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Wyszukujesz frazę "Dynamic model" wg kryterium: Temat


Wyświetlanie 1-14 z 14
Tytuł:
Dynamic model of a crankshaft assembly with two degrees of freedom
Autorzy:
Chmielewski, A.
Bogucki, Ł.
Gumiński, R.
Mączak, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/244367.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
distributed generation
dynamic model
crankshaft assembly
Opis:
Nowadays, growing attention is directed towards energy efficiency and issues related to respecting energy. An extremely vital role at improving energy efficiency plays the cogeneration technologies. In the 2012/27/UE Directive [1], the gas turbines [2] in combination with heat recovery, combustion engines [3, 4], steam engines [4], fuel cells [5-7], microturbines [8], Rankine organic cycle [9, 10], Stirling engines [11-15], and others, were included among cogeneration technologies, in which electric energy is produced from waste heat in the combined process. In this work, the distributed generation sources have also been addressed. From the perspective of the article herein, the sources equipped with the crankshaft assembly have been particularly emphasised. This mechanism converts chemical energy of, among others, fuel or working element into mechanical energy (the piston reciprocating motion is converted into rotary motion of a crankshaft). In this work, the physical model of the crankshaft assembly has been shown, with two degrees of freedom. On the basis of analysis of the physical model (with the static mass reduction), a single-piston simulation model has been developed of the crankshaft assembly, using the Matlab&Simulink software. On the basis of the analysis of the system, the motion equations have been derived, which served the purpose of building the simulation model. Because of the conducted simulations, the curves of displacement, velocity, and piston acceleration have been presented, and, respectively, the angular displacement, angular velocity, and angular acceleration of the crankshaft. The constructed model should be seen as a part of a multi-piston working mechanism in a, for example, Stirling engine.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2015, 22, 3; 275-282
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The research of the dynamic load of the power train of the caterpillar tractor Chetra 6C-315
Autorzy:
Shekhovtsov, V.
Sokolov-Dobrev, N.
Shevtchuk, V.
Liashenko, E.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/244457.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
dynamic load
power train
dynamic model
torsional vibration
caterpillar tractor
Opis:
The paper describes the developed dynamic model of the caterpiller's power transmission. Its advantage is the integrated dimensional model of caterpillar propeller. Animated motion modelling provides the formation and transfer of kinematic and dynamic disturbances from caterpillar chassis, causing the greatest loadings of the power circuit sections. The principle of power transmission mathematical model’s differential equations forming is described. Result of the model's computational research is a set of oscillograms of the drive wheel’s torque changing for different operating modes. The values of power transmission masses' natural frequencies are obtained. The research of the nature of transmission sections' dynamic loading by torsional vibrations, that arise and spread on the shafting, when the linked track rewinds, is carried out. The diagrams show that local maximums of dynamic coefficients characterize the regimes with high hook load. The increase of torques for these sections happens because of approximation of the peculiar frequency of the system and the frequency of one of the harmonic components of stimulating actions. At this peak, value of the oscillation belongs to the masses, the partial frequencies of which are closest to the frequencies to the stimulation actions. Dynamic load of such sections is quite high. The material of these sections often gets fatigue damage, which can lead to breakdown. The analysis of the diagrams, made for basic operation speeds between 1,0 – 5,5 m/sec showed, that maximal peak values of dynamic coefficients appear on sections between 10 and 59 masses in the transmission. Maximal dynamic load of these sections appear at hook load from 0 to 40 kN.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2011, 18, 1; 535-546
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Numerical research of toothed gears geometry influence on power transmission system vibroactivity
Autorzy:
Peruń, G.
Kozuba, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/245090.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
power transmission system
toothed gear
dynamic model
Opis:
The article presents results of numerical studies on the influence of selected factors on the dynamic effects and vibroactivity in power transmission system with toothed gear. Optimization of the constructions of the toothed gears is in many cases only possible by applying the numerical methods. Dynamic models allow determining the influence of a range of factors on the dynamic phenomena occurring during work of toothed gear. The studies were performed with use a custom developed dynamic model of a test stand with the gears operating in the circulating power system. It was assumed, that properly defined and identified model can be used to analyse dynamic phenomena occurring in meshing and bearings of toothed gears and allows optimizing their construction, especially allows minimization their vibroactivity. Numerical calculations were based on two sets of input data. Sets of input data consist information on all parameters included in the model, and which were determined during the identification process carried out in laboratory at two test stands. Selected results of simulations presented in this article prove, that identified dynamic model can be used to analysis of the impact of various constructional, technological and operational factors on the vibroactivity of the toothed gear.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2017, 24, 4; 239-246
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Decreasing of dynamic loading of tractor’s powertrain by means of change of reactive element torsional stiffness
Autorzy:
Kalmikov, A. V.
Sokolov-Dobrev, N. S.
Shekhovtsov, V. V.
Ljashenko, M. V.
Potapov, P. V.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/242814.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
dynamic load
power train
dynamic model
torsional vibration
caterpillar tractor
Opis:
This article describes original method proposed by authors that provides decreasing of dynamic loading of tractor’s powertrain by means of change of reactive element torsional stiffness. In tracked vehicles one of the most loaded elements is final drive unit which loaded by high dynamic modes. In tractor Chetra 6C-315, final drive is epicyclic where stopped element is ring gear. Authors propose using of strictly resilient (5 degrees in forward-backward direction) mount of ring gear instead of stiffening. Design study of installation between hub and gear ring that connects drum and crown gear, of the resilient metal plates pack was performed. This pack is kind of elastic coupling. Resilient packets of coupling sustain loads and smooth over peak dynamic loads and after elastic deformation of these packets rigid coupling between hub and coupling crown is provided at contact surfaces of skewed stops of hub and crown. To analyse efficiency of proposed method of dynamic loadings decreasing of powertrain elements three-dimensional model of powertrain was created in “Universal Mechanism”. In addition, solid model of caterpillar mover was created in the same software for analysis of influence on powertrain loadings of complex of kinematic and dynamic factors influencing forming of torque on driving sprockets. This article presents results of modelling of loading processes in powertrains elements with elastic coupling and without it during longitudinal motion at various speeds and in turns with various radii. Results show that elements dynamic loading at high loading dynamic modes in case of installed coupling is decreased by 20-30%.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2015, 22, 1; 127-134
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Motion of the long-haul articulated truck assembly with all wheels steered on the road curve
Autorzy:
Frankowski, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/247584.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
long-haul articulated vehicle dynamic model
vehicle curvilinear motion
Opis:
Currently, the majority of cargo transported by multi-axle long and heavy-haul motor vehicles, most of which have possibility of front axle wheels are steering only. In the case of performing the obstacle avoidance maneuver, the overtaking maneuver or the parking maneuver, they are a significant difficulty for the driver because of the width of the occupied road lane when the vehicle moves on the road curve, lane which is wider than greater is the front wheels steering angle and greater overall vehicle length. The occurrence of the ofexcessive lateral tire slip phenomenon when driving on curved road trach is the cause of accelerated wear of tire tread, which together with a large number of wheels would lead to higher operational costs ofsuch vehicles. This work using a spatial dynamic model of the vehicle consisting of a two-axle tractor and three-axle trailer with many degrees of freedom, with the possibility of all the wheels steering, moving on a road curve, is a qualitative analysis of the wheels steering problem aimed at the avoidance ofslip in the pneumatic tire - road surface coactions area. The model of coactions of pneumatic tire with the road surface, side drift included, together with accounting the phenomenon of asymmetrical loading of the vehicle chassis and drive train was adopted. Control for all the wheels steering should lead to an overlay or the maximum approximation of the front axle wheel tracks with the rear axles wheel tracks for the of articulated long-haul truck assembly moving on the road curve. The solution of model eąuations of motion for the vehicle considered will allow for the definition of the relationship between the front axle and rear axle wheels steering angles and velocity of movement of the mass centre of articulated haul truck assembly for the given set of design and operating parameters. The designation of the vehicle track will be possible.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2010, 17, 4; 157-168
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Modelling and simulation of power transmission system oriented on diagnosis of failures in toothed gear
Autorzy:
Peruń, G.
Kozuba, J.
Pil’a, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/949518.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
power transmission system
toothed gear
dynamic model
local damage
Opis:
In the article are presented chosen research results of influence of local defects in toothed gear on the vibroacoustic signal. Vibroacoustic methods of diagnostics are perfectly suitable to the task of monitoring the status of devices during their normal work. Monitoring of vibrations during operation is particular importance for industrial toothed gear as well gears working in the power transmission systems of aircrafts. Taken into account negative consequences of damages in toothed gears, determination of changes in vibroacoustic signal can prevent possible failures, and is therefore very important. Researches were performed with use residual signals created from synchronously averaged time signals generated by identified dynamic model of toothed gear working in circulating power system. Superior purpose of work is development of effectively methods of damage detection, especially in its early stages, what has great importance during operating aircrafts. The study shows that local damage of the wheels affects changes in the frequency distribution of vibroacoustic signals energy. The degree of damage significantly impacts to the possibility of detecting it on the basis of time signals analyses.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2016, 23, 2; 275-283
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
6-stroke engine: thermodynamic modelling and design for testing
Autorzy:
Nimsiriwangso, Atip
Barnes, Paul
Doustdar, Omid
Wyszynski, Miroslaw L.
Mohyeldin, Gasim Mohamed Maisara
Kowalski, Miroslaw
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/241771.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
six-stroke engine
water injection
steam expansion
engine efficiency
dynamic gas model
Opis:
In the study AVL BOOST™ is used to perform a thermodynamic simulation of a six-stroke engine, being built by a research team based in Saudi Arabia. The six-stroke cycle consists of a standard four-stroke Otto Cycle followed by a heat recovering steam expansion cycle. Water is injected into the hot combustion chamber towards the end of the Otto expansion stroke producing steam, which is used to perform work on a piston. This process produces power using waste heat and therefore increases the overall efficiency of the engine. The Robin EY28D engine, which is a single cylinder, four-stroke, gasoline engine was used for this simulation study. The engine was modelled and converted into six-stroke engine in AVL BOOST. The results show that six-stroke engine is more efficient than four-stroke engine. In six-stroke engine, the engine power is increased by 33.1% and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) is decreased by approximately 16%. Where emissions are concerned, Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) emission from six-stroke engine is reduced by 80%, while the Hydrocarbon (HC) emission increases by 85% compared with the original 4-stroke. Moreover, the most efficient camshaft was found and designed according to the most efficient valve profile for this engine, which is combination of 60CA° of valve duration and 10 mm of valve lifting.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2019, 26, 2; 93-106
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The research on dynamic loads and traction properties of military vehicles in the aspect of improvement of their structures
Autorzy:
Borkowski, W.
Rybak, P.
Hryciów, Z.
Wysocki, J.
Michałowski, B.
Wiśniewski, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/247931.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
military vehicle
dynamic loads
traction
model tests
experimental tests
Opis:
Since the beginning of the 90’s, a scientific team in the Motor Vehicle and Transport Institute of the Mechanical Department in the Military University of Technology, has been involved in the model and experimental tests of the existing structures of the military vehicles (tanks, combat infantry vehicles and wheeled armoured carriers) in the aspect of their modernization. A part of works is related to the military vehicles included in the army’s equipment and the other parts are related to newly designed vehicles. In both cases issues related to the behaviour of selected assemblies and the whole vehicle, structure during threats posed by the reality of contemporary battlefield or armed symmetric or asymmetric conflicts are analysed. Selected effects of the tests and analyses will be presented mostly within the qualitative scope due to the data sensitivity. Contemporary design of military vehicles requires involvement of various research methods and specialized calculation software. The results obtained during performed various experimental tests make a valuable basis for verification of numerical models used in design process and multi-option simulation calculations.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2015, 22, 1; 37-46
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The impact of the cannon on the combat vehicle chassis during firing
Autorzy:
Borkowski, W.
Figurski, J.
Walentynowicz, J.
Hryciów, Z.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/241723.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
combat vehicle
cannon
dynamic loads
mathematical model
numerical simulations
Opis:
In this paper the mathematical model of combat vehicle as well as mathematical models of input function generated by the cannon during firing and terrain unevenness was presented. This model enables the analysis of dynamic loads of the equipment mounted inside combat vehicle as well as analysis of dynamic loads of the crew. Parameters of the impulse forces acting on the vehicle during firing were determined on the theoretical basics of internal ballistic of cannon. The results of calculation were presented for hypothetical basic combat vehicle with a 125 mm and 73 mm calibre smoothbore gun. Firing during short stops and during combat vehicle motion at different speeds on terrain unevenness as well as angle of elevation of the gun barrel and rotation angle of the turret on the level of dynamic load were considered. A part of this paper was presented at the RTO AVT Symposium on "Functional and Mechanical Integration of Weapons and Land and Air Vehicles".
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2007, 14, 1; 49-61
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dynamic model with reaction nodes of tracked agricultural tractor
Model dynamiczny z ogniwami reakcyjnymi układu napędowego ciągnika gąsienicowego
Autorzy:
Godżajew, Z. A.
Liaszenko, M. W.
Szechowcow, W. W.
Szewczuk, W. P.
Sokołow-Dobriew, N. S.
Michałowski, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/244389.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
ciągnik gąsienicowy
układ napędowy
model matematyczny
obciążenia dynamiczne
tracked tractor
transmission system
mathematical model
dynamic loads
Opis:
In the paper there were described assumptions and methodology of building the mathematical model of the transmission system of tracked agricultural tractor. There was presented model including 34 mass elements jointed by elasto-damping elements. As a result of calculations were estimated parameters of those elements basing on measurements of real object as well as were formulated differential equations of movement taking into account the underslung working equipment. As well were described the method of modelling transmission components, especially taking into consideration reaction moments between elements transmitting power and the chassis of the tractor. There was presented the way of defining the course of engine torque and estimated the main harmonics, with ultimate influence on dynamic loads of transmission. In the range of examination of the transmission operating loads, model takes into account the inputting changes of clutch friction torque during switching it on and off. Model gives ability to analyze the dynamic loads of transmission system depending on clutch slide. Model also allows existing clearances, what gives the possibility of analysis of abrasive wear influence on functioning of the transmission. Model enables the simulation of turning mechanism brakes operation during manoeuvring movement of the tractor.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2007, 14, 4; 101-112
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The initial research on air flows dynamic impact on a ship model of 888 project type
Autorzy:
Mironiuk, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/247192.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
stability and unsinkability of a warship model
laboratory stand bed
dynamic heel
Opis:
During operation, a ship is open to dynamic effects resulting from specifics of marine environment. Among these effects, wind dynamic impact together with a wavy motion is especially hazardous for the ship. These impacts generate heels to the big angle. The angle of dynamic heel can be determined according to IMO regulation but the real value is different. Determination of a real value of the dynamic angle of heel is possible by executing model tests performed with geometric and dynamic similarity scale taken into consideration. Results of initial research on air flow's dynamic impact on a ship model are presented in the elaboration. The research has been executed at a test stand located in the Polish Naval Academy. Main elements of the stand consist of model basin, ship model of 888 and 660 project type, computer registering parameters of the ship model position, device generating air flow. The ship model of888 project type has been an object of the tests. It was made in a scale 1:50 in respect to a real vessel. Results of executed measurements have been compared with theoretical calculations for an angle of dynamic heel. Input parameters for the tests and calculations have been defined in accordance with recommendations of Polish Register of Shipping (PRS) and IMO [1, 2, 5]. Determination of a heeling moment by wind operation has been a key issue. The executed research has revealed that the way the criteria of the ship's dynamic stability are defined by PRS and IMO takes a certain safety margin into account.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2011, 18, 4; 281-288
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The influence of jet links' parameters on the stress loading of tractor's power train sites
Autorzy:
Godzhaev, Z.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/244090.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
transport
caterpillar transport
power train
dynamic stress loading
mathematical model
results of researches
Opis:
In the article are described the results of calculation researches of influence of ruggedness of fastening to aframe in cross-section and longitudinal planes of case parts of a power chain of a caterpillar, and also ruggedness of communication with aframe in the same planes of a combustion engine on dynamic stress loading of sites of a power train during movement with different speeds. Except the specified ruggedness of fastening, this dynamic loading depends on parameters of shifting jerks which take place in a power shafting owing to non-uniformity of action of the basic operational loadings - oscillations oftraction resistance, cross-section and axial vibrations of a framework of a tractor on a suspender, rewinds of a Caterpillar chain, non-uniformity of rotation of a shaft of the engine. Researches have shown that at the expense of steering of ruggedness of fastening to an engine bed and case parts of transmission it is possible to essentially lower dynamic stress loading of separate sites of transmission in movement modes when details of these sites are loaded as much as possible. The circuit solution is offered for realization in a fastening design to a frame of the case of transmission of caterpillars of VT family which will allow to lower stress loading of transmission details on certain speeds of movement.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2009, 16, 1; 145-156
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Design of a new engine dynamometer test stand for driving cycle simulation
Autorzy:
Kęder, M.
Grzeszczyk, R.
Merkisz, J.
Fuć, P.
Lijewski, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/246315.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
dynamic engine test stand
combustion engine
variable frequency drive
induction motor
vehicle model
Opis:
Dynamic combustion engine test stand allows a very accurate analysis of the engine work. The prototype of such a system was developed and built in a cooperation of Poznan University of Technology with the ODIUT Automex company. The system consists of an asynchronous motor controlled by a regenerative variable-frequency drive with an ability to return braking energy back to the power system. Together they permit to set very precise work points of the combustion engine in every time moment, unlike test stands with eddy current dynamometer, which are only able to brake the engine. Measuring system is used to gather data from all sensors, especially torque sensor, which records the torque on a drive shaft. Sensors are connected to electronic boards, which provide signal processing, and data acquisition. Fuel mass flow meter with temperature and pressure control allows regulating the parameters of fuel supplied to the engine. A set of applications is used for test stand management and data presentation and visualization. Real conditions and vehicle dynamics are emulated using advanced models to allow a comprehensive research of the combustion engine on the test stand. The paper covers the description of developed system, its components, software and models adapted in emulation. Moreover, it provides schematics of the system as well as a block diagram of the vehicle dynamic model.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2014, 21, 4; 217-224
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Spatial model of the unsprung wheeled machine’s dynamic system
Autorzy:
Chwastek, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/241952.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
spatial model
dynamic system
mobile heavy machines
unsprung vehicles
"galloping" effect
"snake meandering” effect
adhesion factor
slipping action
vibration
differential gear
Opis:
Mobile heavy machines as unsprung vehicles exhibit low dissipation ability, hence the ride even at low speeds may give rise to intensive vertical and angular vibration. Vibrations thus produced are mostly in the low-frequency range and hence energy dissipation in tires will reduce the vibration intensity in a minor degree only. Particularly dangerous situations occur when the road wheels break away from the road surface due to the ’galloping’ effect. Kinematic excitation acting on the wheels is mostly uncorrelated stochastic (random) processes, giving rise to the "snake meandering" effect. That implies a major restriction on the ride velocity, which negatively affects the machine performance. The motion of tired wheels will always involve certain slipping. While investigating the feasibility of increasing the efficiency of the vibration reduction systems, one ought to take into account the variable adhesion of road wheels due to different dynamic loading acting on the vehicle axles during the ride. This study investigates the motion of unsprung mobile machines, taking into account the dynamic processes in the driving system under the conditions of the variable adhesion of road wheels. The model of interaction between a tired wheel and the terrain takes into account the relationship between the road wheel adhesion factor and the slipping action, as well as the impacts of the differential gear on distribution of drive torque. The 3D (spatial) model of a backhoe loader is considered. It is a two-axle self-propelled machine on a wheeled chassis. The mathematical model constitutes nonlinear and non-stationary differential equations of motion. Their stability is therefore associated with vibration intensity. Simulations in the time domain were supported by Matlab-Simulink. The purpose of this study is to improve the safety features during the ride of mobile heavy machines, basing on the parametric optimization of the model.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2014, 21, 2; 45-52
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
    Wyświetlanie 1-14 z 14

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