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    Wyświetlanie 1-3 z 3
    Tytuł:
    Poszukiwanie konsensu europejskiego przed Europejskim Trybunałem Praw Człowieka w sprawie adopcji dziecka przez osoby i pary homoseksualne
    The quest for European consensus by the European Court of Human Rights in the cases concerning adoption of the children by the homosexual persons and couples
    Autorzy:
    Morawska, Elżbieta
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/485531.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Instytut Europeistyki
    Tematy:
    Europejska Konwencja Praw Człowieka
    Europejski Trybunał Praw Człowieka margines swobody uznania Konsensus europejski dyskryminacja
    adopcja przez osoby i pary homoseksualne
    European Convention on Human Rights
    European Court of Human Rights margin of appreciation
    European consensus
    discrimination
    same-sex adoption
    Opis:
    The European Court of Human Rights (ECHtR) uses several criteria/factors in determining the parameters of the margin of appreciation as to the definition or interpretation of a specific right or freedom defined in the European Convention on Human Rights. One of them is a European consensus among the state parties to the Convention. The way the ECHtR has implemented the methodology of finding this consensus has been clearly problematic. This applies especially to ECHtR's evaluation of the discriminatory practice of states under Article 14. Above all, it is unclear under what circumstances the ECHtR takes into consideration the practice of states. In addition, it is also unclear how it selects the comparative group of states and defines the specific threshold necessary for this consensus. It should be noted that the above considerations and remarks are fully justified in the light of the ECHtR's case law concerning the issues of adoption of children by homosexual persons (same-sex adoption).
    Źródło:
    Problemy Współczesnego Prawa Międzynarodowego, Europejskiego i Porównawczego; 2017, 15; 29-49
    1730-4504
    Pojawia się w:
    Problemy Współczesnego Prawa Międzynarodowego, Europejskiego i Porównawczego
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Zaprzestanie uporczywej terapii na tle orzeczenia Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka w sprawie Lambert i inni przeciwko Francji
    Therapeutic abstention in the light of the judgment of European Court of Human Rights in the case of Lambert and others v. France
    Autorzy:
    Bańczyk, Alicja
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/485609.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Instytut Europeistyki
    Tematy:
    zaprzestanie terapii
    Lambert i inni przeciwko Francji uporczywa terapia
    Europejski Trybunał Praw Człowieka Europejska Konwencja Praw Człowieka
    prawo do życia
    therapeutic abstention
    Lambert and others v. France unreasonably obstinate medical treatment
    European Court of Human Rights European Convention of Human Rights
    right to life
    Opis:
    The article refers to the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights, dated on June 5th, 2015, in the case of Lambert and others v. France. The author of the paper tries to answer the question, what is the meaning of the judgment for the ways of analysing the issues of the end of human life, with a particular tension on the therapeutic abstention on the basis of the European Human Rights Convention. In order to reach this aim, there is an analysis of the factual and legal background of the case provided. The next part consists of the discussion of the legal problems aroused within this case. The first one is the granting of right to the margin of appreciation to France. Then the author tries to answer the fundamental issue of the analysis of the case - whether artificial feeding and hydration are a form of therapy and whether the conditions of holding the therapy obstinate in the French law are in accordance with the demands of the Convention. Further issues refer to the priority of the patient’s will while taking the decision of abstaining from the obstinate therapy and the problems of taking those decisions with regard to the patients deprived of consciousness (incompetent). The article tries to answer the question, what is the direction of the future jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights in questions regarding the end of human life and what is its meaning to the way of understanding the value from the Convention in the member states and for the direction of change of the member states legislation within this issue.
    Źródło:
    Problemy Współczesnego Prawa Międzynarodowego, Europejskiego i Porównawczego; 2017, 15; 206-231
    1730-4504
    Pojawia się w:
    Problemy Współczesnego Prawa Międzynarodowego, Europejskiego i Porównawczego
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Należyta staranność w kontekście użycia siły śmiercionośnej w porządku prawnym Europejskiej Konwencji Praw Człowieka
    The due diligence related to the use of lethal force in the law of the European Convention of Human Rights
    Autorzy:
    Morawska, Elżbieta H.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/485524.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Instytut Europeistyki
    Tematy:
    Europejska Konwencja Praw Człowieka
    Europejski Trybunał Praw Człowieka mechanizm egzekucji w zakresie zapobiegania, zwalczania i ścigania sprawców naruszeń
    umyślne i bezprawne pozbawienia życia
    European Convention on Human Rights
    European Court of Human Rights law-enforcement machinery for the prevention, suppression and sanctioning of breaches of provisions
    intentional and unlawful taking of life
    Opis:
    In the light of Article 2(2) of the Convention, the threat to the right to life posed by the use of lethal force by State agents (lethal force) should be taken seriously in particular. It provides that deprivation of life shall not be considered contrary to this article if it results from the use of force which is no more than absolutely necessary to achieve the three objectives set out therein. However, in the Court's view, those provisions do not, in any event, entitle the State to use force with the intention of killing. This means that Article 2 of the Convention requires a State to refrain from intentional and unlawful taking of life. The Court established the conditions for the use of lethal force in the case of McCann and Others v. the United Kingdom of 1995. In view of the criterion of absolute necessity, the circumstances in which the use of lethal force may occur must be interpreted restrictively and evaluated with the utmost rigour, taking account of all the circumstances surrounding the use of that force. The Court therefore combined a new premise with the criterion of absolute necessity of the use of lethal force. A review of the case-law shows that it is of major importance and that it de facto leads to a redefinition of the criterion of absolute necessity. The Court has neither defined its substance precisely nor indicated in an exhaustive manner the situations which it regards as "all the circumstances surrounding". However, it pointed out the initial assumption that in a democratic society, law-enforcement officials should be "somewhat cautious in the use of firearms". Subsequently, it translated into concrete duties, including the obligation to prepare a plan of action using lethal force, next the obligation to exercise appropriate supervision over its course, the obligation to take the care of the right to life sufficiently into account in the instructions given to officers regarding the use of lethal force, in particular the exclusion of shoot to kill instruction and the obligation to train or instruct officers accordingly in order to be able to assess whether there is an absolute need for the use of firearms in a particular situation. The Court is progressively developing the scope and content of these obligations. This is shown, for example, by the 2010 Wasilewska and Kalucka v. Poland case, which requires police officers who take action using lethal force to carry a clear identification mark, so that there is no doubt that they are police officers. In addition, the authorities were obliged to provide an ambulance at the site of the action. In the Andronicou and Constantinou v. Cyprus case of 1997, the Court drew attention for the first time to the obligation planning and control of the rescue operation. The fulfilment of these duties requires a number of concrete actions which serve a preventive function. It is not just crime prevention sensu stricto. In fact, it involves a whole range of different organisational, technical and tactical measures, including tactics and techniques for prevention and intervention by a broad range of police and preventive services, secret services and the military. The multidimensional protective function of these measures is important. The Court optimises the requirements for the performance of the duties mentioned above, taking into account their specific circumstances and their operational aspect and stresses that they must not result in disproportionate and unrealistic burdens on the authorities. An infringement of Article 2 of the Convention therefore arises where a State Party has not taken all the possible measures which the specific circumstances of the case required to be taken and which could have been taken. As a result of the above optimisation, the level of performance of the indicated duties may vary, although it must be the highest possible. The Court has required States to take requisite care to "minimise to the greatest extent possible recourse to lethal force or incidental loss of life". Thus, an important criterion for these obligations is the criterion of due diligence, which has traditionally been linked to progressive obligations linked to economic, social and cultural rights. In conclusion, without altering the nature and subject-matter of the prohibition on intentional or unlawful deprivation of life, the Court has "surrounded" it with the duties of diligent action. It thus the general obligation of the States Parties to the Convention to protect the right to life (Article of the Convention) has been substantially strengthened.
    Źródło:
    Problemy Współczesnego Prawa Międzynarodowego, Europejskiego i Porównawczego; 2018, 16; 97-114
    1730-4504
    Pojawia się w:
    Problemy Współczesnego Prawa Międzynarodowego, Europejskiego i Porównawczego
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-3 z 3

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