Temat: Ash - Katalog OPAC zbiorów

Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:: Zeolitization of Coal Fly Ashes and Coal Fly Ash Microspheres
Autorzy:: Rychlewska, Katarzyna
Tomaszewicz, Martyna
Radko, Tomasz
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2202230.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2022
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej
Tematy:: coal combustion by-product
zeolites
fly ash
fly ash microsphere
Opis:: The research investigated the efficiency of zeolitization of silicon and alumina bearing combustion by-products, i.e. coal fly ash and coal microspheres. Lab-scale alkali activation with 3M sodium hydroxide solution of raw materials obtained from a Polish coal-fired power plant were conducted at 100 °C. The obtained result proved that both combustion by-products are prone to zeolitization under the tested conditions with the obtained zeolite yields of 60 and 55% in the case of fly ash and microspheres, respectively. The main identified zeolite in the case of both by-products was NaP1.
Źródło:: Journal of Ecological Engineering; 2022, 23, 11; 109--121
2299-8993
Pojawia się w:: Journal of Ecological Engineering
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 2.

Tytuł:: Waste Management Options for the Combustion by Products in the Context of the Retardation of Soil Resources’ Depletion
Autorzy:: Śliwka, M.
Pawul, M.
Kępys, W.
Pomykała, R.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/124013.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2017
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej
Tematy:: combustion by-products
fly ash
bottom ash
environment, biomass
phytotests, toxicity
Opis:: This paper presents the results of the preliminary experiments conducted on fly ash and bottom ash samples that were collected from a fluidised-bed boiler after biomass combustion. The purpose of the research was to determine potential possibilities of the introduction of such types of waste to soil, in accordance with the ecological engineering assumptions. The following physical and chemical properties of the analysed waste were determined: particle size distribution, pH, chemical composition, and leaching. The chemical properties of the tested power-generation waste were essentially different, depending on the time of waste sample collection from the installation, despite the fact that other identical sampling conditions were observed: the same installation, the same combustion process, and the same type of fuel. To determine the eco-toxicity of the tested waste samples, the vegetation experiments were conducted that allowed to evaluate the influence of the tested waste samples on selected test plant species. The tests concerned for example the influence of fly ash and bottom ash on such physiological processes as seed germination and plant growth (the growth of both roots and shoots). The experiments indicated certain options of the introduction of the tested waste into soil. However, due to a considerable changeability of the waste composition and structure that presented a risk of the introduction of undesired pollutants into soil, including heavy metals, such use would be possible upon previous regular evaluation of the waste’s physical, chemical, and eco-toxic properties.
Źródło:: Journal of Ecological Engineering; 2017, 18, 5; 216-225
2299-8993
Pojawia się w:: Journal of Ecological Engineering
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 3.

Tytuł:: Stabilization/Solidification of Tailing on Traditional Gold Mining in Kulon Progo Using Fly Ash
Autorzy:: Rachman, R. M.
Bahri, A. S.
Trihadiningrum, Y.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/123406.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2018
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej
Tematy:: mercury
fly ash
stabilization/solidification
tailings
Opis:: Traditional gold mining activity is one of the sources of mercury contamination. Total mercury concentration in tailing ponds in Kulon Progo ranged from 164.49 mg/kg to 383.21 mg/kg, which exceeded the quality standard values set by the government of Indonesia No. 101 of 2014, which is 75 mg/kg. One method that can be applied is stabilization/solidification (S/S). This study aims to determine the optimum composition of the tailing mixture with fly ash in S/S process. The variations of fly ash composition with tailing are 100: 0, 90: 10, 80: 20, 70: 30, 60: 40, 50: 50, 40: 60, 30: 70, 20: 80 and 10: 90. The results of the study found that the optimum composition of fly ash: tailings was 10: 90, with compression test of 74 ton/m² and TCLP test was 0.0069 mg/L. The obtained compression test results were in accordance with US EPA Standard quality of 35 ton/m². TCLP test results meet the standard of Indonesian Government Regulation no. 101 of 2014, amounting to 0.05 mg/L.
Źródło:: Journal of Ecological Engineering; 2018, 19, 3; 178-184
2299-8993
Pojawia się w:: Journal of Ecological Engineering
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 4.

Tytuł:: Efficiency of leaching tests in the context of the influence of the fly ash on the environment
Autorzy:: Kalembkiewicz, J.
Sitarz-Palczak, E.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/125254.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2015
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej
Tematy:: heavy metals
fly ash
leaching test
Opis:: The leachability of heavy metals (Cu, Pb and Zn) from the coal fly ash samples was studied. The investigations executed using three leachability tests (USEPA, TCLP, ASTM). The effect of different parameters was determined (the diameter of ash grains, the kind of leaching solutions, pH of leaching solutions, the volume ratio of leaching solutions to the mass of ash samples, and the leaching time) on the leachability of the heavy metals from fly ash samples. Moreover, the influence of pH and changes in the redox potential of the leaching solutions as well as the presence of organic compounds that could potentially form complexes with metals and solubility changes of metals. The concentration of the metals studied (Cu, Pb and Zn) in all obtained solutions was determined by FAAS method. On the basis of the research investigations, optimal leachability conditions for Cu, Pb and Zn from fly ash in this study have been determined. We have also found that pH of the leaching solution, and the presence of organic compounds which have a potential capacity of complexion the metals are the important factors in determining the solubility of Cu, Pb and Zn.
Źródło:: Journal of Ecological Engineering; 2015, 16, 1; 67-80
2299-8993
Pojawia się w:: Journal of Ecological Engineering
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 5.

Tytuł:: The Content of Heavy Metals in Waste as an Indicator Determining the Possibilities of Their Agricultural Use
Autorzy:: Łapiński, Dawid
Wiater, Józefa
Szatyłowicz, Ewa
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/123784.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2019
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej
Tematy:: heavy metals
digestate
ash
dried sludge
Opis:: The aim of the study was to evaluate the available waste in view of the heavy metals and fractions thereof. Three waste materials were analyzed in the work, namely dried, granular sludge, digestate from agricultural biogas plant and ash after combustion of biomass from the combined heat and power plant, in terms of the content of heavy metals in them. Their mobility through fractional analysis was determined and the possibilities of their agricultural use were assessed. The analyzed waste was varied due to the pH. Biomass ashes had the highest pH and it was alkaline. The pH of the dried precipitate was neutral and digestate was slightly alkaline. In the analyzed wastes, the content of permissible concentrations of heavy metals determined in the Regulation of the Minister of the Environment was not exceeded. The content of individual elements varied and depends on the type of waste tested. The conducted sequential analysis showed that various metal fractions are present in the tested wastes. The content of heavy metals in individual factions was varied and the content of mobile and potentially mobile fractions, i.e. metals of fractions I and II, was lower compared to the non-mobile fractions III and IV.
Źródło:: Journal of Ecological Engineering; 2019, 20, 4; 225-230
2299-8993
Pojawia się w:: Journal of Ecological Engineering
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 6.

Tytuł:: Effectiveness of Measures Taken to Protect Waters by Example of Soda Production Plant in Inowrocław
Autorzy:: Gołub, A.
Piekutin, J.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/125083.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2018
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej
Tematy:: soda ash
sludge treatment
water quality
Opis:: The "Soda Mątwy" plant in Inowrocław produces light and heavy soda ash by means of the Solvay method, and the production process is associated with the formation of highly saline waste, which can adversely affect all elements of the environment. In view of the existing threats, attempts are undertaken to limit the quantity and improve the quality of post-production sewage. The aim of the study is to determine the effectiveness of activities to protect the water in the area of the soda production plant in Inowrocław. The assessment of their effectiveness was based on the analysis of the current level of chloride concentration reduction at 4 measurement points around the plant and determination of the trend for further changes. In all piezometers, the concentration of chloride ions has decreased and showed the same tendency in subsequent years, which allows draw conclusions confirming high effectiveness of the activities related to water protection.
Źródło:: Journal of Ecological Engineering; 2018, 19, 5; 144-149
2299-8993
Pojawia się w:: Journal of Ecological Engineering
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 7.

Tytuł:: Preparation of Environmentally Friendly Adsorbent Using Oil Palm Boiler Ash, Bentonite and Titanium Dioxide Nanocomposite Materials
Autorzy:: Bukit, Nurdin
Ginting, Eva Marlina
Frida, Erna
Bukit, Bunga Fisikanta
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2202292.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2022
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej
Tematy:: adsorbent
nanocomposite
bentonite
TiO2
Boiler Ash
Opis:: Using the products derived from agricultural wastes as low-cost adsorbent materials to remove organic or inorganic contaminants would be ideal, as these materials are readily available in many countries. This study aimed to prepare environmentally friendly adsorbents made from nanocomposite OPBA / Bentonite / TiO2. The coprecipitation method was used in preparing OPBA, and CTAB surfactant was added in bentonite preparation. Meanwhile, the manufacture of TiO2 was carried out using the sol-gel method. Characterization was done by XRD, FTIR, SEM, and BET. The adsorbent spectra did not show a significant shift in absorption where the O-H bonds were becoming weaker due to the presence of TiO2 in the interlayer of bentonite. Another possibility is due to the influence of calcination and heating. The O-H groups of H2O are hydroxylated and dehydrated from within between layers. The formation of the composite OPBA/TiO2/Bentonite does not change the crystallinity of TiO2 significantly. This proves that there is no decrease in photocatalyst activity after the addition of OPBA and bentonite. The morphology of the whole sample has a flake-like structure that has pores. The addition of OPBA into Bentonite/TiO2 causes a decrease in the specific surface area of the sample.
Źródło:: Journal of Ecological Engineering; 2022, 23, 12; 75--82
2299-8993
Pojawia się w:: Journal of Ecological Engineering
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 8.

Tytuł:: Hydraulic Stability of Fly Ash-Bentonite Mixtures in Landfill Containment System
Autorzy:: Budihardjo, Mochamad Arief
Syafrudin, Syafrudin
Priyambada, Ika Bagus
Ramadan, Bimastyaji Surya
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1955399.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2021
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej
Tematy:: stabilization
containment system
bentonite
fly ash
permeability
Opis:: This study aimed to examine the performance of fly ash mixed materials with bentonite binder (FAB) as a recent low-cost containment system to withstand leachate infiltration. The mixture of fly ash with clay (bentonite) can increase the strength of stability and strengthen cohesion bonds between molecules. Direct shear, falling head, Atterberg limit and specific gravity test have been conducted as a preliminary study to determine the precise mixture composition of fly ash-bentonite (FAB) landfill liners. Some bentonite composition: 0% (FAB0), 15% (FAB15), 20% (FAB20), 25% (FAB25) and 25% – cured with NH4Cl (FAB25s) for 24 hours, which mixed with fly ash, showed the value of shear stability at normal stress reaching 9.5 kNm-2, 15.48 kNm-2, 45.06 kNm-2, 46.26 kNm-2 and 13.67 kNm-2, respectively. It showed that the greater the content of bentonite in the mixture, the higher the shear stress produced. Curing with saline solution can reduce the shear stress of the FAB mixture. The safety test results using Geoslope/W® show that the addition of bentonite will increase bonding between particles, bearing capacity, and shear strength of the material. The largest safety factor of 1.674 obtained from FAB20 material meets the safety standard for short-term slope stability. The use of fly ash material with bentonite is expected to be an alternative landfill liner material.
Źródło:: Journal of Ecological Engineering; 2021, 22, 7; 132-141
2299-8993
Pojawia się w:: Journal of Ecological Engineering
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 9.

Tytuł:: The Use of Sorbents for the Removal of Selected Anions from Wastewater after Production of Soda Ash
Autorzy:: Gołub, Adam
Piekutin, Janina
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/123125.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2020
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej
Tematy:: sorbents
chlorides
sulfates
phosphates
soda ash
wastewater treatment
Opis:: The research on the use of sorbents to remove anions from the wastewater after soda production was conducted due to the need to protect waters against the pollution at the source of its formation. In the case of industrial plants introducing wastewater to surface waters, this requires modification of the production line or an additional stage of wastewater treatment, which will prevent pollution of the environment. The wastewater generated in the Solvay soda ash production process is characterized by strong alkaline pH, high electrolytic conductivity and high concentrations of chlorides, ammonia, sulfates, phosphates, calcium, potassium, sodium and magnesium. The paper presents the results of the research aimed at removing the chloride, sulfate and phosphate anions from wastewater from calcinated soda production using three sorbents: Halosorb, Compakt and Damsorb K. The ion removal process was carried out using a dynamic method with a varying deposit load in the range from 0.579 m³/(m²h) to 1.937 m³/(m²h). The concentrations of all tested anions were reduced, which indicates a high potential of the method and possibility of further, more detailed studies.
Źródło:: Journal of Ecological Engineering; 2020, 21, 2; 104-110
2299-8993
Pojawia się w:: Journal of Ecological Engineering
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 10.

Tytuł:: The Impact Evaluation of Zeolitization Parameters on the Properties of Sewage Sludge Ash
Autorzy:: Latosińska, Jolanta
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/124836.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2019
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej
Tematy:: sewage sludge ash
synthetic zeolites
heavy metal
CEC
Opis:: The incineration of municipal sewage sludge causes the formation of ash, which needs further utilization. The literature gives only few examples of the chemical sewage sludge ash conversion with the hydrothermal method. The effect of conversion depends on the properties of the raw material and the process parameters. According to the domestic and foreign test results of the conversion of fly ash from coal, the fusion method is more effective. The aim of the paper was to evaluate the impact of chemical sewage sludge ash conversion with the fusion method on the chosen properties of the obtained material. The applied conversion parameters were the ratio of sewage sludge ash:NaOH, the concentration of NaOH, the activation time and temperature as well as the crystallization temperature and time. In some of the samples, the introduction of the fusion caused the formation of the following, e.g. (hydroxy)sodalite, zeolite X and zeolite Y, zeolite P, (hydroxy)cancrinite. The temperature of the thermal treatment of sludge, the ratio of ash:NaOH and the crystallization time were the parameters having a statistically significant impact on the effect of zeolitization and the properties of the obtained material, but the changes of their values had little effect on the tested features of the modified ash. On the basis of the leaching of Cd, Cr and Ni from the samples after the conversion it was proven that a higher temperature of the thermal treatment of sewage sludge was favourable for the formation of permanent structures.
Źródło:: Journal of Ecological Engineering; 2019, 20, 10; 195-205
2299-8993
Pojawia się w:: Journal of Ecological Engineering
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 11.

Tytuł:: Homemade Slow-Action Fertilizers, as an Economic Solution for Organic Food Production
Autorzy:: Ciesielczuk, T.
Poluszyńska, J.
Rosik-Dulewska, C.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/952484.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2017
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej
Tematy:: fertilizer
coffee
biomass ash
tansy
manure
organic cultivation
Opis:: Organic plant cultivation, especially those intended for human consumption, poses new requirements for gardening. It is recommended to use organic slow-action fertilizers, which provide doses of nutrients essential for plants for a long time. Particularly valuable fertilizers are those that arise within the household, due to their high quality and the absence of costs associated with their purchase and transport. Organic matter contained in the food industry waste or arising in households, in the absence of contamination by other types of waste, can be used for self-production of organic fertilizer. The paper presents the results of testing organic fertilizers, which you can make yourself, destined for the cereal plants. The experimental fertilizers were made from coffee spent grounds (CSG) and ash from the thermal conversion of biomass (A), and the components limiting the amount of pests in the form of leaves and flowers of tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.). The fertilizer can be used at the time of planting and sowing, because of the slow release of nutrients. Moreover, the addition of leaves and flowers of tansy helps to protect the seedling due to the content of essential oils. As a comparison, the horse manure and rabbit droppings fertilizers were used. Such fertilizers can be prepared independently, which leads not only to reducing the weight of biodegradable and mineral waste, but also provides the ability to generate financial savings of the household and promote organic gardening. Fertilizers made from a mixture of CSG and A support the implementation of good agricultural practice and sustainable development.
Źródło:: Journal of Ecological Engineering; 2017, 18, 2; 78-85
2299-8993
Pojawia się w:: Journal of Ecological Engineering
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 12.

Tytuł:: Long-time effect of hard coal ash on the content of some elements in soil
Autorzy:: Wyszkowski, M.
Chełstowski, A.
Ciećko, Z.
Szostek, R.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/123966.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2014
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej
Tematy:: hard coal ash
manure
straw
bark
soil
elements
Opis:: The aim of the study was to determine the long-time effect of meliorating doses of hard coal ash (0, 100, 200, 400, 600 and 800 t ha-1) on the content of some elements in soil with the application of different organic substances: manure, straw and bark. Nineteen years after the application of ash there was still an increase in the total content of all elements in soil. Its magnitude depended on soil horizon and it was highest in the humus horizon. The increase in the content of nutrients was, in general, proportional to the applied doses of ash. In the surface layer of soil, the increase was particularly high for sodium and subsequently for calcium, magnesium, sulphur, potassium and phosphorus, arranged in the order of decreasing values. The content of elements in deeper soil layers was significantly lower than in the 0–25 cm zone. A gradual reduction in the content, together with the increase in depth, was recorded only for magnesium and sulphur. The lowest concentration of phosphorus and calcium was detected in the 51–75 cm layer, while in the case of potassium it was in the 26–50 cm zone. The substances introduced into the soil in order to reduce the impact of ash generated by hard coal combustion did not exert any significant impact on the content of elements 19 years following their application.
Źródło:: Journal of Ecological Engineering; 2014, 15, 1; 55-60
2299-8993
Pojawia się w:: Journal of Ecological Engineering
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 13.

Tytuł:: Zeolitization of sewage sludge ash with a fusion method
Autorzy:: Latosińska, J.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/124511.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2016
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej
Tematy:: sewage sludge ash
zeolitization
fusion method
faujasite
hydroxysodalite
Opis:: The study shows the results of zeolitization of municipal sewage sludge ash with the indirect fusion method followed by a hydrothermal method. The zeolitization of sewage sludge ash was conducted at the melting temperature of 550°C and the melting time of 60 minutes, crystallization temperatures of 60°C and 90°C, crystallization time of 6 hours and the SSA:NaOH ratio of 1:1.8; 1:1.4. The research of modified sewage sludge ashes included the observation of changes of ash particles surface and the identification of crystalized phases. The zeolitization of sewage sludge ash at the ratio of SSA:NaOH 1.0:1.4 did not cause the formation of zeolite phases. On the other hand, the zeolitization at the ratio of SSA:NaOH 1.0:1.8 resulted in the formation of desired zeolite phases such as zeolite Y (faujasite) and hydroxysodalite. The presented method of sewage sludge ash zeolitization allows to obtain highly usable material. Synthesized zeolites may be used as adsorbents and ion exchangers. They can be potentially used to remove heavy metals as well as ammonia from water and wastewater.
Źródło:: Journal of Ecological Engineering; 2016, 17, 5; 138-146
2299-8993
Pojawia się w:: Journal of Ecological Engineering
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 14.

Tytuł:: Ashes from Sewage Sludge and Bottom Sediments as a Source of Bioavailable Phosphorus
Autorzy:: Ciesielczuk, T.
Rosik-Dulewska, C.
Poluszyńska, J.
Ślęzak, E.
Łuczak, K.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/125013.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2018
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej
Tematy:: phosphorus
bioavailability
ash
sewage sludge
bottom sediments
extraction
Opis:: Phosphorus is an element necessary for the growth of plants. As phosphate rock gets depleted, it becomes an increasingly scarce resource. Therefore, it seems necessary to implement simple methods of cheap and effective phosphorus recovery from waste. The ashes of municipal sewage sludge and bottom sediments constitute particularly valuable sources of phosphorus. However, these materials usually carry significant amounts of pollutants, including heavy metals. Optimization of ash phosphorus sequential extraction methods from a thermal conversion of sewage sludge and bottom sediments allows to select an effective and simple technology of phosphorus recovery, while maintaining low heavy metal pollution, which is one of the main restrictions in use of ashes. Determination of an amount of bioavailable phosphorus is therefore a basis for estimation of the possibility of using it from waste. Extraction using the Golterman method or shaking out with calcium lactate or Trougs reagent indicates that the ashes from sewage sludge and bottom sediments are rich sources of bioavailable phosphorus, which could find use under field conditions as a viable alternative to fertilizers containing fossil phosphorus.
Źródło:: Journal of Ecological Engineering; 2018, 19, 4; 88-94
2299-8993
Pojawia się w:: Journal of Ecological Engineering
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 15.

Tytuł:: The Effect of Waste Materials on the Content of Some Macroelements in Test Plants
Autorzy:: Godlewska, Agnieszka
Becher, Marcin
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1839625.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2021
Wydawca:: Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej
Tematy:: sewage sludge
hard coal ash
mineral fertilisation
cocksfoot
maize
Opis:: The study reported here was to determine the effect of an application of organic and mineral materials and their mixtures, combined with mineral fertiliser regime, on the content of selected macroelements in cocksfoot grass and maize. The trial was a completely randomised arrangement with three replicates. Two experimental factors were tested: factor A – fertilisation with organic and mineral materials ( sewage sludge fresh and composted, hard coal incineration ashes , calcium carbonate, mixture of this components) and factor B – mineral fertilisation. The observed effects are indicative of the legitimacy of applying sewage sludge and its mixture with hard coal ash to fertilise agricultural crops as this would reduce reliance on mineral fertiliser, which is very desirable in sustainable agriculture. Mineral fertilisation applied to both the test plants significantly reduced their contents of calcium and magnesium but it increased their content of potassium.
Źródło:: Journal of Ecological Engineering; 2021, 22, 4; 167-174
2299-8993
Pojawia się w:: Journal of Ecological Engineering
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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