Temat: Air Pollution - Katalog OPAC zbiorów

Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:: Technical requirements and methods of testing retrofit LPG systems for motor vehicles, in accordance with the UN / ECE 115 Regulation
Autorzy:: Majerczyk, A.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/245493.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2011
Wydawca:: Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:: air pollution
environmental protection
LPG
Opis:: The UN / ECE 115 Regulation concerns technical requirements and methods of measurements for retrofit LPG systems to be installed in the motor vehicles already in operation In Poland, the 115 Regulation was adopted in 2004 but has not been observed. Regulation 115 is used in other countries, which created the need for tests. ITS has been conducted tests according to R115 since 2006. The technical requirements imposed by 115 Regulation include emission test, OBD testing, testing of maximum power at the wheels and testing the methods of the system elements installation in the vehicle. The article presents the requirements of the Regulation and the conclusions of the tests conducted at ITS on over 100 vehicles equipped with LPG systems. The paper presents: vehicle equipped with LPG systems tested at ITS as part of the statutory ITS work, time of switching over from running on petrol to LPG fuel during the driving test following a cold engine start, onset of the emission during the EUDC test following a cold start in respect to the value of the total emission in the emission test in accordance with the Regulation 83.05 during the first 780 seconds of the driving test, registered signals controlling the operation of the petrol and LPG injectors operation in the engine of a spark ignition and direct petrol injection, operating in the gas mode with a periodical switch over of the supply type, an example of determining power criterion for the family of vehicles.
Źródło:: Journal of KONES; 2011, 18, 3; 227-235
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:: Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 2.

Tytuł:: Lowering of exhaust emission in modern two - stroke engine
Autorzy:: Mitianiec, W.
Rodak, Ł.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/246651.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2012
Wydawca:: Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:: transport
experiments
combustion engines
air pollution
Opis:: In the article the results of experimental tests carried out on the modified SI two-stroke experimental combustion engine with direct fuel injection system and the prototype of the oxidizing catalytic converter are presented. Volumetric exhaust emissions of the most important chemical components are many times smaller than standard limits of gaseous emissions given by EU directive for the new stationary engines applied in non-road vehicles and machines Spark ignition two-stroke engine fitted with a catalytic reactor is characterized by high temperature of exhaust gases, which the energy may be used in cogeneration systems. The paper presents the test stand, volumetric concentration of the main components of exhaust gases, results of converted emissions and fuel consumption as a function of air excess coefficient at chosen rotational speeds together with the assessment of the test results. There is decreasing of CO and HC emission during increasing of air excess coefficient and a strong increase of CO2 behind the catalytic converter. Application of catalytic converter in the outflow system together with direct fuel injection of the tested two-stroke engine enables to achieve values of exhaust emission of main toxic chemical components close to automobile four stroke engines. The paper presents also the comparison of exhaust gas emission of this engine with other engines equipped with different fuelling systems. Presented work is the successor of a wide range of research work in the field of development of modern two-stroke engines carried out in the Cracow University of Technology.
Źródło:: Journal of KONES; 2012, 19, 2; 337-344
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:: Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 3.

Tytuł:: Marine gas engine marine gas engines application speaking of 6th Marpol Annex
Autorzy:: Wandor, J.
Kończewicz, W.
Wojtaszak, M.
Kamieniecki, M.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/241887.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2013
Wydawca:: Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:: combustion engines
air pollution
environmental protection
Opis:: The International Maritime Organization set up a global strategy for reducing emission of sulphur from marine fuels, from 4.5% to 0.5% by the end of the year 2020. In order to such strategy, ship-owners need to fulfil increasing demands according to reduce pollution. New regulations, force ship-owners to reduce production of pollution, but as the devices create to remove some part of pollution are very expensive in use, began to search for cheaper and more effective solutions. The main aim of this article is to present superiority of using gas fuel over liquid fuel on ships. The construction of marine engines, run by a gas fuel is in the scope of interest of scientist’s research during the last couple of years. This branch of technology develops very dynamic recently, according to savings that can be reach while using gas engines on ships. Apart of cost reduction, new types of marine engines are able to cope with more and more restrictive regulations that are published in international convention MARPOL. Such restriction became the reason for the biggest, international corporations, specialists in engines production, to carry on long-term researches on new ways to power ship engines. One of the world’s greatest engine producer is British Rolls-Royce that became pioneer and built the first gas engine. New power unit, Bergen B-gas B35:40V is the one of the most modern type of such engine in the world. The solid construction of this engine was based on engine B32. It became very efficiently because of many rationalizations in maintenance and exploitation. Two main priorities, while developing conception for this model, were minimization of fuel consumption and operating simplification. The authors of these article present advantages of using marine engines powered by gas, according to the international MARPOL regulations that became very restrictive in order to protect marine environment. As the examples were used products of Rolls-Royce Company.
Źródło:: Journal of KONES; 2013, 20, 4; 479-484
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:: Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 4.

Tytuł:: Environmental pollution caused by a direct injection engine
Autorzy:: Jankowski, A.
Kowalski, M.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/243382.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2015
Wydawca:: Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:: combustion engines
air pollution
environmental protection
Opis:: In the paper, the authors made an analysis of mechanisms of the toxic components formation of exhaust gases in the direct injection engines. The genesis as well as the typical engine construction solution with the use of direct injection in diesel engines and these with positive ignition was developed. The typical construction solution of the Common Rail (CR) system, which is one of many elements increasing the purity of exhaust gases, was also presented. The basic advantages of direct injection, especially in case of the positive ignition engine, were also briefly described. Then, the mechanism for the formation of toxic components of exhaust gases in the direct injection diesel engines was presented. Moreover, the definition and dependency on the indicated mean effective pressure were shown, and the closed indicator graph, which is indispensable to calculate values of this pressure, was also (graphically) presented. In this paper, the mechanisms and processes, with the use of which it is possible to reduce the emission of toxic components of exhaust gases, were quoted. The exhaust gas recirculation with the EGR valve, which allows supplying the exact amount of gases to the engine inlet system, is such an example. The advantages of using this type of solutions were described, and a typical construction solution was presented in the diagram. The paper was completed with a conclusion, which emphasised the importance of direct injection on reducing the emission of toxic components of exhaust gases.
Źródło:: Journal of KONES; 2015, 22, 4; 133-138
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:: Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 5.

Tytuł:: Biogas as vehicle fuel
Autorzy:: Papacz, W.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/244517.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2011
Wydawca:: Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:: biogas
transport
road transport
air pollution
Opis:: There is growing interest in the use of biogas as a fuel for transport applications. Some of the drivers behind this are the increasing regulation and taxes on waste disposal, an increasing need for renewable fuel sources, the EC’s Biofuels Directive, the proposed Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RTFO), measures to improve local air quality and the need for clean transport fuels in urban areas. The aim of this paper is to present the potential role of biogas as a transport fuel. Biogas is produced from the process of anaerobic digestion of wet organic waste, such as cattle and pig slurries, food wastes and grown wet biomass. To be used as a transport fuel biogas has to be upgraded to at least 95% methane by volume and it can then be used in vehicles originally modified to operate on natural gas. Biogas fuelled vehicles can reduce CO2 emissions by between 75% and 200% compared with fossil fuels. The higher figure is for liquid manure as a feedstock and shows a negative carbon dioxide contribution which arises because liquid manure left untreated generates methane emissions, which are 21 times more powerful as a greenhouse gas than CO2. Hence there is a double benefit by reducing fossil emissions from burning diesel and reducing methane emissions from waste manure; Biogas will give lower exhaust emissions than fossil fuels, and so help to improve local air quality. The paper sets out the resource that is available for producing biogas, together with the basic details of production technology. It goes on to explore how this gas can be used in vehicles, describing the basic technology requirements. The energy data and the costs of producing on biogas as a transport fuel are presented.
Źródło:: Journal of KONES; 2011, 18, 1; 403-410
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:: Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 6.

Tytuł:: An attempt to reduce the emission of spark-ignition engine with mixtures of bioethanol and gasoline as substitute fuels
Autorzy:: Gis, Wojciech
Gis, Maciej
Wiśniowski, Piotr
Bednarski, Mateusz
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/247883.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2019
Wydawca:: Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:: simulation
combustion engines
air pollution
environmental protection
Opis:: Limiting emissions of harmful substances is a key task for vehicle manufacturers. Excessive emissions have a negative impact not only on the environment, but also on human life. A significant problem is the emission of nitrogen oxides as well as solid particles, in particular those up to a diameter of 2.5 microns. Carbon dioxide emissions are also a problem. Therefore, work is underway on the use of alternative fuels to power the vehicle engines. The importance of alternative fuels applies to spark ignition engines. The authors of the article have done simulation tests of the Renault K4M 1.6 16v traction engine for emissions for fuels with a volumetric concentration of bioethanol from 10 to 85 percent. The analysis was carried out for mixtures as substitute fuels – without doing any structural changes in the engine's crankshafts. Emission of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, oxygen at full throttle for selected rotational speeds as well as selected engine performance parameters such as maximum power, torque, hourly and unit fuel consumption were determined. On the basis of the simulation tests performed, the reasonableness of using the tested alternative fuels was determined on the example of the drive unit without affecting its constructions, in terms of e.g. issue. Maximum power, torque, and fuel consumption have also been examined and compared. Thus, the impact of alternative fuels will be determined not only in terms of emissions, but also in terms of impact on the parameters of the power unit.
Źródło:: Journal of KONES; 2019, 26, 3; 31-38
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:: Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 7.

Tytuł:: Evaluation of applied provisions and technologies on ship emission and air quality
Autorzy:: Pawlak, M.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/243593.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2016
Wydawca:: Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:: transport
exhaust emission
marine engines
air pollution
modelling
Opis:: Although perceived as the most environmentally friendly means of transport, ships are a significant source of pollution to the environment. The vast majority of emissions in EU sea areas are emitted from cargo ships over 500 GT. About 45% of all emissions come from EU flagged ships and approximately 20% of emissions are emitted within the 12-mile limit of territorial seas. In port cities, ship emissions are in many cases a dominant source of pollution and need to be addressed when considering compliance with legally binding air quality objectives. Moreover, emissions from ships travel over hundreds of kilometres and can thus contribute to air quality problems on land even if they are emitted at sea. This is particularly relevant for the deposition of sulphur and nitrogen compounds, which cause acidification of natural ecosystems and threaten biodiversity through excessive nitrogen inputs. Emission of toxic compounds in marine engines exhausts is limited by international legal provisions, namely MARPOL convention, which in Annex VI sets limits to SOx and NOx emissions and designates special areas where the limits are stringent. To comply with the provisions, marine vessels need to be equipped with installations reducing emissions to permissible levels or turn to alternative fuels. The paper presents evaluation of impact of those having been in force for the last decade limitations as well as of applied new technological solutions on improvement of air quality. The analysis was conducted for the Baltic Sea, based on available data on ship traffic in the area and emission factors.
Źródło:: Journal of KONES; 2016, 23, 4; 381-388
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:: Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 8.

Tytuł:: Analysis of the wind dependent duration of the cruise phase on jet engine exhaust emissions
Autorzy:: Pawlak, M.
Kuźniar, M.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/245313.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2018
Wydawca:: Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:: air transport
jet engines
air pollution
emission
exhausts
wind impact
Opis:: Nowadays more and more attention is paid to minimizing the costs of air operations. The largest share in the cost of the flight is the cost of consumed fuel. Taking into account the external conditions, having impact on the aircraft, such as wind direction and magnitude when planning the aircraft trajectory it is possible to reduce flight time and thus reduce fuel consumption. An additional advantage is the simultaneous reduction of pollutants in the jet engines exhausts. In the times of pro-ecological trends and concepts (e.g. Clean Sky, Single European Sky, CORSIA) this aspect is of crucial importance. The emission of selected pollutants in the jet engine exhausts (NOx, CO and HC) emitted during the flight of a business jet on the route whose cruise phase was assumed 1000 km long was determined in the article. The aircraft used in the research was Gulfstream GIV, powered by two Rolls Royce TAY 611-C engines, for which a cruising altitude of 10 km and a flight speed of 0.8 Ma were assumed. The thrust necessary for the flight at these cruise parameters was set, and then the engine thrust appropriate for the flight and the corresponding specific fuel consumption were determined. On this basis, based on the available ICAO data, the emission of selected pollutants in tis engines exhausts was determined for windless conditions. Next, the analysis of the impact of wind - its magnitude and direction – on the emission of these pollutants was made. The results of the conducted analyses are presented in diagrams and discussed in the conclusions.
Źródło:: Journal of KONES; 2018, 25, 3; 371-376
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:: Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 9.

Tytuł:: Evaluation of interior air quality in terms of volatile organic compounds emission inside a new passenger car cabin depending on the temperature
Autorzy:: Skrętowicz, M.
Włostowski, R.
Kozłowski, C.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/245967.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2018
Wydawca:: Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:: vehicles
road transport
materials
VOCs
air pollution
car cabin
Opis:: The new passenger car, BMW 225 XE was tested. The results of measurements of concentration of VOCs carried out inside the car cabin depending on the temperature were presented. The investigation was carried out in a special climatic chamber isolated from external factors such as outside air pollutants and weather conditions. The following temperature values have been set: 17ºC, 20ºC, 35ºC and 50ºC. The samples were located inside and outside of the vehicle’s cabin. As expected, the concentrations of each compound increased with increasing temperature (volatility of VOCs increases with the temperature). Values of concentrations obtained in the measurements have been compared with the values of highest acceptable concentration specified in polish law. The article describes the investigation, which was provided in a special climatic chamber. The chamber was isolated from external weather conditions and pollutants. Before each sampling interior of car cabin was ventilated to remove all pollutants from inside. Concentrations of BTX measured in different temperatures were converted to temperature of 20ºC.
Źródło:: Journal of KONES; 2018, 25, 4; 393-398
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:: Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 10.

Tytuł:: Dynamic properties of aluminium alloys used in automotive industry
Autorzy:: Moćko, W.
Kowalewski, Z. L.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/246638.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2012
Wydawca:: Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:: road transport
simulation
combustion engines
air pollution
environmental protection
Opis:: Around 20 percent of CO2 emitted as a result of human activity on Earth comes from transportation. One of the ideas, which lead to diminishing of the greenhouse gases emission, is reducing of fuel consumption. It may be achieved by introducing a new powertrain solutions as well as lowering overall vehicle weight. The reduction of vehicle weight may be obtained by both a new design of part and structures and application of a new materials i.e. aluminium alloys. It has to be emphasised that weight reduction is very important for combustion engine driven vehicles and electric driven vehicles as well. Mass lowering is especially desirable in the case of electric vehicles because they typically have a very narrow operational range usually lower than 200 km. Therefore even small weight reduction decreases energy consumption of EV and as a consequence increases its range, which is a crucial parameter for users. The results presented in this article were focused on high strength aluminium alloys of 6082-T6 and 7075-T6 types. Applying of those materials enables mass lowering of structures up to 50 percent, maintaining original functionality. Moreover, aluminium alloys may be also used in energy absorbing structures. The goal of tests was to obtain data required in FE analysis. In order to simulate dynamic phenomenon i.e. vehicle crash investigation of the stress-strain curves of alloys were carried out at wide range of strain rates using Hopkinson bar.
Źródło:: Journal of KONES; 2012, 19, 2; 345-351
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:: Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 11.

Tytuł:: Alternative fuels and technologies for compression ignition internal combustion engines
Autorzy:: Bereczky, A.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/241749.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2012
Wydawca:: Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:: alternative fuels
air pollution
environmental protection
dual fuel technology
Opis:: The traditional use of fossil-based fuels is now widely considered unsustainable because of depleting their natural resources. Potential substitutes of fossil fuels are oils of renewable origin such as various vegetable and non-edible oils. The aim of using these oils or their methyl esters (biodiesel) is to establish and maintain a balance between agriculture, economy and environment protection. However, realizing the increasing demand of raw materials currently used can be achieved not only by increasing the production area but also by introducing new materials or technologies. The article presents and evaluates modern raw fuel components that are currently being investigated. Furthermore, the article deals with the dual fuel combustion technology in detail, with which the processed fuels are becoming available for use in Compression Ignition (CI) engines, where conventional blending is difficult or their use exclusively in diesel engines is economically unjustified. In case of dual fuel engine systems, the primary fuel, such as (wet)ethanol, methanol, LPG, H2 etc. is injected into the intake manifold of the engine and the premixed mixture simultaneously produced is ignited by the pilot diesel fuel as secondary fuel injected directly into the engine cylinder. This technology can significantly reduce exhaust emissions and can slightly increase engine efficiency. The achievements in this field and recently obtained results by the author and his research group are also presented. Exhaust emissions, performance and combustion characteristics were measured and analyzed with respect to several operating parameters as follows: premixed ratio (rp), pilot timing and engine load.
Źródło:: Journal of KONES; 2012, 19, 4; 43-51
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:: Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 12.

Tytuł:: Analysis of measurement errors of cvs method used for tests of pollutant emissions from light-duty vehicles
Autorzy:: Majerczyk, A.
Radzimirski, S.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/242731.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2013
Wydawca:: Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:: transport
road transport
combustion engines
air pollution
environmental protection
Opis:: The test procedure for the pollutant emissions from light-duty vehicles is currently under verification carried out at the international level. For this purpose, GRPE (Groupe des rapporteurs sur la pollution et energie) – the body developing UNECE regulations proposals - has set up a task group WLTP (Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedure) which is supposed to prepare a new GTR (Global Technical Regulation) relating to this procedure. The development of light-duty vehicles, leading to the reduction of pollutants emissions, caused the increase of the requirements for their test procedure. A large number of factors associated, inter alia, with the test equipment affects its accuracy, repeatability and reproducibility. In the ongoing analysis attention is paid even to factors, which affect test results in a relatively small way, and which have been overlooked yet. One of the problems to which attention is paid is the impact of pollutant concentration in the dilution air in the CVS (constant volume sampler) system on test results. The CVS principle is accepted as the standard method to determine light-duty vehicle exhaust emissions on chassis dynamometer test cells worldwide. It was introduced in the early 1970s. One of its drawbacks is that it introduces an error resulting from the fact that the contractual DF dilution factor, rather than the actual dilution ratio DR, is used for the correction of concentration measurement results. The article discusses this error for different type of engines used in light-duty vehicles and different pollutants subject to measurements.
Źródło:: Journal of KONES; 2013, 20, 4; 253-259
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:: Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 13.

Tytuł:: Estimation of the oxide catalyst volume and the cells quantity influence on CO, HC and NOx conversion in the AVL boost computing application
Autorzy:: Kruczyński, S.
Kamela, W.
Duniec, K.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/242900.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2012
Wydawca:: Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:: combustion engines
catalytic reactors
simulation
air pollution
environmental protection
Opis:: The article contains the results of the simulation tests of oxidizing catalytic reactor obtained by use of the AVL Boost simulation application. The chemical reactions and the reactions rates on which computations were based are specified in this paper. The simulations were related to the influence of the catalytic reactor volume and reactor’s cells quantity influence on the carbon oxide, hydrocarbons and nitric oxides conversion levels. The influence on the nitric oxides conversion was presented in this paper as the content of NO and NO2 in NOX. The simulated computations were performed separately for the variable reactor volume ranging from 1 to 2.2 dm3 with a step of 0.4 dm3 and for the variable reactor cells quantity ranging from 200 to 600 cells per square inch with a step of 100 cpsi. As the input data for the simulation computations the actual values of the toxic compounds concentrations in the exhaust gases at the outlet of the Diesel engine were used. The measurements of the toxic compounnds were made at the chosen engine steady state work points and are presented in this paper as a graph of the toxic gases concentrations in the form of the function of the engine torque. The simulation computaitons were performed for the same points and their results are also presented in the form of the function of the engine torque. The Results presented in this paper have shown that the increase in the CO, HC and NOX conversion in the case of the oxide catalyst can be obtained both by increasing the reactor volume and its cells quantity. It also have been observed that the increase in the reactor cells quantity and volume is not proportional as regards the toxic gases conversion increase and lowers in the case of higher values of the simulated reactor parameters.
Źródło:: Journal of KONES; 2012, 19, 4; 347-353
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:: Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 14.

Tytuł:: In - cylinder OH and CO2* detection in SI engine through UV natural emission spectroscopy
Autorzy:: Merola, S. S.
Tornatore, C.
Marchitto, L.
Valentino, G.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/242972.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2012
Wydawca:: Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:: road transport
simulation
combustion engines
air pollution
environmental protection
Opis:: Processes of the combustion of liquid fuels and solid are more complex than combustion of fuel gases. With reference to liquid fuels occur additionally processes of vaporization of the fuel, and with reference to solid fuels - decomposition of the solid phase with processes of melting and vaporization, pyrolysis, or gasification. This simultaneous and also different influence of different parameters is sometimes a reason of incorrect interpretation of experimental results. The study of the theoretical model of the combustion process concerning of liquid and solid fuels and which then the model takes into account also the gas- phase, because combustion processes take place in this phase, and occurs the interaction of the phase gas- and liquid or the solid one. The theoretical model is presented basing on experimental initial researches realized in a model with reference to liquid fuels and solid ones. Researches realized in the constant volume chamber with measurements of the pressure during the process of the combustion with the use of quick photography and with measurement of the distribution of the velocity in the spray of the fuel and droplet measurements by means the laser Doppler equipment LDV and PDPA. There were obtained a good agreement of findings experimental researches with the theoretical model. Generally, on the combustion velocity of liquid fuels and solid one significant influence has a kind (laminar, temporary and turbulent) and the thickness of the thermal boundary layer.
Źródło:: Journal of KONES; 2012, 19, 4; 429-437
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:: Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 15.

Tytuł:: Projections of future use of electric cars
Autorzy:: Gis, W.
Waśkiewicz, J.
Gis, M.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/243699.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2015
Wydawca:: Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:: transport
road transport
combustion engines
air pollution
environmental protection
Opis:: In the article, reference was made to the mandatory now research hybrid and electric cars, and to the current state of the fleet of cars in the country and among others in the European Union. Reference was made also to the existing charging infrastructure for electric cars. Presents forecast of development of these last cars in Poland and Germany in the perspective of 2020-2030 year, presenting the achievements of the European project eMAP (electromobility-based scenario Market potential, Assessment and Policy options) in this area. An evaluation of the capability of the future of automotive industrial development of e-mobility. Attention was drawn to the traction battery and fuel cell system in electric vehicles. An analysis of the necessary policy options required for the development of electric cars. Among the recent policy options include an issues: research & development technology (strategic alliances, cooperations and consortia), financial incentives (vehicle tax, fuel tax, CO2 tax, insurance incentives), infrastructure, policy regulation (norms and standards, CO2 regulation) and information & marketing. In the project eMAP, a number of achievements were the participation of the authors of the present article.
Źródło:: Journal of KONES; 2015, 22, 2; 55-62
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:: Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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