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    Wyświetlanie 1-4 z 4
    Tytuł:
    Transwal, 1881-1899. Czy regionalne mocarstwo?
    Transvaal, 1881-1899. Was it a regional power?
    Autorzy:
    Leśniewski, Michał
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/567142.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie. Instytut Nauk Politycznych
    Tematy:
    Transvaal
    South African Republic
    Kruger administration
    Opis:
    This text is a short introduction to above asked question. Was the South African Republic of 1881-1899 a regional power? The answer is not easy. From one side Transvaal had minuscule white population, especially by European standards. Still, was able to mobilize quite significant military force, larger than any polity in that area. What's more important, since the discovery of the gold, its financial resources were enormous. It became an economic centre of this region. Therefore at least potentially it was a regional power. But was this potential realized? The author runs throughout the history of the Transvaal of that time, to present political and diplomatic activities of the South African Republic, to show changes in situation and in diplomatic objectives. He asks the question if the Transvaal before 1877 was a state by European standards. Then shortly shows the influence of British Annexation of 1877-1881. Then he presents several events taking place from 1881 to 1896. He especially concentrates on the period of 1881-1886 and deals with historical stereotypes concerning those event. The author analyses Transvaal policy to find, what was the main goal of Kruger administration. And finally he asks the question embedded in the topic.
    Źródło:
    Forum Politologiczne; 2012, 13 - "Stare" i "nowe" mocarstwa w Afryce - stygmaty kulturowe, religijne, polityczne, ekonomiczne i społeczne; 467-495
    1734-1698
    Pojawia się w:
    Forum Politologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Trudy życia w komandach w partyzanckim okresie wojny burskiej, lipec 1900 - maj 1902
    The hardships of the life on commando during the guerrilla phase of the Boer War, July 1900 - May 1902
    Autorzy:
    Leśniewski, Michał
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/566940.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2011
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie. Instytut Nauk Politycznych
    Tematy:
    Boer War
    Commando
    British strategy
    Guerrillas
    Opis:
    When we read histories of the military conflicts only too seldom we may find descriptions of the everyday lives of the ordinary soldiers. Historians too often tend to forget that a circumstances of everyday life do determine their attitudes, their behavior under the fire, the will to fight and their determination, which are crucial elements of the final outcome of the war. It is even more in the case of such armies as the military forces of the Boer Republics during the South African war of the 1899- 1902. Those were mostly irregular forces which, due to a lack of a formal and regular military drill, were much less disciplined than regular forces, and their moods were usually much stronger influenced by changing turns of war and circumstances of everyday life. During the irregular phase of war the Boer forces (still numbering c. 30.000) were faced with completely new problems. They lost organized supply base, but they still had ambitious war-plans, to attack main economic centres and supply lines of the republics controlled then by the British, to destroy them and force Britain to negotiate a truce. At the same time they were faced with new British military strategy of destroying potential supplies for the guerrillas. The scotched earth policy, sweeps by the flying columns and concentration camps had all its effect on commandos ability to fight. Scorched earth meant that whole townlets and villages were destroyed, and herds of cattle and sheep butchered, just for the sake of limiting supplies for the guerrillas. British strategy limited it to such an extent, that there were just few options of resupplying Bore forces. One of the main was using British supplies, through robbery and looting. In effect it is true, to some extent, that at the end of the war the United Kingdom was supplying both armies: British and Boer. Still the hardships were rising with every season in the field. The scorched earth policy took its toll. It was, for Boers, more and more difficult to acquire food and shelter. Supplies run thin and commandos lacked everything. At the end of the war a third of them had no horses. What's more they had no choice but to take care of more than 12.000 women and children, who were stranded on the Veld. Therefore we may argue that the hardships of life on commando during the guerrilla phase of war, were eventually the main reason for surrender of Boer forces in May 1902. The prospects of prolonging the war were grim, and with the time it was for the Boer commandos, more and more the fight for everyday survival without hope for victory. And therefore even the most determined fighters were forced to accept the fact that they could not fight much longer.
    Źródło:
    Forum Politologiczne; 2011, 12 - Problemy bogactwa i biedy we współczesnej Afryce; 541-559
    1734-1698
    Pojawia się w:
    Forum Politologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Afryka w strategii europejskiej równowagi i bezpieczeństwa u schyłku XIX wieku
    Africa in the European security and a balance of power policy at the end of 19th century
    Autorzy:
    Leśniewski, Michał
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/566668.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie. Instytut Nauk Politycznych
    Tematy:
    historia
    XIX wiek
    historia świata
    historia Europy
    historia Afryki
    kolonializm
    równowaga sił
    bezpieczeństwo
    history
    19th century
    world history
    European history
    African history
    colonialism
    balance of power
    security
    Opis:
    During the last two decades of the 19th century Africa played crucial role in European policy of Balance of Power. It was also an important factor in up keeping tranquillity in Europe. The Scramble for Africa gave the European powers a chance of realizing their imperial ambitions without a risk of pan-European conflict. Therefore during 1880s Germany supported French colonial ambitions, hoping that France would abandon the revenge against Germany. Even weaker states, as Belgium or Italy, could realize there their ambitions. That was a case at least until the end of the 19th century. In a way it was a similar situation as with the proxy wars of 1960s. At the same time, thanks to the technological advances, the expansion in Africa was a cheap kind of imperialism. It allowed European powers and states to realize their ambitions without great financial and human costs.
    Źródło:
    Forum Politologiczne; 2014, 16 - Konteksty bezpieczeństwa w Afryce. Problemy globalne, sektorowe, regionalne, lokalne; 17-36
    1734-1698
    Pojawia się w:
    Forum Politologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Oorlam, czyli słów kilka o wymianie kulturowej w południowoafrykańskim interiorze na przełomie XVII i XIX wieku
    Oorlam or a few words on a cultural exchanges in the South African interior during the turn of 18th and 19th century
    Autorzy:
    Leśniewski, Michał
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1186896.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie. Instytut Nauk Politycznych
    Tematy:
    Południowa Afryka
    Namibia
    historia
    XVIII i XIX wiek
    wymiana kulturowa
    Afrykanie
    ludzie Oorlam
    South Africa
    history
    18th and 19th century
    cultural exchanges
    Africans
    Oorlam people
    Opis:
    During the second half of the 18th century and the first three decades of the 19th century, we may observe an intensive process of cultural exchange between frontier farmers (trekboers) and local populations (mostly Khoisan). There emerge new kind of community – Oorlams: Africans and peoples of mixed origin who adopted many traces of colonial material, intellectual and spiritual culture. They were essential in spreading those elements of colonial culture (horses, firearms, commando system, cloths, proto-Afrikaans) into an interior, which were in turn adopted by other African groups.
    Źródło:
    Forum Politologiczne; 2015, 18 - Komunikowanie w Afryce. Endo- i egzogeniczne aspekty. Etniczność – kultura – religia; 69-89
    1734-1698
    Pojawia się w:
    Forum Politologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-4 z 4

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