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    Tytuł:
    Austriackie Kriegsmappe – zapomniane źródło do ikonografii polskich zabytków architektury – na przykładzie Galizien 1915 Luigiego Kasimira
    Austrian Kriegsmappe – the forgotten source for iconography of the Polish architectural monuments – on the basis of Galizien 1915 by Luigi Kasimir
    Autorzy:
    Marcinek, Roman
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/536855.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa
    Tematy:
    I wojna światowa
    sztuka austriacka
    grafika
    ikonografia
    zabytki
    urbanistyka
    straty wojenne
    militaria
    Opis:
    This article refreshes our memory on the graphic portfolios created and published during the World War I, exemplified by the work of Luigi Kasimir (1881-1962), Austrian graphic artist and landscape painter. In the years 1900-1905 he attended the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna, gaining artistic education under the supervision of William Unger. In the following years, he improved his skills in lithography and colour etching. Soon he became one of the most recognized Austrian graphic artists and his works found their way to the largest world collections. In 1915, Kasimir was delegated to Galicia with a task of providing artistic documentation of the course of military operations, which resulted in a portfolio of 47 graphics presenting the architectural monuments of former Galicia upon passing of the Austro-Russian front in 1915. Portfolio depicts the views of sites from the following localities: Biecz, Glinik Mariampolski, Gorlice, Jarosław, Kraków, Otfinów, Nielepkowice, Pawłosiów, Przemyśl, Radymno, Sękowa, Sieniawa, Tarnów, Wiązownica, Wietlin, Wysocko and Zbylitowska Góra. Therefore, the analysis of portfolio provides us with a relatively comprehensive set of iconographic materials, presented in publications and conservation documentation sporadically or at all. From the total of 47 views, there are only 7 cases of sites, which have been not definitely rebuilt throughout the last century. Almost half of them did not survive. The author mentions also the portfolios of the other artists, which might be of documentary importance. Not all of them were published: materials to some of them rest in the Vienna and Budapest archives. Many works have been rejected as the relics of the Germanic military propaganda. Despite the above, it is worth to return to them, since in many cases, these are the only art representations of sites from villages and provincial small towns.
    Źródło:
    Ochrona Zabytków; 2014, 2; 5-22
    0029-8247
    Pojawia się w:
    Ochrona Zabytków
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wielka Wojna na Lubelszczyźnie. Zniszczenia historycznych miast i losy zabytków
    The Great War in the Lublin Land. Destruction of historical cities and the losses suffered by historical monuments
    Autorzy:
    Gałecka, Marzena
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/535270.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa
    Tematy:
    Krasnystaw
    Ostrów Lubelski
    Końskowola
    Wielka Wojna
    I wojna światowa
    straty i zniszczenia wojenne
    the Great War
    World War I
    war losses and destructions
    Opis:
    During the Great War, 342 000 square kilometres, that is, nearly 90 percent of the territory of Poland (within the borders before 1939) were the areas of direct military activities. Out of the 16 provinces, damages and losses directly caused by the war were recorded in 13 of them. The total number of buildings destroyed or significantly damaged during the war (following the data referring to the area of the former Kingdom of Poland only) was over 1 884 000. The direct causes included artillery and gun fire, dismantling for the purposes of trenches and other military purposes, fuel, as well as accidental or intentional fires. In 1915, the withdrawal of the Russian army involved deliberate destruction and burning of buildings. As specified in the statistical data, the largest losses as regards buildings in the territory of the present-day Lublin Province (taking into account the losses in the territory of the former Kingdom of Poland) were recorded in the district of Chełm – 41.9% (the largest of all districts). In other districts, the percentage of destroyed buildings was as follows: in the district of Hrubieszów 29.5%, Tomaszów 21.2%, Lubartów 21.1%, Lublin 17.6%, Krasnystaw 17.4%, Puławy 16%, Biłgoraj 14.7%, Zamość 12.8%, Janów 8.8% and Łuków 8.2%. Within those districts, many towns with historical buildings and historical churches, Orthodox churches, synagogues and public utility buildings were destroyed. One of the most valuable towns destroyed during the War was Kazimierz nad Wisłą, in which a number of historical, 17th-century tenements were burned. The article describes the destructions in three towns of the Lublin Land: Krasnystaw, Końskowola and Ostrów Lubelski. Krasnystaw during World War I was conquered three times. It was a strategic town, among others, for the reason of the nearby Russian railway Lublin – Chełm – Kowel. Within the historical town (that is, excluding the suburbs), 180 buildings were destroyed, including 68 residential ones. The Baroque, former Jesuit church of Francis Xavier, built in the years 1695- 1717 following the design of the architect Jan Delamars, was damaged. The brick synagogue and the seat of town authorities were burned. In 1915, the Russian army withdrawing from the territory of the Kingdom of Poland fought fierce battles on the section Końskowola – Kurów – Markuszów – Garbów – Jastków. They resulted in, among others, the destruction of Końskowola, in which 326 buildings out of the 333 recorded ones were burned. Roman Catholic churches have survived, but other parish buildings and the historical bell tower from 1778 were destroyed. The synagogue built before 1882 was burned and, for that reason, it was closed until 1921. The wooden residential and utility buildings in Ostrów Lubelski were destroyed nearly in 2/3 in August 1915, as the fire caused by artillery fire of German forces, attacking the withdrawing Russian army, destroyed 512 residential buildings (out of 822 recorded in 1914). The brick, Baroque Roman Catholic church, built following a design of the architect Paweł Fontana and a brick Orthodox church built in the years 1888-1890 following a design of the architect Wiktor Syczugow, were damaged by bullets. The history of wartime destructions and the losses borne during World War I concerning single historical monuments, groups of monuments and in the areas of historical urban complexes has not been examined and described exhaustingly, and many archival sources have not been studied yet.
    Źródło:
    Ochrona Zabytków; 2015, 1; 23-41
    0029-8247
    Pojawia się w:
    Ochrona Zabytków
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Relikty archeologiczne Wielkiej Wojny. Znikające dziedzictwo, poza nawiasem nauki i konserwatorstwa
    Archaeological relics of the Great War. Vanishing heritage, aside from academic studies and conservator’s care
    Autorzy:
    Sabaciński, Marcin
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/539675.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa
    Tematy:
    archeologia pól bitewnych
    I wojna światowa
    Wielka Wojna
    ochrona dziedzictwa militarnego
    poszukiwanie skarbów
    archaeology of battlefields
    World War I
    the Great War
    protection of military heritage
    treasure hunting
    Opis:
    Poland is one of the several states which became a theatre of military activities of World War I. The long-lasting trench warfare remained underground relics in the territory of our country, which are an element of tangible heritage. However, a proper conservator’s strategy to protect them effectively has not been developed yet. One of the methods of research of military conflicts is the so-called archaeology of battlefields, which is a novelty, also in Poland. The article points out an urgent need to develop effective methods of protection of material relics of World War I, which have sill survived in the field as relics of field fortifications constructed of non-durable materials, underground remains of military engineering, as well as the objects deposited in the original context or traces documenting the course of fighting. Archaeology is specified as a method for documenting them and drawing research conclusions, impossible to obtain in other research disciplines. A fundamental issue which makes it impossible to employ the conservator’s protection typical for the archaeological heritage is a scale of fights and their great range. For that reason, an effective protection method for such places should be developed, which would have to be based on a valorization of all historical resources. The article draws one’s attention to the hazards for the archaeological heritage of the Great War and points out its persistent marginalization by both researchers and historical monument protection services. It also refers to the problems connected with applying effective provisions of law to the protection of battlefields.
    Źródło:
    Ochrona Zabytków; 2015, 1; 131-140
    0029-8247
    Pojawia się w:
    Ochrona Zabytków
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Artystyczna działalność Gustava Ludwiga w Kriegsgräber Abteilung Krakau i projekty cmentarzy wojennych w X Okręgu Cmentarnym „Limanowa” na tle jego twórczości architektonicznej
    Gustav Ludwig’s artistic activities in Kriegsgräber Abteilung Krakau and designs for war cemeteries in the ‘Limanowa’ 10th Cemetery District against the backdrop of his architectural work
    Autorzy:
    Partridge, Agnieszka
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/21151082.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023
    Wydawca:
    Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa
    Tematy:
    architektura
    sztuka
    cmentarze wojenne
    I wojna światowa
    sztuka sepulkralna
    detal architektoniczny
    architecture
    art
    war cemeteries
    First World War
    sepulchral art
    architectural detailing
    Opis:
    Artykuł prezentuje sylwetkę i dokonania artystyczne jednego z najciekawszych austriackich architektów – Gustava Ludwiga (1876–1952), którego twórczość dotąd nie została opracowana. Przed I wojną światową pracował on ze swoim bratem Aloisem Ludwigiem przy projektowaniu wielkich hoteli w południowym Tyrolu, a także budynków mieszkalnych w Wiedniu, Düsseldorfie i Kolonii. Wspólnie tworzyli firmę „Brüder Ludwig”, w której młody architekt zdobył potrzebne później doświadczenie. Podczas I wojny światowej wcielony został do Kriegsgräber Abteilung Krakau i stworzył na terenie dawnej Galicji Zachodniej 37 założeń cmentarnych, głównie w X Okręgu Cmentarnym „Limanowa”. Do najciekawszych jego realizacji należą cmentarze położone w samej Limanowej lub jej okolicach: nr 366 Limanowa, nr 368 Limanowa-Jabłoniec oraz nr 357 Kamionka Mała-Orłówka i nr 365 Tymbark. Najważniejsze cechy stylowe jego projektów to znakomite wyczucie krajobrazu Beskidu Wyspowego i okolic Limanowej, otwarcie na lokalne tradycje architektury ludowej oraz bogata stylistyka odwołująca się do cytatów zaczerpniętych z wielkiej architektury i symboliki przemijania, pełnej respektu dla żołnierskiej ofiary. Niniejszy artykuł stanowi wstęp do dalszych badań nad spuścizną tego architekta i jest próbą odpowiedzi na mnożące się pytania.
    This article gives a profile and presents the artistic achievements of one of Austria’s most interesting architects, Gustav Ludwig (1876–1952), whose work has not yet been fully studied. Before the First World War, he worked with his brother Alois Ludwig on the design of large hotels in South Tyrol, as well as residential buildings in Vienna, Düsseldorf and Cologne. Together they formed the firm ‘Brüder Ludwig’, where the young architect gained the experience he later needed. During the First World War, he was conscripted into the Kriegsgräber Abteilung Krakau and conceived 37 cemetery layouts in former Western Galicia, mainly in the ‘Limanowa’ 10th Cemetery District. His most interesting projects include cemeteries located in or around Limanowa itself: no. 366 Limanowa, no. 368 Limanowa-Jabłoniec, as well as no. 357 Kamionka Mała-Orłówka and no. 365 Tymbark. The most important stylistic features of his designs are his excellent sense of the landscape of the Beskid Wyspowy mountain range and the Limanowa area, his openness to the local traditions of folk architecture and features rich in stylistics alluding to great architecture and the symbolism of transience, full of respect for the soldiers’ sacrifice. This article is an introduction to further research into the legacy of this architect and attempts to answer the mounting questions.
    Źródło:
    Ochrona Zabytków; 2023, 1; 163-192
    0029-8247
    2956-6606
    Pojawia się w:
    Ochrona Zabytków
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Los rodziny Antoniego Mysakowskiego w pierwszym roku Wielkiej Wojny
    The history of the family of Antoni Mysakowski in the first year of the Great War
    Autorzy:
    Garbacz, Krzysztof
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/535902.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa
    Tematy:
    Wielka Wojna
    I wojna światowa
    Antoni Mysakowski
    Janina Mysakowska
    Franciszek Stachnik
    Eugenia Dominiowa
    Biłgoraj
    Huta Krzeszowska
    Nowiny
    Zawadki
    Lubelszczyzna
    Syberia
    the Great War
    World War I
    the Lublin Land
    Siberia
    Opis:
    For the author of this publication, the hundredth anniversary of the outbreak of World War I became an opportunity to look at its first dozen moths in the south of the Lublin Land in the context of both military activities and the fate of civilians on the example of the family of the exiled Antoni Mysakowski, an organist from Huta Krzeszowska. The article was written on the basis of available publications referring to military activities in that area as well as unpublished family archives from early 20th century. The sources comprise the letters and documents confirming the imprisonment of Antoni Mysakowski by Russians in 1914 and his exile to Siberia, as well as parts of the diary of his daughter Janina, containing, among others, short reports from the front and its back-up in the territory of the southern Lublin Land – the places where she stayed with her family at that time. As the registers of births, marriages and deaths specify, the family of Antoni Mysakowski was connected with the Lublin Land from at least the 18th century, initially with the region of Chełm and Krasnystaw. Jan Mysakowski, the grandfather of the author of the diary, came with his family to Huta Krzeszowska which, at that time, was located in the district of Biłgoraj, around 1880. Their son, Antoni, spent many years in Huta with his wife, Stanisława nee Nowakowska. In 1894, their daughter, Janina, was born there. When the war broke out, Janina Mysakowska stayed in the area of Zwierzyniec and Szczebrzeszyn. When she stayed in the forester’s lodge in Nowiny near Nielisz, she found herself in the area of fights between the Austrian 4th Army of General Moritz von Auffenberg and the Russian 5th Army of General Pavel von Plehve. At that time, between 26 August and 2 September 1914, there was a great battle, referred to as the Battle of Komarów. Janina recollects the fights of 28 August. At that time, Eugenia Dominiowa nee Aleksiewicz (1872-1917), the wife of a clerk employed with a local sugar factory lived in Klemensów, where ordinate Zamoyski had his residence. In her diary, she described the military activities in Klemensów and in other places in the southern Lublin Land. Parts of that diary were published in 1938 in “Teka Zamojska”. Antoni Mysakowski’s family, staying in the area of Szczebrzeszyn, did not know his fate or the fate of other inhabitants of Huta Krzeszowska after the Austrians had marched into the area. It was only after her return home in 1914, when the Austro-Hungarian army was forced behind the San, that Janina got to know that her father had accepted the Austrians’ proposal to take over the post of a head of the village and, as a result, he was arrested by Russians. Janina described briefly the situation in Huta, where Russian troops were deployed permanently, she mentioned the fights by the San river which lasted over three weeks, until the Russians had crossed the river. At that time, the situation of Antoni Mysakowski, which was subject to military jurisdiction, was dramatic. After the proceedings conducted in April 1915 in the Dęblin Fortress, he was brought to the prison in Lublin, from where he was to be exiled. Some of the letters addressed to him, as well as the notes of his daughter Janina, were written in that period. After his departure, Antoni lost contact with his closest family remaining in the Lublin Land – his ailing parents, his wife, exhausted with pregnancy and labour, and all his children, of which one died when he was in prison. In May and June 1915, there were fierce fights in the region of Nisko between the Austro-Hungarian and Russian forces. Janina recollects them in some parts of her diary written in Huta Krzeszowska. The Austrian-German forces which, at the beginning of May 1915 began their offensive in Galicia and managed to break off the Russian front near Gorlice, forced the Tsar’s forces to withdraw from the territory of the Kingdom of Poland. In the territories which the Russian army was leaving, the evacuation of civilians began. During the evacuation, which comprised the inhabitants of eastern provinces, not only the state property, Russian offices and officials with their family were taken away. There were cases of mass expelling of people from villages and towns and destroying everything that could not be taken to Russia. The expelled civilians were exiled to Russia. Janina writes about it in her diary. The following pages of the diary describe the war-time experiences of the family, written from the end of June 1915 during the stay at the forester’s lodge in Nowiny near Nielisz. For the second time, Janina had to spend dramatic days under the rain of gun and cannon bullets. She writes about the fights of enemy armies, in this case, from the position of Austro-Hungarian and German armies fighting with Russian forces. The offensive of the allied forces under the command of General Mackensen ended at the end of July and resulted in defeating the Third Russian Army in the territories to the south of Lublin. Another stop during the wartime journey of Janina Mysakowska and her family was a village Zawadki near Susiec, where, among others, her grandfather, Jan Nowakowski, stayed. The author of the diary gives a brief account of the news from the front. Some of the information was brought by Austrian soldiers, who were still deployed in Zawadki as late as in September 1915. At the end of August, those exiled to Russia began to return, among others, to Huta Krzeszowska and other places near Biłgoraj. They were those who stayed behind the Bug River, in Volhynia, that is, the closest to the area they lived in. More people began to return as late as in mid-September, mainly those from the Lublin Land and those who were relatively close to the home country. Those who were taken far into Russia either died of hunger and epidemics or returned later, since they had to travel longer distances. In October 1915, after wandering during the war for several months, Janina with her family returned to Huta Krzeszowska. In 1918, the mother, Stanisława, died after a long illness and, two years later, a chronic disease resulted in the death of the author of the diary. Antoni Mysakowski, expelled to Siberia, settled in a small village Prospichina near Achinsk. As his situation was dramatic, he was helped by one of the organizations active in Russia – the Central Citizens’ Committee. His return to the homeland became possible as late as in September 1923. After that, he lived for 25 years, since he died in 1948 in Biłgoraj. He was buried in a local parish cemetery, near the place where, years before, his wife and daughter, the author of the diary, had been buried. The family of Antoni Mysakowski was one of hundreds Polish families which experienced trauma during the Great War. Presenting their history in the light of the war-time events was possible mainly thanks to preserved family documents and the recollections of Jadwiga, one of Antoni’s younger daughters, who died a short time ago.
    Źródło:
    Ochrona Zabytków; 2015, 1; 43-75
    0029-8247
    Pojawia się w:
    Ochrona Zabytków
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    W stulecie hekatomby. Cmentarze wojenne z lat 1914-1918 w dawnej Galicji Zachodniej jako unikatowy zespół sepulkralny. Dzieje, twórcy, symbolika, stan zachowania, problemy ochrony
    On the hecatomb’s hundredth anniversary. War cemeteries from the years 1914-1918 in former Western Galicia as a unique funerary complex. History, creators, symbolism, state of preservation, protection issues
    Autorzy:
    Partridge, Agnieszka
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/539702.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa
    Tematy:
    I wojna światowa
    operacja gorlicka
    groby żołnierskie
    cmentarze wojenne
    symbolika
    architektura
    dewastacja
    ochrona
    World War I
    the Gorlice operation
    soldiers’ graves
    war cemeteries
    symbolism
    architecture
    devastation
    protection
    Opis:
    The military operations during World War I in the territory of the former Western Galicia, that is, today’s Małopolska (Lesser Poland), were conducted with interruptions from November 1914 until the beginning of May 1915. It is estimated that over 60 thousand solders died in the fights lasting, with interruptions, six months and other 30 thousand died of wounds before the end of the war. On 3 November 1915, the Austro-Hungarian Ministry of War with a seat in Vienna established nine Troops for War Graves in the territory of the Monarchy, of which three branches were formed in Galicia (Kraków – Western Galicia, Przemyśl – Middle Galicia, Lvov – Western Galicia). Kriegsgräber Abteilung des K.u.K. Militarkommandos Krakau, that is, Troops for War Graves at the Garrison Headquarters in Kraków was led by Captain (later Major) Rudolf Broch, and the conception officers: Captain Ludwig Brixel and Captain Hans Hauptmann cooperated with him. The task of the Troop was not only to tidy up battlefields, but also creating war cemeteries which would serve as an example for other Austro-Hungarian regions where war activities were still pursued, as well as to arrange war burials and commemorate the heroism of fallen soldiers. Within nearly three years, from 1916 to 1918, about 400 military cemeteries were established in the territory of the present-day Małopolska. The places of fights were divided into ten Cemetery Districts: I “Nowy Żmigród” (31 cemeteries), II “Jasło” (31 cemeteries), III “Gorlice” (54 cemeteries), IV “Łużna” (27 cemeteries), V “Pilzno” (26 cemeteries), VI “Tarnów” (62 cemeteries), VII “Dąbrowa Tarnowska” (13 cemeteries), VIII “Brzesko” (52 cemeteries), IX “Bochnia” (46 cemeteries), X “Limanowa” (36 cemeteries) and the Eleventh Cemetery District “Kraków Fortress” (22 cemeteries) which, as it was situated in the place under the command of the Fortess and, at the same time, was subject to the Troop for War Graves, was under a kind of a double superiority. Each of the districts was administered by an officer with technical or artistic education and an artistic administrator. Their duties included examining the area, supervising a selection of the place, a technical design, an artistic concept, ensuring the supply of building materials. In total, there were over people serving at the Troop, including drafters, photographers, various craftsmen, gardeners, as well as carefully selected designers, architects, sculptors. The people employed there were individualists favouring various artistic trends, originating from several important academic centres – Vienna, Munich, Kraków. The most famous of them included: a Slovakian architect Dušan Jurkovič, an Austrian sculptor Heinrich Scholz, Austrian architects: Hans Mayr, Gustav Ludwig, Emil Ladevig, Gustav Rossmann, Polish, Czech and Austrian artists: Wojciech Kossak, Alfons Karpiński, Henryk Uziembło, Adolf Kašpar, Franz Poledne, Leo Perlberger. That international team, designing and building the cemeteries, with a full respect, as well as the respect for the enemies, Russians, ensured a dignified burial of tens of thousands soldiers. The cemeteries created were rich in symbols, of which none is identical with others in spite of using the same architectonic elements. The idea of unification of graves was given up; instead, sophisticated cemetery solutions were employed. On the monuments, plaques with special inscriptions were fixed. Trees and plants with a symbolic meaning were planted around the graves. As a result, a unique cemetery complex was created in our land, which refers to many funerary traditions, with traces of Egyptian, Greek and Roman architecture. Apart from popularizing activities, publishing special series of postcards, stamps and cemetery medals, a special album was published in which all memorials were catalogued and described. It also functioned as a guide which would help the families of the deceased during their visits to the graves of their relatives in Galicia. In addition, special concrete signposts leading to each cemetery were provided. After the end of war activities, the war cemeteries in Galicia went under the administration of the Polish state. In the interwar period, some of the graves were liquidated, thus reducing the number of cemeteries of the complex in Galicia to about 380. Many graves were destroyed and forgotten in the period of People’s Polish Republic. However, since 1989, war cemeteries in Małopolska have been gradually saved and conserved thanks to state funds and the cooperation of local governments with the representatives of Austrian Black Cross, as well as other initiatives. The memory of them is also restored. In the Western and Middle Europe, there are many places of memory and cemeteries from World War I. They mark the lines of former trenches and are a manifestation of cruelty of the global conflict. They differ from the war cemeteries in Małopolska, since they were built after the war, concentrating fallen soldiers, unifying, creating national cemeteries where soldiers from enemy armies are sought in vain. In that context, the war cemeteries situated in present-day Małopolska are unique on the European scale, a testimony of humanism and respect towards the death of both own and enemy soldiers.
    Źródło:
    Ochrona Zabytków; 2015, 1; 95-129
    0029-8247
    Pojawia się w:
    Ochrona Zabytków
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    „Oficjalny rysownik” I Brygady
    The ‘official draughtsman’ of the 1st Brigade
    Autorzy:
    Żywicki, Jerzy
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/538113.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa
    Tematy:
    Jan Gumowski
    I wojna światowa
    oficjalny rysownik I Brygady
    artysta-żołnierz
    żołnierze Legionów Polskich
    portrety legionistów
    portrety austriackich oficerów
    sceny rodzajowe o tematyce wojennej
    rysunkowa kronika wojennej kampanii Legionów Polskich
    Opis:
    Jan Gumowski (1883-1946) was the Kraków painter, graphic artist and draughtsman. During the studies in the Kraków Academy of Fine Arts and upon graduating, he was awarded and distinguished in artistic contests. The success in one of them made him a holder of the Czartoryski Family Scholarship and allowed to complete the studies in art in Florence, Munich and Paris. Immediately upon returning to the country he set out to war – on 6 August, 1914 he became a soldier of the 1st Brigade of the Polish Legions. In the moments outside the duty, he created drawings in pencil and watercolour paintings, in which he portrayed the Legions’ soldiers and depicted the scenes from the reality of war. There were many artists serving in the Polish Legions, however in his letters to wife Gumowski assured her that the only ‘official draughtsman’ of the 1st Brigade is him. The period of intensive artistic work of Gumowski took place for the most in a time of resting of the Legions at the Nida River and in Karasin, however also during the front’s military operations – near Kostiuchnówka and at Stochód. His other recognized works include the drawings and paintings made during the stay in hospitals and service in an Austrian regiment in Kielce and at the Command of the Polish Legions Group in Kozienice. The war output of Gumowski consists for the most in portraits of the officers, regimental doctors and chaplains. When portraying them, the artist created a specific iconotheca of the Legions’ types and characters. There are very few portraits of the Austrian officers and soldiers in Gumowski’s output. The war-related works of Gumowski have evaluated in time. Pencil portraits of the individuals were specific for the early period. Since the Volyn Campaign, his works extended by double and collective portraits. It was also the era of detailed ‘posed’ portraits for scenic compositions. Such works depicted the officers and soldiers of the 1st Brigade in non-official, even casual poses and different situations – during leisure, playing cards or singing, during the staff meetings, in dug-outs and trenches, in the front redoubts or observation positions. Drawings and sketches of Gumowski neither mythicize nor try to show the heroic aspect of the Legions. These are rather a kind of a realistic chronicle telling us a story of the people from the two-year campaign of the Polish Legions.
    Źródło:
    Ochrona Zabytków; 2014, 2; 23-36
    0029-8247
    Pojawia się w:
    Ochrona Zabytków
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Nałęczów w czasie I wojny światowej – wybrane wydarzenia
    Nałęczów during World War I – selected events
    Autorzy:
    Babinicz-Witucka, Janina
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/536204.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa
    Tematy:
    Nałęczów
    I wojna światowa
    Komitet Obywatelski
    Komitet Ratunkowy
    Wydział Narodowy
    Legiony Polskie
    6 pułk piechoty Legionów Polskich
    World War I
    Citizens’ Committee
    Rescue Committee
    National Division
    Polish Legions
    6th Infantry Regiment of the Polish Legions
    Opis:
    The article refers to certain events from World War I, which took place in Nałęczów and its nearby areas. Their direct witnesses were four inhabitants of that town: two authors of the diaries – Łucja Hornowska and Jadwiga Malewska, the author of the memoirs – Mieczysław Rogalski, and Zbigniew Czarkowski – a local photographer. There were no fights in Nałęczów, however, the local health resort infrastructure, as well as the numerous guest houses for patients were used for military purposes as medical infrastructure for the front and places of accommodation. At the end of September 1914, the Russian field hospital of the 87th Brigade of the 145th Novocherkassk Infantry Regiment was installed in the town. The authors of memoirs and diaries describe the sounds of artilleries of the sides fighting with each other during the Galicia Operation (18 August – 11 September 1914), in particular, during the battles of Komarów and Kraśnik, and recollect hundreds of wounded people brought to Nałęczów. Further descriptions are connected with the battles of Warsaw and Ivangorod (Dęblin) on 28 June – 8 November 1914 and with the march-past of the forces taking part in those events. In May 1915, after the battle of Gorlice, Nałęczów witnessed the withdrawal of Russian forces and a short stay of Duke of Oldenburg, a chief of common evacuation. The evacuation of Russians through Nałęczów lasted until the end of July 1915. At that time, General Stegman’s artillery brigade, General Mishchenko’s corpse, General Ragoza’s corpse and General Kisielewski’s brigade marched through that area. Austrian and German forces marched into Nałęczów on 30 July 1915. Soon after, the Germans withdrew and the region of Nałęczów found itself under the Austro-Hungarian occupation. The capital of the newly-formed government was established by Austrians in Lublin on 1 October 1915. In early autumn, Archduke Joseph Ferdinand was lodged in Nałęczów for nearly two weeks. The military activities, which continued from the summer 1914, made the life of civilians very difficult. In order to counteract the difficulties, on 10 August 1914, in Nałęczów, like in the entire Congress Poland, by consent of the authorities, the Citizens’ Committee was established. In autumn 1915, after the Main Rescue Committee had been established in the territory under the Austrian occupation, the Citizens’ Committee was renamed the Rescue Committee with the scope of activities similar to the one of the Citizens’ Committee. After the Russians had left Congress Poland, the independence movement had greater opportunities for development, since Austrian authorities gave much of a freedom to local organizations. The independence movement, inspired by National Divisions, formed in many locations, developed under the Austrian occupation. One of the National Divisions was also created in Nałęczów. On its initiative, important anniversaries, like the anniversary of the January Uprising or the 125th anniversary of adopting the Constitution of May 3, were celebrated. In November 1916, the 6th Infantry Regiment of Polish Legions came for a rest to Nałęczów and quartered there for over a month. The legionists initiated the Polish Military Organization and an underground recruit school in the town. All events important for the town were documented by Zbigniew Czarkowski, a local photographer. He is also the author of most of the photographs illustrating the article.
    Źródło:
    Ochrona Zabytków; 2015, 1; 5-22
    0029-8247
    Pojawia się w:
    Ochrona Zabytków
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    ODBUDOWA RYNKU STAREGO MIASTA W OLSZTYNIE PO II WOJNIE ŚWIATOWEJ
    RECONSTRUCTION OF THE OLD TOWN MARKET SQUARE IN OLSZTYN AFTER THE WORLD WAR II
    Autorzy:
    Czernik, Zbigniew
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/539390.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2008
    Wydawca:
    Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa
    Tematy:
    OLSZTYN - OLD TOWN MARKET SQUARE RECONSTRUCTION
    rynek Starego Miasta w Olsztynie
    Olsztyn
    Prusy
    ziemie odzyskane
    II wojna światowa
    Armia Czerwona
    Rynek Staromiejski
    Okręg Mazurski
    Narodowa Komisja Gospodarki i Odbudowy
    Komitet Aktywizacji
    Opis:
    The liberation campaign conducted by the Red Army in 1945 incurred considerable damage to Prussian towns envisaged as the heritage of a hostile state. This type of devastation also affected Olsztyn - the largest city of Eastern Prussia. Untouched by wartime hostilities, Olsztyn was burned down and destroyed by Soviet soldiers. This holds true in particular for the Old Town Market Square and its environs as well as Kortowo. After power was taken over from the Soviet authorities the first post-war years initiated a long and arduous period of reconstruction - this was the time of clearing the rubble and limited ventures focused primarily on restoring public utility buildings. Only the first half of the 1950s brought the reconstruction of the Old Town Market Square (more than 50% was destroyed), although plans, documentation and discussions dated back already to the end of the 1940s. Particular attention is due to the undertakings initiated by Janina Stankowska, the prime and, for long time, the only architect in the city. The turn of the 1940s witnessed the conception of reconstructing the Old Town, devised by Hanna Adamczewska. Despite the completed projects and confirmation by the urban authorities, none of the plans were implemented. The early 1950s marked the reconstruction of the southern and eastern rows of houses according to projects by S. Bobinski and K. Orlowski, prepared by the Ateliers for the Conservation of Historical Monuments in Gdansk. The newly erected townhouses were granted neo-Baroque forms, quite possibly by following plans used in Gdansk, rebuilt at the same time. The destroyed townhouses in the northern and western rows had been designed already by local architects - E. Michalski and K. Wojcik. All told, 17 houses were raised in the Market Square - two in the northern row, six in the western row, four in the western row and five in the southern row. During the 1960s a considerable part of the façade was decorated with folk motifs applied in the sgraffito technique. No significant work was performed in the Market Square to the end of the twentieth century. Conservation-construction undertakings in the Old Town were not completed until the late 1990s and ended in 2003. Their outcome was the re-Gothicisation of the southern wing of the town hall together with unveiling the oldest fragments of the wall and repairing the northern and western wings.
    Źródło:
    Ochrona Zabytków; 2008, 4; 15-32
    0029-8247
    Pojawia się w:
    Ochrona Zabytków
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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