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    Wyświetlanie 1-5 z 5
    Tytuł:
    Udział Polski w misjach pokojowych i stabilizacyjnych na początku XXI wieku
    Participation of Poland in peace and stabilization Missions early in the 21st century
    Autorzy:
    Zając, Justyna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/504870.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2007
    Wydawca:
    Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
    Opis:
    At the time of Cold War, Poland participated in UN missions and operations, and after its conclusion - with the expansion of the functions of OSCE, NATO and EU - it began tb participate also in operations and missions set up by these institutions, becoming one of the prime contributors to peace and stabilization operations. In November 2007, paws were participating in 17 operations conducted mostly by the United Nations, NATO and EU. In most cases, Poland, participates through the presence of military forces, and organization of police, training, advisory and observation missions. Poles perform at very broader rangę of tasks, participating in militaiy operations, peaćemaking, peacekeeping, peace enforcement, and peace building. The variety of tasks performed by Polish armed forces and the lessons learned during overseas operations defined the main directions of changes in the Polish army. Participation in peace and stabilization operations is one of the Instruments of enhancing the prestige of Poland on the international stage. In the world, Polish soldiers enjoy a very good opinion, as highly professional and competent. Nevertheless, in 2007 for the first time in the history of Polish participation in peace operations, Polish soldiers serving in Afghanistan were accused of breaking intemational conventions, concerning protection of civilians in armed conflicts. Besides this, the image of Poland in Europe and Arab states was spoilt by its participation in the military operation in Iraq (2003), the city legal from the point of view of international law. Following the announcements of the new Polish govemment acting since November 2007, Poland will fulfill its international obligations and continued involvement in peace and stabilization operations, although without further presence in Iraq, would Polish forces are to be withdrawn in 2008.
    Źródło:
    Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe; 2007, 4; 191-207
    1733-2680
    2451-0610
    Pojawia się w:
    Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Role międzynarodowe państwa średniego – aspekty teoretyczne
    International roles of medium-sized state – theoretical aspects
    Autorzy:
    Zając, Justyna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/506119.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
    Tematy:
    international roles theory
    state’s international identity
    state’s international position
    medium-sized state
    Opis:
    Each state plays international roles, that are determined by the internal and international factors. Amongst them two are crucial: the state’s international position and its international identity. The international role of a state is a dynamic expression of its position, provided the state uses that position actively. A state’s potential is very important and is a function of internal factors: its geographical environment in the wide sense; its population potential; its economic, scientific, and technical potential; and its military potential. Political, historical and cultural factors, however, are also significant. The perception of a state by other actors on the international stage is also a very important factor in that state’s international position and, in consequence, for its international roles. It is closely related to the state’s international identity, i.e., the state’s self-perception on the basis of its sense of distinctness in relation to others and the traits ascribed to it by other states. The ‘international identity’ of a state is made up of its ‘internal identity’, which determines the cohesiveness of its component parts, and its ‘external identity’, which constitutes its distinctiveness in relation to other states. International roles of state are subject to various classifications and typologies. The most comprehensive classification based on the following criteria: the subjective criterion, the objective criterion, the spatial criterion, the time criterion the attitude toward international reality criterion the hierarchic criterion the efficiency of role criterion. The effectiveness of international roles is a phenomenon of considerable complexity. It is an unusually difficult task to appraise the effectiveness of a given actor’s role when it is understood as the cost-efficient realization of a goal. First, costs are hard to measure. Second, in today’s interconnected and co-dependent world, a goal could be realized by many entities. I consider that there are three main factors determining the efficiency of roles: 1) the reasonableness of the role’s conception, 2) the ability and consistency involved in performing the role, that is, the degree of its realization, and 3) the level of support for a role by the other actors in international relations, and particularly among those affected by itthe development of their international roles. The thesis of the article is to say that Poland is a medium size state and is limited in These limitations should be taken into account by decision-makers in the formulation of the tasks and goals of Polish foreign policy.
    Źródło:
    Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe; 2013, 4; 15-27
    1733-2680
    2451-0610
    Pojawia się w:
    Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Unia Europejska wobec Bliskiego Wschodu po Arabskiej Wiośni
    European Union in the face of Middle East after the Arab Spring
    Autorzy:
    Zając, Justyna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/505272.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012
    Wydawca:
    Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
    Opis:
    Main goal of the article was to analyze European Union policy towards „Arab Spring”, that started in 2011. Although EU is strongly involved in the Mediterranean region its reaction on situation in North Africa was rather cautious and unclear. It seems that policy-makers of European institutions and its member states did not understand what was really going on. However slowly they took a side of opposition and European Union has undertaken a wide range instruments: political, economic, humanitarian and social. Several initiatives was implemented, such as: Partnership for Democracy and Shared Prosperity with the Mediterranean – PDSP, Support for Partnership, Reform and Inclusive Growth – SPRING, Deauville Initiative. EU policy towards “Arab Spring” is generally called “3 M” – Money, Mobility, Markets. There were also such support undertakings as: bilateral financial aid for South and East Mediterranean states, establishing task forces and observatory teams for elections in Arab countries and sanctions. Despite this actions EU policy towards “Arab Spring” has been evaluated as limited and too slow. It showed clearly what was known for several years: European Union needs to elaborate new and complex strategy towards the Mediterranean region.
    Źródło:
    Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe; 2012, 1; 317-328
    1733-2680
    2451-0610
    Pojawia się w:
    Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Unia Europejska w polityce bezpieczeństwa USA w XXI w.
    The European Union in US security policy in the twenty-first century
    Autorzy:
    Zając, Justyna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/505849.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
    Tematy:
    European Union
    USA
    security
    international order
    CSDP
    NATO
    Opis:
    For the past decade the focus of the U.S. security policy has been changing. After a period of global American hegemony, which took place at the end of the Cold War, the international position of the country is declining; countries such as China, India, Brazil, Russia are moving alongside the United States and Europe as centres of power. Focusing U.S. interest on Asia and the Pacific (“Asia Pacific pivot”) causes a reduction of its interests in Europe. Given these trends U.S and EU policymakers face the challenge to redefine their security and defence cooperation. This applies both to the acquisition by European allies more responsibility for their own safety as well as to develop new mechanisms for cooperation on the line US-NATO-EU relations. The article aims to answer about the current situation and perspectives of EU’s place and role in U.S. security policy in the context of redistribution of power in the world politics. The analysis is carried out in the neorealistic paradigm.
    Źródło:
    Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe; 2014, 4; 29-40
    1733-2680
    2451-0610
    Pojawia się w:
    Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Uwarunkowania ról międzynarodowych Unii Europejskiej
    Rahmenbedingungen der internationalen Rollen der Europäischen Union
    Autorzy:
    Zając, Justyna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/506290.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2008
    Wydawca:
    Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
    Opis:
    Europäische Union ist ein bedeutender Akteur in den internationalen Beziehungen und spielt auf der Weltbühne politische, wirtschaftliche, kulturelle, und in den letzten Jahren auch militärische Rollen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Rahmenbedingungen der objektiven internationalen Rollen der Europäischen Union anhand der Elemente der Theorie der internationalen Rollen analysiert. Diese Theorie stammt der Theorie der „gesellschaftlichen Rollen“ ab, die mit großer Dynamik in der Nachkriegszeit des 20. Jahrhundert entwickelt wurde. Die ersten Forschungen zur Theorie der „internationalen Rollen“ fanden in der Wende der 60er und 70er Jahre statt; einen großen Beitrag haben hier Kalevi Holsti, James Rosenau, Stephen Walker, Michael Barnett, Lisbeth Aggestam, Ziemowit Jacek Pietraś, Małgorzata Bielecka, Dariusz Mielczarek geleistet. Von vielen Forschern wird der Staat als Subjekt der internationalen Rolle angenommen, als Äquivalent des gesellschaftlichen Akteurs. Wir stimmen jedoch der These zu, dass internationale Rollen nicht nur von den Staaten, sondern auch von außerstaatlichen Akteuren der internationalen Beziehungen gespielt werden können, z.B. von Organisationen, transnationalen Körperschaften oder Meinungsbildungsgruppen, darunter auch von einem solch spezifischen Subjekt der internationalen Beziehungen wie die Europäische Union. Struktur des Beitrags wurde dem Analyseprozess angepasst. Im ersten Teil wurden die theoretischen Aspekte der Rahmenbedingungen der internationalen Rollen dargestellt. Zweiter und dritter Teil beziehen sich entsprechend auf die objektiven Rahmenbedingungen – der internen und externen internationalen Rollen der Europäischen Union. Im vierten Teil findet sich ein Versuch der Antwort auf die Frage, welchen Einfluss die objektiven Rahmenbedingungen der internationalen Rollen der EU auf die wirklich von ihr gespielten Rollen haben.Aus der durchgeführten Analyse ergab sich eine Schlussfolgerung, dass die objektiven Rahmenbedingungen der Außenpolitik der EU die Möglichkeit der Annahme einer hohen Position auf der internationalen Szene und der Erfüllung einer ganzen Reihe von politischen, wirtschaftlichen, kulturellen und sogar militärischen Rollen und dadurch der Auswirkung auf die gesamte internationale Ordnung einräumen, doch die Europäische Union dieses Potenzial effektiv nicht nutzen kann. Dies wird vor allem von dem spezifischen institutionellen System der EU bedingt, der die Wirksamkeit der externen Handlungen der Union nicht fordert, insbesondere im Bereich der klassischen Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik. Gemeinsame Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik hat den Charakter der Kooperation der Regierungen, mit wenig bedeutenden Elementen der Gemeinschaftlichkeit und Flexibilität. Innerhalb der EU kommt es zur Dissonanz zwischen den eigenen Außenpolitiken (z.B. zwischen der gemeinsamen Handelspolitik und der gemeinsamen Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik), und im Rahmen der GASP schafft sie es nicht immer, mit einer Stimme zu sprechen – und wenn sie es tut, dann wiegt diese Stimme nicht mehr als die Summe der Stimmen derer Mitgliedstaaten.
    Źródło:
    Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe; 2008, 4; 27-40
    1733-2680
    2451-0610
    Pojawia się w:
    Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-5 z 5

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