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Wyświetlanie 1-3 z 3
Tytuł:
Wpływ budowy geologicznej i rzeźby terenu na możliwość tworzenia i użytkowania teras rolnych : na przykładzie Wysp Egejskich (Grecja)
The influence of geological structure and relief on the possibility of constructing and using agricultural terraces : on the example of Aegean Archipelago (Greece)
Autorzy:
Tsermegas, I.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/294743.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Geomorfologów Polskich
Tematy:
terasy rolne
litologia
rzeźba
Wyspy Egejskie
agricultural terraces
lithology
relief
Aegean Islands
Opis:
Celem opracowania było określenie znaczenia litologii i cech metrycznych rzeźby dla powstania i wykorzystywania teras rolnych na Wyspach Egejskich. Realizowano go w oparciu o własne badania terenowe oraz analizęmap. Stwierdzono, że najlepiej sterasowane są wyspy małe, na których dominują stoki o nachyleniach do 30 centigrade. Na wyspach średniej wielkości zajęte przez terasy są zwykle zbocza dużych dolin. Najczęściej terasy występują na stokach o nachyleniu mniejszym niż 20–25 centigrade. Na bardziej stromych powierzchniach terasy służą głównie pod uprawę drzew. Najwięcej teras występuje tam, gdzie dominują skały wulkaniczne oraz gnejsy, łupki krystaliczne i granitoidy. Wyraźnie gorszym podłożem dla tych form wydają sięwapienie, marmury i flisz, chociaż małe zespoły teras występują na wszystkich typach podłoża. W skali lokalnej litologia odgrywa często rolę drugorzędną – na obecność teras wpływa głównie pośrednio, gdy jej zmiana powoduje znaczny wzrost nachylenia stoku. Także wygląd teras może pośrednio wskazywać na litologięstoków - na gnejsach i łupkach krystalicznych formy te obejmują zwykle całą długość stoku, na marmurach są najwyższe, a na tufach - najszersze.
The aim of this study was to determine the significance of lithology and metrical features of relief for the creation and usage of agricultural terraces on Aegean Islands. The study was based on field research and analysis of maps. It was observed that smaller islands, where slopes with a gradient of max. 30 centigrade dominate, are terraced in the best way. On the medium-sized islands terraces are placed on the slopes of large valleys. Most frequently terraces are found on the slopes with gradient below 20-25 centigrade. On steeper surfaces terraces are mostly used to grow trees. Most terraces are situated in the places where volcanic rocks and gneiss, crystalline schists and granitoids dominate. Limestones, marbles and flysch seem a much worse base for those forms, athough small terrace systems are foound on all types of bedrock. On the local scale lithology plays often a secondary role - it influences the presence of terraces mainly indirectly when its change causes a siginificant increase in the slope inclination. Also the appearance of the terraces might indirectly indicate their lithology - on gneiss and crystalline schists those forms take usually the whole length of a slope, being the highest on marbles and the widest on tuffs.
Źródło:
Landform Analysis; 2012, 19; 67-80
1429-799X
Pojawia się w:
Landform Analysis
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zmiany rzeźby klifu w rejonie Ustki jako efekt warunków litologicznych oraz procesów ekstremalnych i przeciętnych
Lithological and extreme event control of changes in cliff morphology in the Ustka region
Autorzy:
Florek, W.
Kaczmarzyk, J.
Majewski, M.
Olszak, I. J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/294873.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Geomorfologów Polskich
Tematy:
abrazja
klif
wybrzeże południowego Bałtyku
strefa brzegowa
litologia
abrasion
erosion
cliff
South Baltic coast
coastal zone
lithology
Opis:
Od ponad ośmiu lat autorzy prowadzą badania, których celem jest określenie tempa zmian klifu i plaży w cyklach sezonowych i w wieloleciu, z uwzględnieniem roli ekstremalnych zjawisk hydrodynamicznych. Do celów prowadzonych prac należy także zaliczyć weryfikację dotychczasowych poglądów na temat znaczenia poszczególnych czynników decydujących o tempie i charakterze zmian nadbrzeża (budowa geologiczna, warunki hydrodynamiczne, czynniki antropogeniczne i in.). Autorzy realizują swoje cele badawcze głównie poprzez pomiary geodezyjne wybranych profili klifowych, a także rozpoznanie budowy geologicznej klifów, rejestrację mezo- i mikroform klifowych i plażowych oraz analizę danych meteorologicznych i hydrologicznych. Obserwacje autorów wskazują, że procesy abrazji i procesy masowe nie „konkurują” ze sobą w formowaniu strefy nadbrzeża, a tworzą swoistą sekwencję, w której abrazja związana ze sztormami i wysokimi stanami morza prowadzi do „wystromienia” klifu, zaś rola procesów stokowych (obrywania, osypywania i osuwania) ujawnia się w okresach bezsztormowych i prowadzi do „wygładzenia” profilu klifu. Stwierdzono też, że duże sztormy, które wystąpiły późną jesienią 2004 r., a także w sezonach 2005/06 i 2006/07, wpłynęły na uaktywnienie klifów w dziewięciu z dziesięciu badanych profili, jednak zakres zaobserwowanej abrazji jest dużo mniejszy od oczekiwanego.
Monitoring of cliff cross profile changes in the Ustka area have been carried out by the authors for more than 8 years. The aim of the project has been to verify the validity of the model suggested by different authors before, who described patterns of cliff development in the area. For example, certain observations on the South Baltic cliffs have led to the preliminary conclusion that the role played by geological conditions and related hydrogeological features in differentiating rates of cliff evolution is more important than assumed so far. The measurements in the controlled cliff profiles have yielded the following results: – beaches are the most dynamic areas in the onshore part. They undergo periodical changes, accreting from spring to summer and being eroded in autumn and winter; – upper sections of the cliffs, typically built of aeolian sand, are least resistant. Hence, they are subject to mass movement, particularly in summer, under impact of vacationers. As a consequence, sandy taluses and aprons form in the depositional area near the cliff base; – toes of landslide tongues in Poddąbie and Dębina are now being progressively abraded. The slide in Dębina was reactivated during winter seasons 2005/2006 and 2006/2007, causing further enlargement of the landslide niche; – after extreme storms beach accretion takes place in coastal sections located eastward from the most abraded cliffs, e.g. between Rowy and Czołpino, east from the landslide-affected areas at Poddąbie and Dębina. In the 2005–2007 period a significant increase in beach width has been observed. Nevertheless, it is difficult to offer serious conclusions at this stage, particularly because a series of big storms has not occurred recently. Detailed measurements described in this paper will be supplemented by detailed analysis of the geological structure of cliffs and of geomorphology and geology in offshore area.
Źródło:
Landform Analysis; 2008, 7; 53-68
1429-799X
Pojawia się w:
Landform Analysis
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Sekularne i ekstremalne procesy erozji wodnej gleb na Pojezierzu Drawskim
Secular and extreme soil erosion processes in the Drawskie Lakeland
Autorzy:
Majewski, Mikołaj
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/295194.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Geomorfologów Polskich
Tematy:
gleba
erozja wodna
proces sekularny
proces ekstremalny
Pojezierze Drawskie
warunki meteorologiczne
rzeźba terenu
litologia
temperatura powietrza
opady atmosferyczne
klimat
pokrywa śnieżna
przemarznięcie gruntu
soil
water erosion
secular process
extreme process
Drawskie Lakeland
meteorological conditions
relief of the terrain
lithology
air temperature
precipitation
climate
ice sheets
Opis:
Soil erosion by water is one of the most important factors affecting contemporary landscape changes within the lowland geoecosystems in Central Europe. Soil erosion by water mainly depends on: rainfalls (especially its intensity and erosivity), length of slope and its inclination, type of cultivation and usage of land, anti-erosion treatments and susceptibility of soils to erosion. The aim of conducted research was to evaluate conditioning and magnitude of secular and extreme soil erosion processes in the Drawsko Lakeland with special considering of rainfall erosivity index (EI30). The main goal was realised through several research tasks. The first task involved examination of surface runoff and slope wash conditionings, course and quantity in the testing plot located within the Chwalimski Potok catchment. The second task was related to evaluate rainfall impact to soil erosion by water processes. It was realised by computation rainfall characteristics: intensity, kinetic energy and erosivity. In order to assess secular and extreme soil erosion impact to land relief changes, research were provided with additional details by conducting three field experiments with simulated rainfall. Stationary observation and quantitative researches of soil erosion (at testing plots) have been conducting within the Chwalimski Brook catchment for three hydrological years (2012–2014). The slope with the test area is located within the 1st order catchment being a subsystem of the Młynski Brook catchment and then followed by the upper Parsęta catchment. This area covers 4.8 hectares and is characterised by short slopes with small height variances up to 10 meters. Historically, the area was covered with agricultural crops, currently they cover about 10% of the area. The slope is covered with gleyic retisols and its average inclination is about 4 degrees with its south-east exposure. The measuring system of soil erosion covered 5 testing plots with different agricultural use (bare fallow, meadow, potatoes, spring and winter crops). Plots are 42 metres long and 4 metres width. In the bottom edge of each plot catchers with volume of 800 dm3 were installed. In this research, only data from black fallow were considered. Such tillage is recognised as a standard in soil erosion studies. Two experiments have been conducted in this testing plot. The third one has been conducted on slope located within an area of undulated morainic plateau in the Kłuda catchment. The slope is characterised by greater height variances than in Chwalimski Brook catchment. The slope, where the experiment has been conducted, is situated within local closed depression and is covered by sands underlain by boulder clay. Its average slope is about 10° with its southwest exposure. Although annual precipitation in the three-year measurement period was comparable with mean value from multi-year period (1987–2014), its intensity and erosivity were distinguishably lower. Such rainfall conditions are not favourable for extreme soil erosion by water processes, thus any relief forms from such geomorphological processes were not observed in the Drawsko Lakeland. Due to lack of that kind of forms, in 2013 and 2014, three field experiments were conducted. The main aim of experiments was to evaluate the impact of high intensity rainfall on soil surface. The first experiment consisted of 5, the second and the third of 4 rainfall simulations. The rainfall was created by using a purpose-built rain simulator, consisting of 3 and 6 sprinklers placed around the testing plot. Despite the slope inclination in the Kłuda catchment was 2.5 times steeper than Chwalimski Potok’s slope, surface runoff attained smaller volume, because of remarkably higher infiltration rate. In 2012–2014, surface runoff and soil loss has occurred 8 times each year. The maximal monthly surface runoff volume was registered in February 2012, and it equalled 10.1 dm3 m−2 and the maximal soil loss value was registered in May 2013 and equalled 3,198 kg ha−1. Annual runoff volumes were between 31.2 dm3 m−2 in 2012 and 38.8 dm3 m−2 in 2013, whereas annual soil loss values ranged from 740 kg ha−1 in 2012 to 5,700 kg ha−1 in 2013. Soil erosion values caused by simulated rainfall during field experiments were similar or significantly higher than annual values. Surface runoff was between 31.2 dm3 m−2 in the first experiment and 34.2 dm3 m−2 in the second one, whilst soil loss was between 4,632 kg ha−1 and 8,637 kg ha−1. The achieved experiment results have been compared with soil erosion rate achieved from stationary observations. The results show that runoff and soil loss considerably increase during rainfalls with high amount, intensity and erosivity. Furthermore, individual extreme erosive events may exceed annual (secular) soil erosion processes. Conducted stationary research indicates that annual soil erosion primarily depends on individual rainfall and erosive events, which considerably exceed mean values. In order to evaluate the soil susceptibility to erosion by water in the Drawsko Lakeland, high resolution potential and actual soil erosion risk maps were prepared. The qualitative assessment of soil erosion risk was based on geoinformation technologies. The model considers following conditions affecting the size of soil erosion: slope steepness and aspect, topographic factor LS (unit upslope contributing area), lithology, rainfall erosivity (Modified Fournier Index calculated from monthly and annual precipitation data) and land use and land cover from Corine Land Cover 2006. To prepare the map of potential soil erosion risk, land use from Corine Land Cover was not considered. Thematic maps have been reclassified into a 4-degree division. The results of the soil erosion risk assessment in the Drawsko Lakeland reveal the fact that a majority of its area is characterized by moderate or low erosion risk levels. Areas with high erosion risk are mostly located in the northern part of the Lakeland. The achieved results from stationary observations and field experiments may indicate that the soil loss magnitude significantly increases during rainfall with higher intensity, greater totals and accumulated in time rainfall events. This may confirm the high potential of soil erosion by water processes of above- -average magnitude and intensity in the discharge of material from agricultural used slopes.
Źródło:
Landform Analysis; 2020, 39; 1-106
1429-799X
Pojawia się w:
Landform Analysis
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
    Wyświetlanie 1-3 z 3

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