strategic raw materials from the ocean polymetallic deposits
Autorzy:
Zawadzki, D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2075008.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Tematy:
strategic raw materials
ocean polymetallic deposits
surowce strategiczne
polimetaliczne kopaliny oceaniczne
Opis:
The paper presents the characteristics of types, occurrence and distribution of the ocean polymetallic deposits: polymetallic nodules, cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts, seafloor massive sulphides and metalliferous clays. Possibility of extraction of critical raw materials (for the EU) and strategic raw materials (according the OECD report) from the ocean polymetallic deposits is indicated. Polymetallic nodules are the most recognized type of ocean polymetallic deposits, abundant mostly in abyssal basins at the depths of3500-6000 m b.s.l. The most important practical metals from the polymetallic nodules are: Fe, Mn (280 000-320 000 ppm), Ni (11 000-14 000 ppm), Co (2100 ppm), Cu (9500-13 000 ppm), Mo and rare earth elements (REE). Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts, which are laminatedferromanganese clusters occurring at a depth interval between 400-4000 m b.s.l., can have a prospective significance for the extraction of critical raw materials. They are found on the seamounts where seafloor currents have swept the rocky bottom clear of sediment. They contain large amounts of metals: Mn, Co, Ti, Pt, Te, Mo and Zr. The key factor determining the profitability of the crust mining will be cobalt extraction. However, profitability may increase if nickel, tellurium or REE would be recovered at the same time. The analyses show that the seafloor massive sulphides would be of great importance, as they are the potential source of gold, platinum, silver, copper, zinc and lead. Extraction ofthese deposits is associated with the smallest area ofexploitation and depth ofoccurrence (between 1500-3700 m b.s.l.) which can significantly facilitate commencing of mining operations. Their commercial extraction could begin in the next few years, provided a high concentration of gold and metals in the location near the coast, and a depth below 2000 m b.s.l. Metalliferous clays, which are the deposits enriched in manganese oxides or hydroxides and sulphides or iron, could become an important prospective source of rare earth elements. This is confirmed by a study in two regions: eastern South and central North Pacific. Prospective possibilities of mining the ocean polymetallic deposits increased due to a high concentration ofMn, Ni, Cu, Co, Pt and REE (La, Ce, Nd, Yb, Eu). REE recovery particularly increases the economic value of these deposits. Mining of the ocean polymetallic deposits would meet many technological difficulties and should be preceded by detailed environmental studies.
Źródło:
Przegląd Geologiczny; 2013, 61, 1; 45--53
0033-2151
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Geologiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Obszary perspektywicznych wystąpień i zasoby przewidywane surowców chemicznych Polski na mapach w skali 1 : 200 000 – sól kamienna, sole potasowo-magnezowe i siarka
Prospective areas and predicted resources of natural chemical raw materials in Poland presented on the maps at scale 1 : 200 000 – rock and potash salts and native sulphur
Autorzy:
Czapowski, G.
Bukowski, K.
Gąsiewicz, A.
Sadłowska, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2075352.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Tematy:
naturalne surowce chemiczne
zasoby
mapy
Polska
natural chemical raw materials
resources
maps
Polska
Opis:
Themap sheets at scale 1 : 200 000 illustrate the areas of prospective occurrences of natural chemical raw materials (rock and potash salts and native sulphur) in Poland. Fourteen prospective regions and 64 areas of Upper Permian rock salt with predicted (both prospective and prognostic ones) resources of ca. 4.052·1012 Mg and the total area of ca 31.6·103 km2 have been contoured on 57 map sheets. Prospective occurrences of the Miocene rock salt are defined in four areas located on four map sheets and their predicted resources are calculated for 6.9·109 Mg and the total area for ca. 137 km2. Twelve prospective areas of Upper Permian potash salts, contoured on eight map sheets, have the total predicted resources of ca. 3638.1·106 Mg and the total area of ca. 465 km2. Eleven prospective areas are defined for native sulphur concentrations within the Miocene deposits of the Carpathian Foredeep (five map sheets, southern Poland). Their prospective (both prognostic and hypothetic ones) resources are estimated for ca. 390·106 Mg and the total area for ca. 73 km2. The maps have been supplemented with the individual reports on each prospective region and area, including all geographical and geological data on the described raw material occurrence, as well as with suggestions on their possible management.
Źródło:
Przegląd Geologiczny; 2015, 63, 9; 561--571
0033-2151
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Geologiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Chińska polityka surowcowa
Chinese raw materials policy
Autorzy:
Maksymowicz, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2075468.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Tematy:
Chiny
nauka
surowce
cena
miedź
węgiel
China
science
raw materials
prices
copper
coal
Opis:
Our increasing economic relations with China provide an opportunity to compare raw materials economies in both countries. They are completely different. A modern form of raw materials management in China is based on scientific analyses of universities and research institutes which, at their own initiative, submit their proposals to the Chinese Government. They are numerous in every issue, and even conflicting as regards the methods, conclusions and purposes. The Government selects the best options, providing broad and comprehensive justification for each of them. This method has brought to China a worldwide investment success in raw materials economy. If we want to cooperate with China in thisfield, it is worthwhile to take advantage of its experience in this matter.
Źródło:
Przegląd Geologiczny; 2016, 64, 10; 789--790
0033-2151
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Geologiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Koronawirus negatywnie wpływa na gospodarkę surowcami
Autorzy:
Maksymowicz, Adam
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2067489.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Tematy:
gospodarka surowcami
imperium chinskie
surowce na giełdzie
raw materials management
Chinese empire
stock exchange
Źródło:
Przegląd Geologiczny; 2020, 68, 3; 160--161
0033-2151
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Geologiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Sukcesy i porażki polityki surowcowej
The successes and failures of raw material policy
Autorzy:
Maksymowicz, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2075775.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Tematy:
polityka surowcowa
Kanadyjska szkoła poszukiwań geologicznych
polskie szkoły geologiczne
Friedland Robert
surowce dla przemysłu
strategia rozwoju
raw materials policy
Canadian geological exploration school
Polish geological school
raw materials for industry
responsible development strategy
Opis:
Thework on “National raw materials policy” as a separate Government document is carried out in order to achieve the economic effects of the exploitation of domestic mineral resources. Other countries adapt such policies to the general national policy. Its creators in those countries are independent scientific and business communities of national and global importance. An example of the creation of such a policy is Robert Friedland’s geological exploration school in Canada. It is successful on both a national and global scale. Its essence is not a rigid document , but the mobilization of the mos ttalented people in this sector, which are focuse daround a political scientist,who is familiar not only with the geology, but also has knowledge about people of thi sprofession.Only this kind of policy could be comparably successful to the post-war “Polish geological school” that was organized on a basis of similar principles as that in Canada.
Źródło:
Przegląd Geologiczny; 2017, 65, 3; 154--155
0033-2151
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Geologiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Surowce kluczowe, strategiczne i krytyczne dla polskiej gospodarki
Pivotal, strategic and critical mineral raw materials for the Polish economy
Autorzy:
Radwanek-Bąk, B.
Galos, K.
Nieć, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2075839.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Tematy:
polska geologia gospodarcza
surowiec kluczowy
surowce strategiczne
minerały krytyczne
Polish economic geology
pivotal raw material
strategic raw materials
critical minerals
Opis:
Comprehensive and harmonious economic development of each country depends on the availability of raw materials, in particular mineral deposits, necessary for the functioning of the various industries that produce the substances and equipment required to meet the needs of the population, and for the efficient operation of agriculture and transport. The identification of raw materials, which are important for the country, is the basis of mineral policy and strategy. Diverse conditions of production of mineral raw materials result in their division into groups of different importance for the national economy. In Poland, three independent proposals for determining economically important mineral raw materials were developed. Despite their intuitive, similar approaches, various raw materials were identified as pivotal, strategic and critical. We would like to clarify their definitions: Pivotal raw materials – essential for the proper functioning of the economy and satisfying the needs of the society, those whose supply must be assured; Strategic raw materials - not sufficiently (at least 90%) supplied from domestic sources, or whose opportunities for permanent supply are limited or threatened (including the raw materials necessary for the development of innovative technologies); Critical raw materials - those whose chance of gaining (from both primary and secondary sources) is of high risk and their substitutability is low (in particular raw materials on the EU Critical List). There are 27 pivotal raw materials, especially important for the Polish economy, which are distinguished by the importance of raw materials and the importance of the substitution of raw materials. The list of strategic raw materials counts 36 items and includes a number of pivotal raw materials, important for the economy but being deficient in Poland. Eighteen mineral raw materials were considered critical. Depending on the changing, widely understood market conditions, such lists should be reviewed and updated at least every 5 years.
Źródło:
Przegląd Geologiczny; 2018, 66, 3; 153--159
0033-2151
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Geologiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wykorzystanie złóż kopalin w Polsce a zagrożenia bezpieczeństwa surowcowego kraju
Recent utilization of mineral deposits in Poland and threats to security of supply
Autorzy:
Nieć, M.
Radwanek-Bąk, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2074708.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Tematy:
złoża kopalin
bezpieczeństwo surowcowe kraju
zagospodarowanie przestrzenne
mineral deposits
mineral raw materials supply security
land use planning
Opis:
Possibilities of exploitation of a large part of mineral deposits appear limited by actual and planned land use and the related land ownership rights (especially in the case of opencast mining) and by various real and imaginary restraints resulting from landscape and environment protection. Such limitations make further development of existing basis of mineral raw materials rather doubtful. Therefore, they represent a threat for appropriate supply of mineral commodities and may be a barrier to future sustainable development. The major factor acting against the mining is a low social consciousness of importance of mineral commodities for covering everyday needs of a community, together with traditional vision of the mining as exclusively damaging natural environment. The protection of deposits for future development should be secured by a special Legal Act. The knowledge and reliable information on importance of mineral raw materials for everyday life and local and regional and country economy as well as of real impact of the mining on the environment and the modes of its remediation is indispensable for proper management of mineral deposits. Such knowledge should be disseminated properly in schools and by media in PR campaigns.
Źródło:
Przegląd Geologiczny; 2009, 57, 7; 591-599
0033-2151
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Geologiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Podaż surowców skaleniowych w Polsce ze źródeł krajowych i zagranicznych w świetle potrzeb rynku
Supply of feldspathic raw materials in Poland from domestic and foreign sources in the light of market demand
Autorzy:
Lewicka, E.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2075611.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Tematy:
surowce skaleniowe
leukogranit
sjenit nefelinowy
podaż krajowa
import
feldspathic raw materials
leucogranite
nepheline syenite
domestic supply
importation
Opis:
The paper presents characteristics of the domestic market of feldspathic raw materials, analysing the most important features that influenced the supply and demand in the past decades as well as changes which have taken place in recent years due to economic crisis in western countries at the turn of 2008 and 2009 and the ongoing military conflict in the East, initiated in 2014. In this context, the quality requirements related to feldspar raw materials utilized in the ceramic and glass-making industries being their main users are depicted. In Poland, from the mid-1990s to the end of the first decade of the 21th century the growth in demandfor these materials was observed, mostly due to the expansion of the domestic ceramic tiles industry. That resulted in the necessity of supplementing of the domestic production by increasing importation, coming not only from traditional suppliers, such as the Czech Republic and Scandinavian countries, but also - since 2002 -from Turkey. This article presents the most important current foreign suppliers of feldspathic raw materials to Poland, describing the sources of these raw materials as well as the quality characteristics of the most important ones.
Źródło:
Przegląd Geologiczny; 2017, 65, 6; 392--399
0033-2151
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Geologiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ocena obecnego stanu pokrycia potrzeb surowcowych gospodarki krajowej
Assessment of the current state of coverage of the domestic economy’s demand for mineral raw materials
Autorzy:
Lewicka, E.
Burkowicz, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2075836.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Tematy:
surowce mineralne
popyt
produkcja
handel zagraniczny
wagi handlowe
mineral raw materials
demand
production
foreign trade
trade balances
Opis:
Current state of coverage of the domestic needs for mineral raw materials was assessed on the basis of estimated values and volumes of their consumption in 2011-2015. The analysis showed that among over 100 minerals consumed in Poland the demand for almost 60% of them was met by imports. Some were purchased abroad due to lack of domestic sources (e.g. iron ores and concentrates, and aluminium), while others - due to inadequate domestic supplies (e.g. copper and zinc concentrates), or insufficient quality of minerals from own sources (e.g. some ceramic clays and magnesite). The production of around 30 raw materials, mainly ceramic and construction ones, can satisfy fully the country’s demand. The trade balances reveal deep deficit in the turnover, especially of fuels - with the exception of hard coal and lignite, the utilization of which (recently 80% of the total demand for fuels) can be reduced due to the EU policy aimed at their restricted use. This will result in increasing dependence of Poland on foreign deliveries of fuels, and thus in deepening the negative trade balance of mineral raw materials. Due to limited sufficiency of domestic reserves of many mineral raw materials their increased importation seems to be unavoidable.
Źródło:
Przegląd Geologiczny; 2018, 66, 3; 144--152
0033-2151
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Geologiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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