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    Tytuł:
    Making Diplomacy through Culture: Mikołaj Sękowski, the Polish Envoy to Naples and Madrid in the Late Sixteenth Century
    Autorzy:
    Kowalczyk, Ernest
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/695687.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    Mikołaj Sękowski
    early modern diplomacy
    public diplomacy
    Naples
    Madrid
    Polska
    Jagiellonians
    treatises on Poland
    Opis:
    The article is devoted to the little known but interesting Polish diplomat Mikołaj Sękowski, the envoy to Naples and Madrid in the last quarter of the sixteenth century. The main purpose of the text is to complete Sękowski’s biography with new details, and to shed a different light on his activity, placing it within the context of the beginnings of public diplomacy. Through the analysis of documental and literary sources comprised principally between 1576 and 1588, the author argues that Mikołaj Sękowski had, for more than a decade, remained a stable and active source of information about Poland in Italy in Spain. Thus, he provided an additional and unusual element of ‘soft diplomacy’ to the Polish foreign service actions in Naples and Madrid, aimed principally at recovering the Neapolitan sums.
    Źródło:
    Legatio: The Journal for Renaissance and Early Modern Diplomatic Studies; 2019, 3
    2545-1685
    2545-1693
    Pojawia się w:
    Legatio: The Journal for Renaissance and Early Modern Diplomatic Studies
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Final Reports of Papal Diplomats as a Cultural Message: The Case of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
    Autorzy:
    Gregorowicz, Dorota
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/695695.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    Diplomacy
    papacy
    Polska
    Lithuania
    final reports
    nunciature
    Opis:
    This paper focuses on the cultural and political importance of papal nuncios’ final reports (relazioni finali) as one of the basic sources of knowledge about the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth in the Roman Curia. The final report was a document, in essence a summary, which a diplomat was required to complete at the end of his mission (or immediately after). During the creation of the office of permanent nuncio to the major European courts, the preparation and delivery of the final report often took place orally. Gradually, the relazione evolved into a written version. Throughout the sixteenth century, when knowledge about Poland-Lithuania in Rome was rather poor, the relazioni finali consisted of colourful descriptions of the geography, the history, and the social and political relations of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. During the seventeenth century, this document became more political in character. It related directly to the activities of the papal diplomats, rituals and ceremonials, and any particular problems regarding the missions, rather than extensive descriptions of relatively banal curiosities. Throughout the seventeenth century in particular, when a permanent papal diplomatic presence had just been established in Poland-Lithuania, the final reports were an important contribution to future missions. Newly-appointed nuncios therefore willingly used the extremely important information contained therein. The practice of writing relazioni finali made it easier for the Holy See to consolidate its diplomatic influence and presence in Central and Eastern Europe in the early modern period. It also fostered papal interest in the social and political features of the enormous ‘noble’ republic.
    Źródło:
    Legatio: The Journal for Renaissance and Early Modern Diplomatic Studies; 2017, 1
    2545-1685
    2545-1693
    Pojawia się w:
    Legatio: The Journal for Renaissance and Early Modern Diplomatic Studies
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Grand Vizieral Reception Ceremonies of European Ambassadors in the First Half of the Seventeenth Century
    Autorzy:
    Cevrioğlu, Mahmut Halef
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2035965.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-11-19
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    Ottoman diplomacy
    grand vizier
    audience
    European-Ottoman relations
    Opis:
    Grand viziers acted as the utmost important figure in the Ottoman bureaucratic administration throughout the early modern era. Conducting relations with foreign countries and, hence, conforming to the rules of an established diplomatic practice in the process were among their duties. The present study, therefore, aims at highlighting the underrated procedure of grand vizierial audiences through selected cases from the first half of the seventeenth century. In this respect, dispatches and final reports of certain representatives of major European monarchs in Istanbul are brought to light along with complementary data from Ottoman fiscal records of the time. The reception of foreign diplomats by the grand vizier – which presents its own intricacies and follows its own set of rules – is hence laid under scrutiny to understand how a physical language of diplomacy was created. Accordingly, welcoming receptions by the grand viziers will be studied instead of focusing on the negotiation audiences between the grand viziers and the incoming embassies. Comparisons with the imperial audiences will also be useful both in underlining the differentiation of this physical language from the one employed in the audiences with the sultan and also in evaluating the diplomatic function of the grand vizier within the framework of Ottoman foreign relations. In this respect, the first receptions by the grand vizier were intended to welcome foreign embassies and played a crucial part in their diplomatic mission since the date for the sultanic audience was arranged herein. Moreover, exchange of gifts between the grand vizier and the emissaries, serving of refreshments and avoidance of any politically consequential issue during the meeting were the main elements of the grand vizierial receptions.
    Źródło:
    Legatio: The Journal for Renaissance and Early Modern Diplomatic Studies; 2020, 4; 123-141
    2545-1685
    2545-1693
    Pojawia się w:
    Legatio: The Journal for Renaissance and Early Modern Diplomatic Studies
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The Political Strategy of Nuncio Antonio Caetani in the Maze of the Imperial Court (1607–1611)
    Autorzy:
    Periati, Paolo
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/695701.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    Antonio Caetani
    councillors
    courts
    diplomacy
    Imperial
    nunciature
    policy
    Opis:
    The archbishop of Capua, Antonio Caetani (1566–1624), was an eminent member of a Roman aristocratic family. From 1607 to 1611, he resided at the Imperial court of Prague as Apostolic Nuncio in the service to Pope Paul V, where he witnessed the turmoil that gradually overwhelmed Bohemia, ruled at that point by Emperor Rudolf II of the House of Habsburg. Caetani moved in an orbit characterised by various coexisting political, local, confessional and social forces. His negotiations within the maze of the court were characterised by a wise and cautious approach of not interfering openly in Imperial affairs: a sort of ‘wait-and-see’ policy that was almost inevitable. This was firstly because of the Imperial ministers, who, instead of acting as a conduit to reach the ears of the sovereign, were actually considered obstructive and unhelpful because of their private aims, personal resentments, and often-outright hostility. Secondly, Caetani’s mission was hampered by the Rudolf II's suspicious nature: the Emperor feared papal intrusion in Imperial affairs. The papal nuncios did not merely embody the pope; they were also political subjects within networks of interpersonal relationships. Within these networks, they could practice their diplomatic roles, and also carry out (their own) personal affairs. Below, I will attempt to demonstrate how Caetani’s political strategy failed to establish fruitful relations with the courtiers and the Emperor.
    Źródło:
    Legatio: The Journal for Renaissance and Early Modern Diplomatic Studies; 2017, 1
    2545-1685
    2545-1693
    Pojawia się w:
    Legatio: The Journal for Renaissance and Early Modern Diplomatic Studies
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Chaos and Strategy in Managing the Diplomatic Service. The Case of Andrzej Taranowski’s Missions to Michael the Brave in 1600
    Autorzy:
    Jakubowska, Magdalena
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/31058703.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    Polish-Lithuanian diplomacy
    Andrzej Taranowski
    Michael the Brave
    Moldavia
    Wallachia
    Opis:
    In 1600, Sigismund III, King of Poland-Lithuania, sent an envoy to Michael the Brave the Voivode of Wallachia, three times. His mission aimed to conduct negotiations on the treaty between Poland-Lithuania and Wallachia. In brief, the treaty stipulated that Michael the Brave should become a voivode of Moldavia and, therefore, Sigismund III’s vassal. The contents of that pact came into conflict with both the reality and the general policy of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Although it might seem surprising, talks gave an extra opportunity to save time. It was the moment of his highest military activity when Wallachian troops would be unchecked power near to Polish-Lithuanian border. Taranowski’s mission represented unofficial and chaotic moves in establishing contacts with the Danubian Principalities, but still clearly shows how diplomatic practice worked in Poland-Lithuania at the end of the sixteenth century.
    Źródło:
    Legatio: The Journal for Renaissance and Early Modern Diplomatic Studies; 2022, 6; 5-30
    2545-1685
    2545-1693
    Pojawia się w:
    Legatio: The Journal for Renaissance and Early Modern Diplomatic Studies
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Trade Must Go On. The Tar Trade, Nordic Rivalry, and Cross-Imperial Commercial Diplomacy, 1675–79
    Autorzy:
    Wirta, Kaarle
    Hannula, Henri
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2036085.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022-01-01
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    commercial diplomacy
    privateering
    empires
    Baltic trade
    Swedish Empire
    Dutch Republic
    Opis:
    The Scanian War fought between Sweden and Denmark (1675–1679) is an example of an armed conflict, which uncovers the clash between the commercial and political interests. This article analyses the dispute between the political allies, the Danish Crown and the Dutch States General considering the trade with Sweden. The Danish naval officials had captured and confiscated the cargoes of seven Dutch tar vessels, heading to Amsterdam from present-day Finland in 1677, which resulted in a major political dispute between Denmark and the Dutch Republic. By drawing upon the methodology of new diplomatic history, the article analyses the negotiations between the diplomatic actors involved in the disputes relating to the confiscation of the ships, all of whom represented the various powers involved in the Baltic export trade.
    Źródło:
    Legatio: The Journal for Renaissance and Early Modern Diplomatic Studies; 2022, 5; 53-76
    2545-1685
    2545-1693
    Pojawia się w:
    Legatio: The Journal for Renaissance and Early Modern Diplomatic Studies
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Promoting an Artist as an Integral Part of Diplomatic Networking: Chiappino Vitelli and Federico Zuccari at the Court of Queen Elizabeth I
    Autorzy:
    Mavilla, Francesca
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2035967.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-11-19
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    Gift
    diplomacy
    Italy
    diplomatic networking
    Elizabeth I
    Chiappino Vitelli
    Federico Zuccari
    Opis:
    In the field of study on relations between Italy and Flanders in the second half of the sixteenth century, the military leader Gian Luigi, better known as Chiappino, Vitelli (1520–75) deserves special attention. Trusted man of Cosimo I de’ Medici and maestro di campo generale of the Spanish armies in Flanders since 1567, he was among the protagonists of the first ten years of the Dutch Revolt. Based on the identification of new archival documents, this essay aims both to broaden the sphere of investigation and deepen the understanding of the role of Chiappino in cultural exchanges between Florence, the Habsburg’s and Elizabeth I’s courts. At the same time, it is aimed to draw attention to the political and cultural dynamics in which Chiappino Vitelli’s action towards the English Queen is embedded. From the documents, it clearly emerges how Vitelli took advantage of his role to earn the favour of the sovereign and, in addition to his loyalty, he did not hesitate to offer her the most varied of gifts, such as animals, weapons and artists, such as the painter Federico Zuccari, who reached Flanders in 1574. Zuccari’s sending to the English court should be interpreted as an attempt by the military leader to gain the favour of Elizabeth I when the support of the courts of Florence and Madrid seemed to be lacking, especially after the death of Cosimo de’ Medici and the replacement of the Duke of Alba as governor of Flanders.
    Źródło:
    Legatio: The Journal for Renaissance and Early Modern Diplomatic Studies; 2020, 4; 189-207
    2545-1685
    2545-1693
    Pojawia się w:
    Legatio: The Journal for Renaissance and Early Modern Diplomatic Studies
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Displaying the Prince’s Identity: Textile Accessories and Fineries in Seventeenth-Century Diplomatic Gift-Giving
    Autorzy:
    Rivière, Chloé
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2035960.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-11-19
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    Soft power
    Spanish Match
    gifts
    finery
    Louis XIV
    Spain
    France
    England
    diplomacy
    Opis:
    The language of gifts is plural and part of age-old strategies of soft power, i.e. the indirect representation of and negotiation between sovereigns. Studies by Christian Windler, Harriet Rudolph and Gregor M. Metzig underlined the significance of material culture in diplomacy and its importance for starting economic and cultural exchanges and transfers. This article offers to observe both the official and the parallel gift-exchanges in various diplomatic contexts. It analyses the Spanish mission of the Duke of Grammont in 1659 and the importance given to gloves, lozenges and perfumes before showing how gift-giving is in turn gender-neutral and genderoriented with a close analysis of gifts given outside official diplomatic events and aimed particularly at women. A closer study of the material environment of the widely discussed 1623 negotiations of the Spanish Match between Spain and England will show what the material language meant in the case of a doomed negotiation. The structure of exchanges may not change a lot, but the meaning of a gift and how it was received varies according to the territory, time, the stakeholders’ identity, and the political situation. This means that the study of material details – textiles, cuts, patterns, decorations, qualities, values – or the process of exchanges alone does not suffice to understand the meaning(s) princes gave such gifts. They need to be contextualised geographically, historically, economically, sociologically, and strategically. Such need is made particularly in the final case studies of the article dedicated to the role of portrait medallions and finery in seventeenth and eighteenth centuries French and Spanish diplomacy.
    Źródło:
    Legatio: The Journal for Renaissance and Early Modern Diplomatic Studies; 2020, 4; 37-58
    2545-1685
    2545-1693
    Pojawia się w:
    Legatio: The Journal for Renaissance and Early Modern Diplomatic Studies
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The Language of Papal Gift-Giving in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: An Example of Soft Power?
    Autorzy:
    Chauvin, Maëlig
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2035957.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-11-19
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    Early modern diplomacy
    Papacy
    Western Europe
    gifts
    clothes
    Golden Roses
    gift-giving
    Opis:
    In the seventeenth century, the practice of handing diplomatic gifts was on the rise among European sovereigns. A certain number of treatises intended for ambassadors specifically refer to this practice. These gifts, brought by the nuncios, his ambassadors, were selected, not only by the pope, but also by great figures in the papal court, like cardinals’ nephews or relatives. They were able to recognize which works would be the most appreciated by the Stuart King, the emperor or the kings of France or Spain. The letters sent by the nuncios or the newspapers which tackle events that had occurred in foreign courts constitute precious sources to identify and review such presents. Moreover, papal gifts were dual. The Supreme Pontiff was a religious sovereign and, as such, he offered reliquaries, blessed swaddling clothes and Golden Roses which were holy objects able to sustain Catholicism and maintain the faith. If these types of offerings were conventional, the pope also sent secular objects such as paintings, which represented profane themes, antique statues and small galanteries such as fans, gloves and perfumes, which is more surprising. As a matter of fact, the pope played a political role as a peacemaker between the other great European powers and defenders of the territories over which he had full jurisdiction: the Supreme Pontiff exercised both spiritual and temporal power. This dual nature can be seen in the different objects given. How did presents become instruments of power which served the pope’s interests? How did gift-giving rituals help him persuade the other sovereigns to follow his will and to maintain him as the greatest sovereign in Western Europe?
    Źródło:
    Legatio: The Journal for Renaissance and Early Modern Diplomatic Studies; 2020, 4; 167-188
    2545-1685
    2545-1693
    Pojawia się w:
    Legatio: The Journal for Renaissance and Early Modern Diplomatic Studies
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Imitation Games. Some Notes on the Envoys Sent by Borso d’Este to Uthman, Ruler of Tunis
    Autorzy:
    Saletti, Beatrice
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2035961.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-11-19
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    Italian Renaissance diplomacy
    Borso d’Este
    Caliph Uthman
    gift-giving
    Abbasid
    Tunisia
    Opis:
    In April 1464 Borso d’Este, Lord of Ferrara, sent two of his servants to Tunis in order to purchase prized horses, giving precise instructions for offering his regards and presenting his gifts to the ruler of Tunis. The letter that the Marquis entrusts to his two servants is a mine of information, because Borso leaves nothing to chance. His instructions cover every aspect of the ambassadorial visit: when to show the gifts, how and in what order to show them, the speech to be given. Many of the instructions given to ambassadors by their governments are yet to be investigated: how much room for manoeuvre did they leave in achieving the objectives of the mission, for example? In the case of the Marquis of Ferrara, Borso intends to exhibit his kingship through the staging of the presentation of his gifts, and through the posture, the gestures and the words of his representatives. The analysis of his letter can offer an interpretative guide for examining the appearances and public celebrations organized by Borso during his rule, which took place in an age of great experimentation.
    Źródło:
    Legatio: The Journal for Renaissance and Early Modern Diplomatic Studies; 2020, 4; 75-93
    2545-1685
    2545-1693
    Pojawia się w:
    Legatio: The Journal for Renaissance and Early Modern Diplomatic Studies
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Administering Empire. Business Diplomacy in Early Modern Sweden: The Cases of Abraham Cabiljau and the Gothenburg Company
    Autorzy:
    Wirta, Kaarle
    Tikka, Katja
    Björklund, Jaakko
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2036090.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022-01-01
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    Sweden
    Dutch Republic
    Gothenburg
    administration
    business diplomacy
    organisations
    trading company
    legal borrowing
    Opis:
    The article illustrates the importance of business diplomacy practised by free agents, who navigated and negotiated between northern European empires for widespread commercial, legal and administrative developments. Abraham Cabiljau’s career is an example from the early modern Swedish empire, which stands on the threshold of a new era. In the Swedish empire, Cabiljau was involved in several different sectors, from military recruitment to the development of state accounting and administration of international trade. He represents the Swedish empire’s vast economic relationships with international merchant networks operating in a broad spectrum of military and commercial arenas. The Swedish empire was economically dependent on the financial resources of the merchants in Amsterdam, and economic prosperity was not the sole contribution of these merchants. The education, knowledge and connections provided by Cabiljau greatly enhanced the administration and organisation of Sweden’s international trade by importing a new legal mindset and organisational culture. In return, northern mining resources and Baltic commerce were alluring for Dutch merchants. We argue that the modelling of international organisations was an essential part of Swedish economic development. However, the first Swedish trading companies remained an experimental attempt to transplant the Dutch East India Company (VOC) model to Sweden. Individuals like Cabiljau represent key actors who ignited, taught and promoted commercial law development in Sweden, on which international commerce was later built upon, with long-lasting impacts.
    Źródło:
    Legatio: The Journal for Renaissance and Early Modern Diplomatic Studies; 2022, 5; 21-51
    2545-1685
    2545-1693
    Pojawia się w:
    Legatio: The Journal for Renaissance and Early Modern Diplomatic Studies
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The Phenomenon of Clientage and the Organisation of Diplomatic Activities in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania of the Second Half of the Sixteenth Century
    Autorzy:
    Sirutavičius, Marius
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/695703.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    Grand Duchy of Lithuania
    Radziwill family
    patron-client relationship
    early-modern diplomacy
    sixteenth century
    Opis:
    Researchers of the sixteenth-century European diplomacy discuss diplomatic networks and daily life activities of ambassadors conditioned by the development of residential diplomacy. At the same time, historians of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth study diplomatic phenomena of a different kind since a resident mission system was not developed in Poland-Lithuania. The practice of temporary legations persisted and led to the development of distinctive features of envoys’ diplomatic activities during their missions. It also is possible to see different circumstances when looking into the question of the professionalization of Polish-Lithuanian diplomats and their personal qualities relevant to their diplomatic missions. The study of this problem reveals that, in the case of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, a relatively strong patron-client relationship occurred as well as close links between the patronage system and organisation of diplomatic activities. Research into the practice of assigning envoys to diplomatic missions makes it possible to establish that almost all lower-rank envoys between the midand last decade of the sixteenth century were clients of the Radziwill family, dominating the political life of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at that time. One of the main tasks of the Radziwill clients nominated as diplomatic envoys was to supply information to their patrons. At the same time, we can also see an attempt to control diplomatic communications with foreign countries. This group of Radziwill clients, who performed various diplomatic missions, is the subject of the analysis presented in this article. I try to determine here the reasons for appointing particular clients as foreign envoys and see how their diplomatic functions influenced their future careers.
    Źródło:
    Legatio: The Journal for Renaissance and Early Modern Diplomatic Studies; 2018, 2
    2545-1685
    2545-1693
    Pojawia się w:
    Legatio: The Journal for Renaissance and Early Modern Diplomatic Studies
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The Delegation of the Bohemian King-Elector to the Election of the New Roman King in Frankfurt am Main, 1745
    Autorzy:
    Kubeš, Jiří
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/31058574.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    Holy Roman Empire
    eighteenth century
    Frankfurt am Main
    election
    diplomacy
    Kingdom of Bohemia
    Maria Theresa
    Opis:
    It may seem that we know a lot about the elections and coronations of Roman kings and emperors in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and this also applies to the one of 1745, when Francis I Stephen became emperor. However, very little attention has been paid to the electoral delegations, their tasks, and their role in the pre-election negotiations. This article will therefore analyse the instructions issued by Queen Maria Theresa of Bohemia, who did not personally come to Frankfurt am Main for the election, to her diplomats. The analysis will then be supplemented by additional sources from the National Archives in Prague, where the reports of the delegation and other sources have been preserved. The election of 1745 is thoroughly compared with the elections of 1657–58 (Leopold I), 1711 (Charles VI), and 1742 (Charles VII). The author shows who made up the Bohemian delegation and how some of these diplomats’ tasks changed over time. Although the delegation of three noblemen – Counts Wurmbrand and Khevehüller, and Baron Hilleprand – had mainly ceremonial tasks, its role was also crucial in the actual negotiations, both on the very day of the election, then when it represented the Queen in the cathedral, and finally in conclave vote and when it was given other tasks (such as organising the celebratory banquet, illuminating the houses, etc.). It is evident that the delegation helped Queen Maria Theresa and her family regain possession of the imperial title.
    Źródło:
    Legatio: The Journal for Renaissance and Early Modern Diplomatic Studies; 2022, 6; 65-97
    2545-1685
    2545-1693
    Pojawia się w:
    Legatio: The Journal for Renaissance and Early Modern Diplomatic Studies
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Por Ser Hombre Platico: Francisco Gasparo and the 1568 Spanish Negotiations with the Ottoman Governors of Algiers
    Autorzy:
    Caprioli, Francesco
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2035958.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-11-19
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    Cross-cultural diplomacy
    Ottoman Empire
    Algiers
    Spanish Monarchy
    Phillip II
    gift-giving
    conversion
    memory
    experience
    familiarity
    Opis:
    In the spring of 1568, Uluç Ali Pasha, a Christian convert to Islam born in the Spanish viceroyalty of Naples, became the new Ottoman governor of Algiers. Subsequently, Phillip II of Spain tried to establish a dialogue with him. To conquer the city without having to resort to a military expedition, the king of Spain sent Francesco Gasparo, a Corsican merchant, to Algiers. This article aims to shed light on the Spanish diplomatic practice used in the dialogue with the Ottoman Governors of Algiers during the sixteenth century. To do so, we have had to move away from the traditional focus on the study of agreements and opt for a more holistic approach of the diplomatic event. Diplomacy is no longer seen as a simple political relationship capable of establishing an agreement between two parties during a specific time, but as a permanent practice defined by a complex structure. Thus, the article focuses on the agents and practices used during the Spanish negotiation with Uluç Ali to assess the tenets underpinning this type of diplomatic interaction. Gasparo’s mission enables us to reflect on the structure of Spanish diplomacy in the Early Modern Mediterranean. The Corsican merchant’s experience in Algiers reveals the presence of a specific dialogic pattern between the Iberian and Maghreb coasts and how it was consolidated during the sixteenth century. This article endeavours thus to analyse the characteristic elements and principles of what seems to be a specific diplomatic model.
    Źródło:
    Legatio: The Journal for Renaissance and Early Modern Diplomatic Studies; 2020, 4; 143-166
    2545-1685
    2545-1693
    Pojawia się w:
    Legatio: The Journal for Renaissance and Early Modern Diplomatic Studies
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    An Instrumental Connection. Economic Diplomacy, International Arms Trade and Overseas Aspirations between Portugal and Sweden, 1640–80
    Autorzy:
    Pereira, Edgar
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2036084.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022-01-01
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    new diplomatic history
    Luso-Swedish relations
    actor-based approach
    economic diplomacy
    arms trade
    early-modern overseas expansion
    salt trade
    Opis:
    This paper offers an Iberian perspective on Sweden’s ‘Age of Greatness’ by looking at the intersection of international politics and trade involving Portugal and Sweden after Portugal regained its independence from Spain at the end of 1640. Sweden’s exports of timber, naval stores, iron, copper, and weapons to Braganza Portugal are seen in the context of the Portuguese wars for overseas trade and colonial settlement against the Dutch Republic and the struggle for autonomy against Spain in its home turf. By revisiting the accounts of diplomatic actors, this contribution will discuss how Portugal turned to Sweden for diplomatic recognition and new consumption markets and carriers for its export sector. It will also be shown how Sweden stood to gain by adding a new customer to its military export sector and by tapping into Portugal’s colonial goods and salt, while at the same time it entertained the prospect of using the Portuguese offshoots in West Africa and the East Indies to further its ambitions in overseas trade.
    Źródło:
    Legatio: The Journal for Renaissance and Early Modern Diplomatic Studies; 2022, 5; 105-132
    2545-1685
    2545-1693
    Pojawia się w:
    Legatio: The Journal for Renaissance and Early Modern Diplomatic Studies
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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