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    Tytuł:
    Magazynowanie wodoru w obiektach geologicznych
    Storage of hydrogen in geological structures
    Autorzy:
    Such, Piotr
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1833953.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Nafty i Gazu - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
    Tematy:
    wodór
    podziemne magazynowanie
    wyeksploatowane złoża gazu
    kawerny solne
    hydrogen
    underground storage
    exploited gas reservoirs
    salt caverns
    Opis:
    Hydrogen economy became one of the main directions in EU’s Green Deal for making Europe climate neutral in 2050. Hydrogen will be produced with the use of renewable energy sources or it will be obtained from coking plants and chemical companies. It will be applied as ecological fuel for cars and as a mix with methane in gas distribution networks. Works connected with all aspects of hydrogen infrastructure are conducted in Poland. The key problem in creating a hydrogen system is hydrogen storage. They ought to be underground (RES) because of their potential volume. Three types of underground storages are taken into account. There are salt caverns, exploited gas reservoirs and aquifers. Salt caverns were built in Poland and now they are fully operational methane storages. Oli and Gas Institute – National Research Institute has been collaborating with the Polish Oil and Gas Company since 1998. Salt cavern storage exists and is used as methane storages. Now it is possible to use them as methane-hydrogen mixtures storages with full control of all operational parameters (appropriate algorithms are established). Extensive study works were carried out in relation to depleted gas reservoirs/aquifers: from laboratory investigations to numerical modelling. The consortium with Silesian University of Technology was created, capable of carrying out all possible projects in this field. The consortium is already able to undertake the project of adapting the depleted field to a methane-hydrogen storage or, depending on the needs, to a hydrogen storage. All types of investigations of reservoir rocks and reservoir fluids will be taken into consideration.
    Źródło:
    Nafta-Gaz; 2020, 76, 11; 794--798
    0867-8871
    Pojawia się w:
    Nafta-Gaz
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Sekwestracja $CO_2$ w Polsce nie ma sensu?!
    $CO_2$ sequestration in Poland does not make sense?!
    Autorzy:
    Such, Piotr
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1833986.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Nafty i Gazu - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
    Tematy:
    sekwestracja
    emisja CO2
    koszty
    horyzont czasowy
    sequestration
    emission of CO2
    costs
    time horizon
    Opis:
    The main goal of European Green Deal is for all EU member states to become climate-neutral by 2050. One option is CO2 sequestration. It means underground CO2 storage in geological structures. Theoretically, such sequestration could lower CO2 emissions by about 20%. This process has also, however, a number of disadvantages, such as high costs and restricted volume of appropriate geological objects. Sequestration processes can be divided into three groups: sequestration in depleted hydrocarbon deposits, sequestration in aquifers and sequestration coupled with EOR and geothermal energy capture. To sequestrate a significant part of emitted CO2, it is necessary to separate CO2 in power plants, to adapt appropriate geological objects, to investigate such objects and to build infrastructure and pipelines. What elements affect the cost of sequestration? First of all, separation of CO2 requiring large amount of energy (about 10% of energy produced in power plant). Next, gas must be compressed and rendered to supercritical/liquid phase. In the case of depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs, we know that the structure is tight and there is an infrastructure on the surface. When it comes to aquifers, it is necessary to carry out a full set of investigations, drill holes and build an infrastructure. If Poland wants to fulfill all tasks of Green Deal, huge investments are needed. The cost analysis should take into account such elements as the length of pipelines to be constructed and existing power grids. Any probable sequestration must be correlated with hydrogen projects. RES cannot work alone because they are not able to provide a constant supply of energy. It can be achieved with energy mix. Such a mix should be based on nuclear plants built in place of the greatest coal plants, which will make it possible to use the existing power grids. RES coupled with hydrogen economy should result in the second largest contribution to energy mix. All coal power plants must be modernized. Hybridization must be taken into account here (biomass or steam and gas power plants). This should reduce their emissions by about 30–40%. The share of sequestration will be very small and associated with geothermal energy.
    Źródło:
    Nafta-Gaz; 2020, 76, 12; 913--918
    0867-8871
    Pojawia się w:
    Nafta-Gaz
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Dekarbonizacja Europy a hydraty metanu
    Decarbonization of Europe and methane hydrates
    Autorzy:
    Such, Piotr
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1834057.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Nafty i Gazu - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
    Tematy:
    dekarbonizacja
    hydraty metanu
    globalne ocieplenie
    Golfstrom
    decarbonization
    methane hydrates
    global warming
    Gulf Stream
    Opis:
    The European Union accepted the ambitious project of decarbonization of economy. The main goal is a 90 percent reduction of CO2 emissions in comparison with 1990 emissions, which will result in the so-called climatic neutrality. In this project, several goals are obvious and not subject to discussion. But there are several conditions, previously not discussed, which could bring this program into question. This paper concentrates on the problem of methane hydrates. Methane hydrate reservoirs mainly occupied the bottom of the oceans and the volume of methane in these reservoirs is greater than the volume of hydrocarbons in all other reservoirs. Currently, three different theories about hydrates coexist: the methane hydrates is a huge energy source and a new golden age is coming; the methane hydrates are a time bomb – global warming causes dissociation of these reservoirs and a global warming catastrophe; the ocean is warming so slowly that we have several hundreds of years until eventual dissociation of methane hydrate reservoirs. Essentially, the third approach could be applied if it was not for Gulf Stream. This ocean current brings a great amount of heat to the Arctic region. It is an additional factor of global warming. Therefore, three effects are possible for the ocean areas through which Gulf Stream flows. There is methane hydrates reservoirs dissociation causing methane migration into the atmosphere, sediment landslides on shelf slopes and the associated potential tsunami, and change of thermobaric conditions connected with vanished ice sheet. The free methane cumulated under methane hydrate deposits will also migrate into the atmosphere. Appropriate models for simulation of all these possibilities do exist, however we do not have sufficient data. Thus, creation of a reliable data base is the first goal. Maps of extents of hydrate reservoirs, depth of reservoirs and results of several years of examinations of surface and bottom temperatures must be gathered in this database. This will allow us to investigate all possible scenarios.
    Źródło:
    Nafta-Gaz; 2020, 76, 10; 696-700
    0867-8871
    Pojawia się w:
    Nafta-Gaz
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Petrofizyczne aspekty poszukiwań naftowych na dużych głębokościach
    Petrophysical aspects of hydrocarbon prospecting and exploitation in deeper targets
    Autorzy:
    Such, Piotr
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1834095.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Nafty i Gazu - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
    Tematy:
    duże głębokości
    analiza ekonomiczna
    warunki złożowe
    bazy danych
    deeper targets
    economical analysis
    reservoir conditions
    data base
    Opis:
    We are entering the second stage of prospecting hydrocarbons in Poland. The potential volume of gas in various types of unconventional reservoirs is huge. Deep lying sediments in the Carpathians and in the Polish Lowland (the Rotliegend Basin and the Devonian) are prospective gas basins, but it is possible to find them deeper than 3000 m. Additionally, in contrast with shale gas, other types of unconventional reservoirs provide a big chance for profitable exploitation, however it requires application of complex, modern methods of investigation and very careful calculation of all prices connected with facilities of such types of reservoirs. Deeper targets means great drilling costs. Unconventional type means that compressibility of rocks and reservoir fluids, as well as high temperatures and pressures, must be taken into account. These two factors result in the main problem being economical profitability. Real economical analysis is possible after creating a numerical reservoir model with evaluation of the volume of hydrocarbons, the number of necessary wells and the potential production rate. The numerical model requires well logs and laboratory analyses. A part of laboratory analyses must be performed in simulated reservoir conditions. These analyses are expensive and time consuming. So, is it possible to reduce the costs and the time of model creation? For example, is it possible to create a full numerical model on the basis of the first well. Yes, if we have an appropriate data base (date base from the sedimentary basin in which we found a reservoir with a statistically correct number of core analyses performed in simulated reservoir conditions). In such a situation we can apply artificial intelligence methods and rock typing methods and evaluate petrophysical parameters for the whole reservoir. To sum up, the key to proper evaluation and exploitation scheduling will be the analyses performed in simulated reservoir conditions and big data.
    Źródło:
    Nafta-Gaz; 2020, 76, 8; 502-506
    0867-8871
    Pojawia się w:
    Nafta-Gaz
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    FRACTALS – return to origin
    Fraktale – powrót do źródeł
    Autorzy:
    Such, Piotr
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1834985.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Nafty i Gazu - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
    Tematy:
    fractal dimension
    geological objects
    Menger sponge
    box dimension
    wymiar fraktalny
    obiekty geologiczne
    gąbka Mengera
    wymiar pudełkowy
    Opis:
    Fractals have become fashionable. Therefore, in recent years there have been many articles in which the authors support something that they call a fractal account, including, for example, the sum of fractal dimensions. This paper is a recapitulation of what a fractal account is in the Earth sciences, what are its uses and boundaries. The definition of fractals is: it has a non trite structure in all scales, it is very hard to describe fractal structure in the Euclidean geometry, it is self-similar (directly or statistical), its Hausdorf dimension is greater than its topological dimension, it is described by recurrent formula, its dimension is not an integral number. In the face of such a wide and imprecise formula, various fields of science have introduced their definitions of fractal. It only has to meet most of the conditions included in the definition. In the analysis of geological objects in Earth sciences and in oil and gas industry, fractals are defined by the recurrence formula with its range of applicability, fractal dimension share a part of the space occupied by the fractal object, so the highest value of fractal dimension is equal to 3. Fundamental work in which the name of fractals for self- similar objects were introduced was The Fractal Geometry of Nature by Mandelbrot (1977). In the Earth sciences, statistical fractals (pseudofractals) are used. The straight line in the log-log plot is the indicator of fractal structure. In other words, the fractal structures are associated with the power patterns obtained during the analysis of geological objects. Generally, in the analysis of geological objects the Menger sponge and box methods of fractal dimension calculations are used. Fractals provide a unique opportunity to characterize complicated objects with the use of a single number, nevertheless, in order for the obtained results to be applicable and comparable with the results of other analyzes, both the model of the analyzed object and the method of calculation of the fractal dimension should be given, as well as the scope of applicability of this dimension.
    Fraktale stały się modne. W związku z tym w ostatnich latach obserwuje się wiele artykułów, w których autorzy wspierają się czymś, co nazywają rachunkiem fraktalowym, łącznie np. z sumowaniem wymiarów fraktalowych. Niniejszy artykuł stanowi rekapitulację tego, czym jest rachunek fraktalowy w naukach o Ziemi, jakie są jego zastosowania i granice. Co jest, a co nie jest fraktalem. Zasadniczo na definicję wymiaru fraktalnego składają się następujące warunki: nie jest prostą i taką samą strukturą we wszystkich skalach, bardzo trudno opisać go w geometrii euklidesowej, jest strukturą samopodobną (wprost lub statystycznie), jego wymiar Hausdorffa jest większy od jego wymiaru topologicznego, jest opisany formułą rekurencyjną oraz jego wymiar nie jest liczbą całkowitą. Wobec tak szerokiej i nieprecyzyjnej formuły różne dziedziny nauki wprowadziły swoje definicje fraktala. Ma on jedynie spełniać większość warunków zapisanych w definicji. W naukach o Ziemi fraktale definiowane są przez wzory rekurencyjne z analizą obszaru stosowalności. W analizie obiektów geologicznych wymiar fraktalny wskazuje na część przestrzeni zajmowaną przez dany obiekt, w związku z czym jego wartość nie może przekraczać 3. Mandelbrot w swojej fundamentalnej pracy The Fractal Geometry of Nature (1977) wprowadził nazwę fraktala jako obiektu samopodobnego. W naukach o Ziemi stosowane są fraktale statystyczne, zwane również pseudofraktalami. Wskaźnikiem struktury fraktalnej jest linia prosta na wykresie typu log-log. Inaczej mówiąc, fraktalne struktury są związane ze wzorami potęgowymi uzyskanymi podczas analizy obiektów geologicznych. Zasadniczo w analizie obiektów geologicznych stosujemy model gąbki Mengera oraz wymiar pudełkowy dla obiektów dwuwymiarowych. Fraktale dają unikalną możliwość scharakteryzowania skomplikowanych struktur za pomocą jednej liczby. Tym niemniej, aby otrzymane wyniki były stosowalne i porównywalne z wynikami innych analiz, należy zarówno podać model analizowanego obiektu i sposób wyliczenia wymiaru fraktalnego, jak też określić zakres stosowalności tego wymiaru. Tylko wtedy wymiar fraktalny będzie miał sens fizyczny.
    Źródło:
    Nafta-Gaz; 2019, 75, 2; 89-93
    0867-8871
    Pojawia się w:
    Nafta-Gaz
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-5 z 5

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