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Tytuł:
Wpływ egipskiej Arabskiej Wiosny na strategię bezpieczeństwa USA
US Defence Strategy after Arab Spring in Egypt
Autorzy:
Milczanowski, Maciej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/506015.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
Arab Spring
US international policy
international security
Opis:
A relation between USA and Egypt are especially important in the scope of the security and stabilization process in Middle East and reflects on the whole world. According to the deep changes in many countries of Middle East and North Africa, started by the Arab Spring at the beginning of 2011, US policy had to transform, and have to be adjusted to the new circumstances and Egypt is particular important for the USA interests in the area. To achieve this, a deep analysis of the situation in Egypt is needed and also clear picture of the real stance of the main powers in this country. The situation when USA bases only on the support of the despotic rulers or just the leading parties is not acceptable for the future relations between USA and Egypt. If Americans wants to keep it’s influence on the Middle East, the new policy of dialogue, partner relations and respecting peoples will is have to be introduced.
Źródło:
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe; 2013, 3; 35-51
1733-2680
2451-0610
Pojawia się w:
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Role międzynarodowe państwa średniego – aspekty teoretyczne
International roles of medium-sized state – theoretical aspects
Autorzy:
Zając, Justyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/506119.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
international roles theory
state’s international identity
state’s international position
medium-sized state
Opis:
Each state plays international roles, that are determined by the internal and international factors. Amongst them two are crucial: the state’s international position and its international identity. The international role of a state is a dynamic expression of its position, provided the state uses that position actively. A state’s potential is very important and is a function of internal factors: its geographical environment in the wide sense; its population potential; its economic, scientific, and technical potential; and its military potential. Political, historical and cultural factors, however, are also significant. The perception of a state by other actors on the international stage is also a very important factor in that state’s international position and, in consequence, for its international roles. It is closely related to the state’s international identity, i.e., the state’s self-perception on the basis of its sense of distinctness in relation to others and the traits ascribed to it by other states. The ‘international identity’ of a state is made up of its ‘internal identity’, which determines the cohesiveness of its component parts, and its ‘external identity’, which constitutes its distinctiveness in relation to other states. International roles of state are subject to various classifications and typologies. The most comprehensive classification based on the following criteria: the subjective criterion, the objective criterion, the spatial criterion, the time criterion the attitude toward international reality criterion the hierarchic criterion the efficiency of role criterion. The effectiveness of international roles is a phenomenon of considerable complexity. It is an unusually difficult task to appraise the effectiveness of a given actor’s role when it is understood as the cost-efficient realization of a goal. First, costs are hard to measure. Second, in today’s interconnected and co-dependent world, a goal could be realized by many entities. I consider that there are three main factors determining the efficiency of roles: 1) the reasonableness of the role’s conception, 2) the ability and consistency involved in performing the role, that is, the degree of its realization, and 3) the level of support for a role by the other actors in international relations, and particularly among those affected by itthe development of their international roles. The thesis of the article is to say that Poland is a medium size state and is limited in These limitations should be taken into account by decision-makers in the formulation of the tasks and goals of Polish foreign policy.
Źródło:
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe; 2013, 4; 15-27
1733-2680
2451-0610
Pojawia się w:
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wpływ militaryzacji Kosmosu na globalną równowagę strategiczną.
The Influence of Militarization of Space on Strategic Stability
Autorzy:
Czajkowski, Marek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/505383.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
international relations
international security
strategic stability
space
space weapons
ASAT.
Opis:
The article is supposed to explore the inlfuence of certain space systems on international strategic stability. It is widely accepted that use of the satellites is crucially important in many fields ranging from economy, through scientific use to military purposes. Until now the militarization of space took only the form of surveillance, positioning and communication, so it only supports military and intelligence activities here on Earth. But with the advent of space weapons, especially anti-satellite (ASAT) systems, the weaponization of space may come true. If it happens the strategic stability will be in jeopardy, because whole space infrastructure may be easily destroyed either deliberately or by accident. Less of surveillance and worse communication may endanger especially conventional military capabilities of the United States, maybe even forcing them to limit their forward presence. The other direction of strategic shifts are more difficult to predict. Therefore there is an opportunity that leading countries will not decide to pursue space weapons but on the other hand there are many indications that they would do this. Anyway the development with that respect should be closely watched from the perspective of political sciences.
Źródło:
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe; 2015, 1; 75-93
1733-2680
2451-0610
Pojawia się w:
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Prywatyzacja konfliktów zbrojnych i jej wpływ na bezpieczeństwo międzynarodowe w XXI w.
The impact of the privatization of armed conflict on international security in the twenty-first century.
Autorzy:
Lasoń, Marcin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/505983.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
Private military companies (PMCs)
contractors
international security
armed conflicts and wars
international law
Opis:
The goal of this paper is to present and explain the relation between private military companies (PMC) activities and the privatization of armed conflicts (wars) in the second decade of the XXI century. Especially the influence of PMC on international security. Many researchers claim that along with the depletion of energy resources, the role of such transnational actors as the PMC’s will rise. However their role is visible already. The post-9/11 wars in Afghanistan and Iraq prompted an exponential growth in the private military companies, increasing not only the sheer size of the industry but the types of services as well. Therefore the author will conduct a short analysis of this specific international relations actor and his effect on international security in the second decade of the XXI century. The literature dedicated to this issue is vast, and mainly Anglo-Saxon (for example the publications of Peter Singer and Carlos Ortiz). Along with documents and analysis from conflict and international peace (ex. SIPRI) and energy security (ex. Center for Strategic & International Studies ) research centers they will be the foundation of this analysis.
Źródło:
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe; 2015, 1; 95-113
1733-2680
2451-0610
Pojawia się w:
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Współczesne wyzwania współpracy instytucjonalnej Tajwanu w regionie Azji i Pacyfiku
Contemporary Challenges for the Institutional Cooperation of Taiwan in the Asia-Pacific Region
Autorzy:
Trojnar, Ewa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/506684.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
Taiwan
China
Asia-Pacific
international organisations
Opis:
Taiwan’s limited participation in international organizations and institutions depends heavily on its unique, but troublesome position in the world. It results from the fact that in 1949, the Nationalist Party authorities of the Republic of China were established on Taiwan, after the lost war on the continent. Meanwhile, the victorious Communist Party established the People’s Republic of China in the mainland. Throughout the course of the history of divided China, both governments competed for the representation of China in international organizations, however Taiwan’s international presence was largely limited. For example, in 2015 Taiwan participated in 37 international organizations, in addition to the observer’s status in 21 other, most of them of a regional range. It resulted from the development of some alternative strategies, markedly exemplified by Taiwan’s participation in international organizations and institutions in the Asia-Pacific region.
Źródło:
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe; 2015, 3; 145-160
1733-2680
2451-0610
Pojawia się w:
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Obrona przeciwrakietowa NATO jako czynnik wzmacniający transatlantycką więź w dziedzinie bezpieczeństwa
NATO’s Missile Defense as an augmenting factor within transatlantic security framework
Autorzy:
Czajkowski, Marek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/506047.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
missile defense
international relations
international security
NATO
US foreign policy
US security strategy
transatlantic co-operation
Opis:
Ballistic missiles pose increasing threat worldwide. They are powerful means of warfare, but can also be used as an instrument of deterrence, political blackmail and coercion. The United States sustain strong commitment to the development of the missile defense to limit the effect of expanding, more and more sophisticated missile arsenals. This is considered very important if the United States are to maintain political and military freedom of action, especially in troubled regions. The European countries of NATO perceive the missile threat somewhat differently. Most of them agree that it exist but, as they do not conduct intensive policies in troubled regions, they do not believe the threat is imminent. That is why, on the one hand NATO has embraced missile defense as one of the most important goals, but on the other European members are not eager to pay huge cost of robust defensive effort. Thus, the US will bear lion’s share of European missile defense burden, making Europe’s security more and more tied to American strategic goals and depended on US military capabilities. This is surely augmenting factor, as far as transatlantic security ties are concerned.
Źródło:
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe; 2014, 4; 91-110
1733-2680
2451-0610
Pojawia się w:
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Opportunities and Threats Analysis for European Born Global Companies on the Chinese Market.
Autorzy:
Pawęta, Elena
Chiu, Chung-Yu
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/504932.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
internationalization
born global
China
international entrepreneurship
opportunities
threats
Opis:
Companies which do not follow traditional internationalization path, but start international activities immediately after their founding, are called born global companies in the international literature. This relatively new type of international entrepreneurship can be challenging due to limited international experience and lack of resources. It seems even more difficult to internationalize a venture directly from Europe to the Chinese market. The purpose of the paper is to analyze potential opportunities and threats for European born globals entering the Chinese market. The study shows that the main opportunities provided by the Chinese market are: its size, rapid growth (which is, however, slowing down), increasing consumer middle class, modern infrastructure, cheap workforce supply, improvement in workforce qualifications and political stability. Unfortunately, there are also some threats of rapid internationalization in the Chinese market which are caused by cultural, social and political differences. The main threats of the Chinese market are: rising costs, slowing market growth, increasing competition, HR problems, dumping, protectionism and legal issues (including intellectual property rights, corruption, lack of transparency, certifi cation and requirements concerning technical norms).
Źródło:
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe; 2015, 3; 177-187
1733-2680
2451-0610
Pojawia się w:
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Unia Europejska w polityce bezpieczeństwa USA w XXI w.
The European Union in US security policy in the twenty-first century
Autorzy:
Zając, Justyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/505849.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
European Union
USA
security
international order
CSDP
NATO
Opis:
For the past decade the focus of the U.S. security policy has been changing. After a period of global American hegemony, which took place at the end of the Cold War, the international position of the country is declining; countries such as China, India, Brazil, Russia are moving alongside the United States and Europe as centres of power. Focusing U.S. interest on Asia and the Pacific (“Asia Pacific pivot”) causes a reduction of its interests in Europe. Given these trends U.S and EU policymakers face the challenge to redefine their security and defence cooperation. This applies both to the acquisition by European allies more responsibility for their own safety as well as to develop new mechanisms for cooperation on the line US-NATO-EU relations. The article aims to answer about the current situation and perspectives of EU’s place and role in U.S. security policy in the context of redistribution of power in the world politics. The analysis is carried out in the neorealistic paradigm.
Źródło:
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe; 2014, 4; 29-40
1733-2680
2451-0610
Pojawia się w:
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Aktualna polityka zagraniczna Federacji Rosyjskiej a Unia Europejska – podstawowe zagadnienia
The current foreign policy of the Russian Federation towards European Union – basic issues
Autorzy:
Czajkowski, Marek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/506734.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
Rosja
Rosja – polityka zagraniczna
stosunki międzynarodowe
bezpieczeństwo międzynarodowe
Unia Europejska
Russia
Russian foreign policy
international relations
international security
European Union
Opis:
Celem artykułu jest syntetyczne ukazanie źródeł rosyjskiej polityki zagranicznej, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem Unii Europejskiej. Zasadniczą tezą jest stwierdzenie, że najważniejszą motywacją polityki zagranicznej Moskwy jest utrzymanie władzy przez obecny rząd. W tym celu Moskwa świadomie kreuje kontrolowany konfl ikt z Zachodem aby wywołać efekt skupienia zagrożonego narodu wobec władzy w celu poprawy jej legitymizacji nadszarpniętej przez trudności gospodarcze.
The main goal of this article is to synthetically depict the sources of Russian foreign policy, especially with regard to the European Union. The central thesis is, that the main driver behind Russian international conduct is the preservation of power by current government. To do so Moscow intentionally orchestrates controlled confl ict with the West to induce the rally-around-the-leaders effect. It is supposed to augment the legitimization of the authorities which has been diminished by the economic hardships.
Źródło:
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe; 2017, 2; 115-134
1733-2680
2451-0610
Pojawia się w:
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Miejsce Europy w globalnej strategii USA
Europe in US global strategy
Autorzy:
Stachura, Jadwiga
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/505096.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
US global strategy
international security
transatlantic partnership
Russian Federation
Opis:
For more than sixty years American grand strategy is based on the conviction that external environment is of fundamental importance for US core interests in security, prosperity and domestic liberty. There was the foundation for containment policy and after the cold war succeeding presidents on this conviction have based their deep engagement in world affairs. In XXI century as American supremacy has been steadily diminished, Washington is still ready to lead the world, but wants to share with partners the burdens of keeping it in order. The idea of partnership isn’t put into words explicitly. It emphasizes burden-sharing between US and the partners, sometimes is about the transfer of crisis-management capacity and it has sought to advance American leadership as well. European states – NATO and EU members – are seen as indispensable Washington’s allies, densely connected with the US through transatlantic partnership. Due to community of values and the convergence of strategic interests, and because of its own peculiarity EU is not and won’t be America’s strategic rival. After few years of diminished interest in old continent, when president B. Obama focused his attention on domestic policy and on problems in other world’s regions, since March 2014 he has decided to take the initiative in European affairs. Russia’s aggression towards Ukraine has serious consequences for Washington’s European and global strategy. In Europe there is increased request for US leadership. From American point of view it might come with expectations, that the allies will be eager to strengthen their cooperation with Washington in other regions, especially in Asia.
Źródło:
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe; 2014, 4; 41-58
1733-2680
2451-0610
Pojawia się w:
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Szansa Polski po kryzysie finansowym 2007/2008+
Chances of Poland after the financial crisis of 2007/2008+
Autorzy:
Żukrowska, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/505090.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
financial crisis
growth
international rankings
risk
competitiveness
leadership
systemic transformation
Opis:
The Polish economy has proved that it works better in difficult (read crisis) conditions than the most economies in the region as well as the economies from the group of most developed economically states. Poland in the group of OECD was shown in parallel to Australia and New Zealand, which represent on that lists and rankings relatively better position than Czech Republic or Slovakia. The achieved results are effect of different transformation strategies which were applied in Poland in comparison to remaining economies from the region. This is evidenced by relatively high and still in rise position of Poland in different rankings: growth and job creation, competitiveness, political risk, dynamics of changes, rates of growth, macrostabilization etc. Good economic performance determines the social and political climate of the country, enabling it to continue changes which are required by a catching up economy in global and restructuring world economy. Poland was consequently in her transformation strategy preparing its economy to work in conditions which are characterized by more intensified cooperation than the one of the remaining countries in question. The Polish experience of transformation was conducted in a different way than the strategies of Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary. The evident success of the applied strategy in light of a number of states which wait in a subordinated manner to join the main stream economy. In the past IMF, World Bank in their yearbooks published regularly. This experience indicates clearly that Poland is able to prepare the countries of the two European dimension (Eastern and Southern) for training. This can has a specific impact on preparation of such changes with participation of Poland. Poland can use its own experience to build-up the EU’s Transformation Compendium. Poland is also able and willing to support by knowledge, models and expertise processes of systemic changes and after development in states which try to enter the road of changes, growth and catching up.
Źródło:
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe; 2013, 4; 31-48
1733-2680
2451-0610
Pojawia się w:
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Znaczenie Arabskiej Wiosny
The Importance of the Arab Spring
Autorzy:
Zdanowski, Jerzy
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/505190.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
Arab Spring
Middle East
authoritarianism
Islamism
new subjectivity
new international order
Opis:
At the turn of 2011, turbulent events occurred in the Middle East that have become known all over the world as the ‘Arab Spring’. Initially, these protests were a form of civil disobedience. Later, the situation developed in several directions. In Jordan, Algeria, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, Mauritania, Sudan and Oman, the authorities managed to convince the public that they would meet their needs and introduce new reforms. The authorities in Syria, Libya, Yemen and Bahrain took the severest positions. In Tunisia and Egypt free elections were conducted, and these countries have started to build a democratic system. This experiment was interrupted in Egypt on July 3, 2013 by the intervention of the army. In the light of these events, can one assume that the Arab Spring is a closed chapter in the history of the Middle East, and that the hope for democracy in the countries of the region have been buried forever? This article refers to the sources of the ‘Arab Spring’ and demonstrates its importance for the history of the region.
Źródło:
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe; 2013, 3; 13-33
1733-2680
2451-0610
Pojawia się w:
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Nowy wyścig kosmiczny XX w. – USA, Chiny i Rosja
The New Space Race of the 21st Century – the United States, China and Russia
Autorzy:
Czajkowski, Marek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/505133.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
international relations
international security
outer space
space security
space race
USA
Russia
China
stosunki międzynarodowe
bezpieczeństwo międzynarodowe
przestrzeń kosmiczna
bezpieczeństwo kosmiczne
wyścig kosmiczny
Rosja
Chiny
Opis:
Today’s main world powers are locked in a new phase of the Space Race, with use of outer space for their benefit at stake. Principal rivals are the USA, Russia and China. This article is supposed furst of all to describe the characteristics of this modern space race, underlining the mechanisms that define its highest level and with special attention to security related issues – it is still the most important dimension of state’s policies, especially in light of newly reinvigorated global strategic rivalry. In the next chapters motivations, goals and capabilities of USA, Russia and China are depicted, what lead us to final considerations pertaining to how in these circumstances Sino-Russian co-operation evolves and what are the perspectives for the competition between those two countries.
Główne mocarstwa rozgrywają współcześnie pomiędzy sobą nowy etap wyścigu kosmicznego, w którym stawką jest wykorzystanie przestrzeni wokółziemskiej dla realizacji interesów poszczególnych państw. Główni rywale to USA, Rosja i Chiny. W artykule scharakteryzowane zostały w pierwszej kolejności cechy współczesnego wyścigu kosmicznego, z akcentem na procesy zachodzące na jego najwyższym, mocarstwowym szczeblu, i z podkreśleniem problematyki bezpieczeństwa – jest ona wciąż kluczowa w świetle polityki państw, szczególnie wobec rosnącej w ostatnich latach rywalizacji strategicznej. Omówione zostały również pokrótce cele, motywacje i możliwości USA, Chin i Rosji w tym zakresie, by wreszcie dojść do rozważań, jak w tych okolicznościach przebiega współpraca chińsko-rosyjska i jakie są perspektywy rywalizacji pomiędzy tymi mocarstwami.
Źródło:
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe; 2018, 1; 117-141
1733-2680
2451-0610
Pojawia się w:
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Implikacje zmian na międzynarodowych rynkach energii – wybrane aspekty.
The implications of changes in the international energy markets – selected aspects.
Autorzy:
Molo, Beata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/506160.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
the international energy markets
the political implications
„shale gas revolution”
LNG
Opis:
The article presents synthetically the issue of changes in the international energy markets and their political implications. The analysis embraces the essence and consequences of the “shale gas revolution” for the U.S. and the international energy markets, particularly taking into consideration the impact of the “shale gas revolution” on the oil price. The prognosticated decrease of the U.S. request for the imported oil and natural gas will affect the decision of the exporting states regarding the scale of extraction and direction of delivery/export. The oversupply of oil and unconventional gas might rise the pressure on their price reduction in the international markets, thus enfeeble the political signifi cance of the OPEC, especially Saudi Arabia, as well as jeopardize the position of Russia as the “energetic power”. Moreover, the article broaches the matter of development of the liquefi ed natural gas production, in particular the possibility of LNG’s export by the United States. In the geopolitical dimension it might result in the increase of the negotiation strength of the new extraction regions and the change of the current power balance.
Źródło:
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe; 2015, 1; 47-60
1733-2680
2451-0610
Pojawia się w:
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Niemcy wobec międzynarodowych implikacji zacieśniania współpracy Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej z Federacją Rosyjską w drugiej dekadzie w XXI wieku
Germany towards international implications of tightening relations between the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation in the second decade of the 21st century
Autorzy:
Cziomer, Erhard
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/505040.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
Germany
international implications
cooperation
China
Russia
Niemcy
implikacje międzynarodowe
współpraca
Chiny
Rosja
Opis:
The article raises the topic of analysis Germany’s stance towards international implications of tightening relations between China and Russian in the second decade of the 21st century. It consists of three parts. – China and Russia as Germany’s partners; – Germany vis-à-vis tightening of relations of Russia and China; – China’s and Russia’s role in transformation of international system in the context of German strategic interests and goals. The principal thesis of the article is as follows: Germany as the leading EU member state with global interests engaged in very developed cooperation with China and Russia which as authoritarian states act to transform neoliberal world order with the United States at the helm in multilateral system. Both countries through tightening of bilateral political-military as well as trade and economic cooperation head for augmentation of their international significance as well as weakening of the role and position of the United States. Important strategies for long-term development of both states are: China – New Silk Road (2013), Russia – Eurasian Union (2015). The progressing process of the shift in international distribution of power is accompanied by a rash of threats, tensions, conflicts and other challenges on global, regional and local scale. The serious challenge for the West is the policy of the new U.S. presidential administration of Donald Trump, who since 2017 prefers realization the U.S. interests (America first policy) both vis-à-vis to China and Russia, and toward the U.S. transatlantic partners and allies in the EU and NATO. It leads to accumulation of substantial political and economic controversies between Germany and the U.S.
Artykuł podejmuje analizę stanowiska Niemiec wobec międzynarodowych implikacji zacieśnienia współpracy Chin z Rosją w drugiej dekadzie XXI wieku. Składa się on z trzech części: – Chiny i Rosja jako partnerzy Niemiec; – Niemcy wobec zacieśnienia współpracy Rosji z Chinami; – Rola Chin oraz Rosji w przekształcaniu systemu międzynarodowego w kontekście strategicznych interesów i celów Niemiec. Zasadnicza teza artykułu brzmi: Niemcy jako pierwszoplanowe państwo UE o interesach globalnych posiadają rozbudowaną współpracę z Chinami i Rosją, które jako państwa autorytarne działają w kierunku przekształcenia neoliberalnego systemu międzynarodowego na czele z USA w systemie multilateralnym. Oba kraje poprzez zacieśnienie współpracy polityczno-militarnej oraz gospodarczo-handlowej zmierzają do zwiększenia własnej roli międzynarodowej oraz osłabienia roli i pozycji USA. Ważnymi strategiami długofalowego rozwoju obu krajów są: Chin – Nowy Jedwabny Szlak (2013) oraz Rosji – Unia Euroazjatycka (2015). Procesowi postępujących międzynarodowych zmian układu sił towarzyszy szereg zagrożeń, napięć, konfliktów oraz innych wyzwań w skali globalnej, regionalnej oraz lokalnej. Poważnym wyzwaniem dla Zachodu jest polityka nowej administracji amerykańskiego prezydenta Donalda Trampa, która od 2017 r. preferuje własne interesy USA, zarówno w stosunku do Chin i Rosji, jak też wobec swoich partnerów oraz sojuszników transatlantyckich w UE oraz NATO. Prowadzi to również do narastania znacznych kontrowersji politycznych i gospodarczych między Niemcami a USA.
Źródło:
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe; 2018, 1; 49-65
1733-2680
2451-0610
Pojawia się w:
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 42

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