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Wyszukujesz frazę "fuel gas" wg kryterium: Temat


Tytuł:
Preliminary tests on a combined heat and power unit fed with gas fuels
Autorzy:
Imiołek, M.
Boruta, G.
Piętak, A.
Matijošius, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/241591.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
heat and power cogeneration
piston combustion engine
gas fuel
Opis:
This paper presents a model unit demonstrating the possibility of using a PBCHP10VB CHP unit driven by a piston combustion engine fed with gas fuels for heat and power cogeneration. A mobile unit available in the Department enables heat and power cogeneration at any place with available gas fuel, e.g. compressed in a pressure tank or from a production and transmission system. A radiator is connected to the unit’s heat connection for demonstrative purposes – this is the simplest model of a network using the heat generated by the unit, with the possibility of easy connection to another network for heating rooms and/or tap water instead of this radiator. Any three-phase load (e.g. a single phase converter) can be connected to the unit’s power connection. A constructed mobile power generator fed with alternative gas fuels (e.g. biogas) is described which can be used in the field in a biogas system for power generation with simultaneous heat recovery. The results of the first preliminary tests on the effect of the type of gas fuel used on the obtained electrical and thermal power and on the composition of exhaust gas from the driving combustion engine are presented. A plan for further tests is also outlined.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2013, 20, 4; 123-127
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Test stand for a combined heat and power unit fed with alternative gas fuels
Autorzy:
Boruta, G.
Imiołek, M.
Piętak, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/244809.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
power and heat cogeneration
piston combustion engine
gas fuel
biogas
Opis:
This paper presents the reasons for the development of gas-combined power and heat units and justification for testing the effect of the used gas fuel on the performance of such units. A PBCHP10VB CHP unit driven by a liquidcooled piston combustion engine adapted for feeding with gas fuels is described. The concept is presented for testing the effect of different gas fuel mixtures, including biogas, on this unit’s operation, mainly on the obtained electric power from the current generator and the temperature of the liquid cooling the driving engine heating up output water and on the composition of exhaust gas from this engine. A simple device for obtaining gas fuels containing different combustible gas mixtures is presented. The instruments used to check the composition of the obtained gas fuel and check exhaust gas from the engine are briefly described. The paper describes a test stand for testing the effect of different gas fuels on the operation of a PBCHP10VB gas CHP unit manufactured by Power Blessed Co., Ltd registered in Shanghai, constructed at the Department of Mechatronics and Technical and Information Technology Education of the Faculty of Technical Sciences at the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2013, 20, 4; 39-45
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Automotive SI engine with injection of the liquid LPG into the inlet manifold
Autorzy:
Mareš, J.
Beroun, S.
Blažek, J.
Holubec, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/246436.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
gas fuel
mixture forming
power reducing
injection of liquid LPG
fuel vaporization
exhaust emission
Opis:
Non supercharged SI engine on LPG with mixture forming by evaporated LPG has lower power by about 8% compared to original petrol engine. This disadvantage can be eliminated by mixture forming by injection of liquid LPG. Report shows the results of the laboratory experimental research on an engine with injection of liquid LPG with the detailed analyses of the energy, power and emission engine parameters in 2 variations of the engine set-up. The thermodynamic analysis of the indicator diagram has shown that the characteristic parameters of the cycle (incl. Parameters of the combustion course) stand practically identical for operation on petrol and on LPG. The measurements on the engine were also oriented on study of conditions in the inlet manifold after injection of the liquid LPG (injection visualization with fuel vaporization, temperature in the intake port) for an explanation of any abnormality on course of the unburned hydrocarbon concentration before catalyst. The experimental results show that automotive engine with injection of liquid LPG like high-quality variation of the car drive with favorable operating economy and positive ecological effects for environment.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2007, 14, 3; 385-394
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analysis possibilities of cost reduction related to boil-off fuel gas being carried on LNG gas carriers
Analiza możliwości redukcji kosztów związanych z odparowaniem przewożonego ładunku na gazowcach typu LNG
Autorzy:
Giernalczyk, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/243187.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
transport morski
gaz naturalny
gazowce LNG
spalinowe silniki tłokowe
turbiny gazowe
turbiny parowe
sea transportation
boil-off fuel gas
LNG carriers
diesel engines
gas and steam turbines
Opis:
Gas carried on LNG carriers is liquefaction gas at ambient pressure and temperature minus 163oC degree is subject to boil-off and causing increase in pressure. This phenomenon makes danger of explosion. The simplest possibility to circumvent the foresaid event is to release-liquefied gas to atmosphere. However, the mentioned way causes losses of cargo and air pollution. There is an option to re-condensate gas again nevertheless to do it extra energy is required. Method that is more rational is to use boil-off fuel gas as propulsion energy in diesel engines, gas and steam turbines. This paper describes exploitation costing of main propulsion on LNG carriers trying to find out the best solution. There are presented fuel gas supply system as well various type of engine driven by fuel gas. Moreover, author presents further design development of LNG carriers. Possibilities of cost reduction related to boil-off fuel gas, the Moss RS standard setup for gas reliquefaction system, example of dual fuel diesel engines and electric propulsion, basic design concept for two compressor units 100% type 6LP250-5S1, diagram of COGES system, thermal efficiencies for the different propulsion options, technical data of some present dual-fuel engines, as well two-stroke propulsion recommendations for LNG carriers are illustrated in the paper.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2007, 14, 2; 153-160
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effect of gas flow on combustion and exhaust emissions in a dual fuel natural gas engine
Autorzy:
Tomita, E.
Kawahara, N.
Ohuchi, S.
Komoda, T.
Sakane, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/244013.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
alternative fuel
dual fuel combustion system
natural gas
supercharged system
lean burn
gas flow
swirl
tumble
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2008, 15, 2; 519-527
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Some aspects of dual fueling of the middle class modern CI engines
Autorzy:
Stelmasiak, Z.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/242729.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
dual fuel
natural gas
gas injection
common rail
combustion process
Opis:
The paper presents results of studies on the dual fuel engine equipped with the Common Rail high pressure injection system and low pressure natural gas injection into the inlet collector. Impact of some regulation parameters of the feed system on the engine performance parameters was examined. Research of the pilot dose selection showed that the minimal size of the dose was limited to ca 12+13% of the nominal dose. It is a result of some troubles of the electromagnetic injector operation at short times of control. The effect of that is a notable deterioration of smoothness of the engine operation. However, electronic control of the injector opening timing enables to reduce the pilot dose size as the engine load is reduced. The research showed advantageous impact of the decreasing dose on the engine efficiency and exhaust gas toxicity at partial loads of the engine. The tests reconfirmed full usefulness of the system to combustion process optimization. A delay of the injection start at high engine loads enables to reduce nearly twice the NOx concentration in exhaust gas with insignificant decreasing, some 1+1.5%, of its efficiency. The used systems showed their high suitability to control charge quality in dual fuel engines, in traction applications in particular.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2007, 14, 4; 453-462
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analysis concerning possibilities of reduction of toxic substances and co2 emission by use of dual fuel diesel engines for seagoing ships main propulsion
Autorzy:
Giernalczyk, M.
Górski, Z.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/244704.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
toxic substances
carbon dioxide
fuel consumption
dual fuel engines
natural gas
Opis:
The goal of the paper is to focus the problem of emission of toxic compounds e.g. NOx, SOx and CO2 from seagoing ships to environment. The VI Amendment to Marpol Convention concerning prevention against air pollution by seagoing ships brought into practice in May 19th 2005 forced ship owners to use means for reduction of environment harmful substances emission to atmosphere. Considerable reduction of these harmful substances can be use dual fuel diesel engines for ship propulsion. Dual fuel engines are fuelled by natural gas having methane as main component. Leading producers of marine diesel engines introduced into production diesel engines DF (Dual Fuel) type. These engines can be fuelled alternatively with natural gas or with heavy fuel oil and marine diesel oil. Today the propulsion by diesel engines fuelled with natural gas is the most popular on ships carrying natural gas cargo i.e. LNG carriers (Liquefied Natural Gas Carriers). Natural gas is freight in liquid form under atmospheric pressure in temperature -163 °C. Due to heat penetration into cargo tanks, the liquefied gas evaporates. Evaporated cargo BOF (Boil Off Gas) is used as a fuel in ship diesel engines. However, dual fuel engines are used on other types of ships not only on LNG carriers. A number of seagoing ships fuelled with natural gas are now under construction. For example container ship 9,000 TEU in Japan shipyard Kawasaki Heavy Industries or container ship 14,000 TEU in Korean shipyard Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering for company CMA-CGM. Ships fuelled with natural gas e.g. modern ferries are also built by Stocznia Remontowa Shipbuilding in Poland for Norwegian owner. Adaptation of presently operated ships for fuelling with natural gas is also considered.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2014, 21, 2; 77-82
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Conversion of Fiat 0.9 MultiAir engine to multi - fuelling
Autorzy:
Ambrozik, A.
Ambrozik, T.
Kurczyński, D.
Łagowski, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/247877.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
combustion engines
fuels
fuel supply system
liquefied petroleum gas
natural gas
Opis:
The development of human civilisation has always been related to an increase in energy demand. The growth of transportation and an increase in the number of automobile vehicles in service produce a rising demand for fuel. Before piston IC engine is replaced with a different effective power source, it is necessary to use gaseous fuels on a larger scale than ever before. The natural resources of gaseous fuels are estimated to be much higher than crude oil reserves. Additionally, engines can run on biogas, i.e. gaseous renewable fuel. The use of gaseous fuels means lowering the harmful effect engines produce on the natural environment. Multi-fuelling, i.e. switching from one fuel to another, could be an advantageous feature of automobile combustion engine, both from the user’s standpoint and with respect to environmental concerns. Gaseous fuels have desirable properties that are especially suitable for fuel of spark ignition engines. The paper presents the engine test bench constructed at the Laboratory of Heat Engines of the Kielce University of Technology. The test stand comprises modern spark ignition engine Fiat 0.9 MultiAir and the eddy-current brake. At the test stand, the engine was converted to fuelling with three fuels, namely petrol, LPG gas blends and compressed natural gas (CNG). The engine could run alternatively on the three fuels mentioned above. The stand is equipped with an external unit to control the engine work, which makes it possible to extend the range of the engine investigations.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2013, 20, 4; 9-15
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Chosen problems of transport and vessel’s fuelling by liquefied natural gas
Autorzy:
Herdzik, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/246950.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
natural gas
LNG fuelled vessel
dual fuel engine
LNG
boil-off gas
Opis:
It was presented the possibilities and ways of methane transport by sea. They are still searched new better possibilities of methane transport especially when the gas mining is at the sea. The advantages of using methane as marine fuel are discussed because it seems to be ecological and cheaper one. The lack of LNG bunkering network for vessels is the biggest problem to share methane as a marine fuel. Only a few ports inside the Baltic Sea area give such possibility. Of course, the network is under construction but the development goes too slowly to fulfil the International Maritime Organization (IMO) requirements on 2020 year. A challenge is to prevent failure during cargo operations, loading hose failure, pipe rupture, manifold leak, tank overflowing, or rupture etc. The risk of failure is increased due to very low temperature of liquid methane and the quick temperature change of all elements of cargo system during operations. The aim of the work was to show the indicated problems of vessel’s fuelling by LNG. It was discussed the methane slip during cargo operations and fuelling. The misfires during burning processes into the engines are the biggest problem due to very narrow window of methane self-ignition. It happens the misfiring or knocking cycles. It disturbs the correct work of the engine, resulting in quick engine malfunction or damage.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2018, 25, 2; 157-162
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Impact of engine control on the energetic inter change ability of diesel oil by gas in dual fuel GI engine
Autorzy:
Stelmasiak, Zdzisław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/243872.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
dual fuel
engine control
natural gas
pilot dose
gas share
thermal efficiency
Opis:
A compression ignition engine fuelled simultaneously with two fuels: a fuel with low cetane number used as the main fuel, and Diesel oil used to initiation of ignition, is assumed to be called as a dual fuel engine. This system is perfectly suited to adaptation to supply of CNG gas in majority of compression ignition engines. Such adaptations can concern both an older engine equipped with classic injection system, and modern engine with common rail system. In traction engines, interchangeability of liquid fuel by the gas belongs to important issues, what is a condition of profitability of the adaptation and operation of dual fuel engines. In the paper are presented test results of the 1CA90 engine with piston pump to injection of liquid fuel, and a system with mixer to supply of the gas; and the SB3.1 engine equipped with common rail system and injection of the gas in area of the inlet valve. On the base of performed tests one has shown variability of energetic fraction of the CNG gas in total energy supplied to the engine. The tests were performed in complete field of variability of engine parameters, i.e. rotational speed and engine load. Obtained results have shown that in spite of decreasing fraction of the gas at partial loads of medium size traction engines, substantial reduction of operational consumption of the Diesel oil is possible. Due to significant differences in price of the CNG gas and the Diesel oil, it gives considerable savings in operational costs of the engines. It should encourage users of the engines to adaptation of the fuelling to the CNG gas. In the paper is presented a proposal of control system to dual fuel traction engine, from maintaining its performance parameters point of view.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2013, 20, 4; 425-434
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Mathematical description of the external characteristics of compression-ignition engine
Autorzy:
Stoeck, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/245845.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
polynomial interpolation
specific fuel consumption
exhausts gas smokiness
Opis:
In this paper is presented a calculation procedure based on Lagrange's interpolation formuła which has been used for describing the external characteristics of compression-ignition engine of the 359 type. The characteristic curves of specific fuel consumption and exhaust gas smokiness were chosen as an example, which had been obtained during examinations on engine test bed for a drive unitfuelled with four types of fuel. Measurements were carried out on a standard engine test bed which is part of laboratory facilities of the Department of Automotive Vehicles Operation, Western Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin. The study object was an unsupercharged four-stroke engine of domestic production of the 359 type. It is a six-cylinder compression-ignition drive unit with direct fuel injection system. Interpolating polynomials determined analytically for respective characteristics have been presented in the graphical form, while experimental examination results necessary for obtaining them have been additionally tabulated. The presented methodology allows simplification of particular experiment stages by giving possibility to estimate analytically the missing data and with preservation of a minimum number of measuring points. With small corrections, it may be used in similar examinations on other engine test beds. Its application should support the planning of particular experiment stages but does not, in any case, replace it since determination of engine characteristic curves is possible through research only.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2010, 17, 2; 445-450
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Choice of a pilot dose in dual fuel self-ignition engine of a generator, depending on its load
Autorzy:
Imiołek, M.
Piętak, A.
Śmieja, M.
Wierzbicki, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/247241.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
combustion engine
gas engine
dual fuel powering
CNG
Opis:
One of the basic problems concerning dual fuel powering of self-ignition engines is to determine the minimal dose of diesel oil injected into the combustion chamber in order to trigger self-ignition. Most research conducted to date on double-fuel powering self-ignition has been carried out on engines with mechanical injection systems, which does not ensure the possibility of obtaining very small diesel oil doses initiating self-ignition. The original system of fuelling the engine with diesel oil was replaced with a laboratory Common Rail system. The basic parameters of injector operation were controlled by a specially-developed system ensuring continuous choice of parameters of injector operation. The examined engine was fitted with a prototypical system of methane-air fuelling and a system for controlling and adjusting the supplied dose of methane This study presents the results of research aiming at determining the pilot dose injected into the combustion chamber of the engine to ensure the course of combustion in the engine operating under various loads. The results presented in the paper concern tests of a single-cylinder self-ignition engine, HATZ 1B40, operating in a generator adopted for CNG fuelling.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2011, 18, 4; 129-136
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Proposal of ecological propulsion for seagoing ships
Autorzy:
Górski, Z.
Ćwilewicz, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/245781.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
natural gas in marine propulsion
dual fuel marine engines
dual fuel marine boilers
Opis:
Exhaust gases from engines of seagoing ships are the serious problem for environment. That is why the discussion in the matter is very important. One of means to minimise harmful substances emission to earth atmosphere is application of „ecological fuel" — natural gas or nuclear energy for ship propulsion. Natural gas is commonly used in onshore applications but is rarely applied in marine propulsion. Heavy Fuel Oil is the basic brand of fuel used onboard ofseagoing ships. Other kinds of fuel e.g. Diesel Oil or gas Oil are used on smaller ships with limited sailing range. The nuclear energy, due to high costs is used only on few types of warships and some icebreakers. A real means for minimising harmful substances in exhaust gases from ships engines is replacement of Heavy Fuel Oil by Natural gas. Nowadays, heavy oil is commonly used due to technical and logistic abilities and conservative attitude of ship owners. The necessity of improvement in the field of environment protection inclines towards wide application of Natural gas as marine fuel. Application power-plant novel type would break the traditionalism in the shipbuilding and the introduction novel generation ofshipping drives.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2009, 16, 3; 121-128
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Research on possible supplying ship diesel engines with alternative fuels
Autorzy:
Witkowski, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/242027.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
tests
combustion
alternative fuel
fuel oils
rape oil methyl esters
exhaust gas content
Opis:
The paper presents introduction to the research on possible supplying ship diesel engines with mixtures of diesel oils and vegetable oils or their esters with accounting for ecological aspects - exhaust gas purity. Characteristics of vegetable oils and their esters are compared with those diesel oils. Consequences of their application to diesel engines, mainly for their working process and exhaust gas content, are indicated. Also, influence of combusting mixtures of diesel oil and vegetable oils or their esters, are discussed in the same context. The paper presents results of experimental tests which were carried out on a ship diesel engine supplied with marine diesel oil(MDO) and the oil and rape oil methyl esters mixed (MDO/RME) in different proportions (i.e. 5% RME in MDO, 10% RME in MDO and 20% RME in MDO). The results obtained from the tests when supplying the engine with the MDO alone was assumed the reference point for determination of influence of combustion of the MDO/RME mixtures on the engine's working parameters and its exhaust gas content. It was paid to influence of combustion of the mixtures of diesel oil and rape oil methyl esters on working parameters of the engine, including noxious components capacity.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2011, 18, 2; 493-498
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Methods of reduction of fuel consumption as means for CO2 emitted by seagoing ships minimising
Autorzy:
Giernalczyk, M.
Górski, Z.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/242362.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
greenhouse gas
carbon dioxide
fuel consumption
waste head utilisation
Opis:
The subject of paper is to focus the problem of carbon dioxide emission from seagoing ships. The paper presents analysis of possibilities of fuel consumption minimizing and this way reduction of carbon dioxide emission from seagoing ships. However, The VI Amendment to MARPOL Convention concerning prevention against air pollution by seagoing ships did not take into consideration carbon dioxide emission, the importance of this problem was perceived by international organizations among others by IMO. As a result corrections in VI Amendment to MARPOL Convention were introduced thus forcing reduction of CO2 emission by seagoing ships. Among means reducing emission of carbon dioxide into atmosphere the following are mentioned: construction modifications of new built ships i.e. reduction of ship speed, optimization of main engine and propeller selection, optimization of ship hull shape, application of resistance reducing hull coatings, use of alternative (ecological) fuels and utilization of propulsion plant waste heat. In turn, for ships already in operation methods for fuel consumption and carbon dioxide reduction can be individual for each ship full monitoring of main engine operational parameters and measurement of waste heat utilization rate. According to opinion of paper authors, the minimizing of carbon dioxide reduction can be mainly achieved by utilisation of exhaust gases heat for electric power production in steam turbo alternators running in one- or two stage steam pressure systems. The analysis executed in the paper of one- and two stage steam system advantages shows that one stage steam system is more economically profitable in practice application.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2013, 20, 4; 85-91
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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