Informacja

Drogi użytkowniku, aplikacja do prawidłowego działania wymaga obsługi JavaScript. Proszę włącz obsługę JavaScript w Twojej przeglądarce.

Wyszukujesz frazę "spalania" wg kryterium: Temat


Tytuł:
Combustion process control in system with semi-open combustion chamber for spark ignition engines
Kontrola procesu spalania w systemie półotwartej komory spalania dla silników z zapłonem iskrowym
Autorzy:
Leżański, T.
Sęczyk, J.
Wolański, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/133345.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
Tematy:
internal combustion engines
spark ignition engines
combustion process
combustion process control
visualization of combustion process
silniki spalinowe
silniki o zapłonie iskrowym
proces spalania
kontrola procesu spalania
wizualizacja procesu spalania
Opis:
A few operation examples of combustion system with semi open combustion chamber for spark ignitron engines has been presented in this paper. This system has been designed in Aircraft Engine Department of Heat Engineering Institute of Warsaw University of Technology. The principal problem of operation this system is to assure that jet-stream commences to outflow from prechamber to main combustion chamber when the piston is at TDC and that it will have a sufficient energy quickly to displace all main chamber. This is a task for combustion control system. This can be obtained by correct selection of the system operating parameters: the volume ratio of prechamber to total combustion chamber, the hole diameter in partition, the igniter locations, the ignition advance angle. If this system has operate correctly it was obtained the shortening of combustion time about 2.2 time, growth of maximum cycle pressure 1.9 time and increase of combustion efficiency 1.4 time, in comparison to standard combustion chamber. This research results concern the test conducted using rapid compression machine.
W artykule przedstawiono kilka przykładów pracy systemu z półotwartą komora spalania przeznaczonego dla silników o zapłonie iskrowym. System ten został opracowany w Zakładzie Silników Lotniczych Instytutu Techniki Cieplnej Politechniki Warszawskiej. Podstawowym problemem pracy tego systemu jest zapewnienie, że początek wypływu strumienia z komory wstępnej do zasadniczej nastąpi wówczas, kiedy tłok znajduje się w GMP i że energia strugi będzie wystarczająca, aby szybko przebyć całą komorę zasadniczą. Takie jest zadanie układu sterowania. Może to być osiągnięte przez właściwy dobór parametrów pracy systemu: proporcji objętości komory wstępnej do całej objętości komory spalania, średnicy otworu w przegrodzie, miejsca zapłonu oraz kąta wyprzedzenia zapłonu. Jeśli ten system działał prawidłowo, to uzyskiwano: skrócenie czasu spalania około 2.2 razy, zwiększenie ciśnienia maksymalnego cyklu 1,9 razy i wzrost sprawności spalania 1,4 razy, w porównaniu ze standardową komorą spalania. Wyniki te dotyczą badań, które były prowadzone z zastosowaniem maszyny pojedynczego sprężu.
Źródło:
Combustion Engines; 2013, 52, 3; 434-441
2300-9896
2658-1442
Pojawia się w:
Combustion Engines
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Combustion stability of dual fuel engine powered by diesel-ethanol fuels
Autorzy:
Nowak, Łukasz
Tutak, Wojciech
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/133775.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
Tematy:
combustion stability
heat release
dual fuel
ignition delay
combustion phases
stabilność spalania
wydzielanie ciepła
gazodiesel
opóźnienie zapłonu
fazy spalania
Opis:
The paper presents result of combustion stability assessment of dual fuel engine. The authors analyzed results of co-combustion of diesel fuel with alcohol in terms of combustion stability. The comparative analysis of both the operational parameters of the engine and the IMEP, as the parameters determining the stability of the combustion process, were carried out. It was analyzed, among others values of the COVIMEP coefficient, the spread of the maximum pressure value, the angle of the position of maximum pressure and the probability density distribution of the IMEP. The experimental investigation was conducted on 1-cylinder air cooled compression ignition engine. The test engine operated with constant rpm equal to 1500 rpm and constant angle of start of diesel fuel injection. The engine was operated with ethanol up to 50% of its energy fraction. The influence of ethanol on ignition delay time spread and end of combustion process was evaluated. It turns out that the share of ethanol does not adversely affect the stability of ignition.
Źródło:
Combustion Engines; 2019, 58, 3; 155-161
2300-9896
2658-1442
Pojawia się w:
Combustion Engines
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Assessment methods of the basic parameters of the combustion process in reciprocating internal combustion engines
Autorzy:
Lejda, Kazimierz
Warianek, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/133220.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
Tematy:
combustion process
combustion process parameters
indicator diagram
engine operation cycles
proces spalania
parametry procesu spalania
wykres indykatorowy
cykl pracy silnika
Opis:
The article presents selected methods of assessing the basic parameters of the combustion process, as well as assessing the usability and limitations of the methods used to determine the initiation and the end of the combustion process in reciprocating internal combustion engines. The methods considered are based on data contained in real, developed indicator diagrams. Basic thermodynamic assumptions and the scope of application of the combustion process evaluation method based on the actual work cycle of a combustion engine prepared in a double logarithmic scale were discussed. The article also mentions the application of the following methods: a direct pressure comparison method in the cylinder, the comparison of the first pressure derivative in the cylinder, logarithmic derivative meth-od of pressure change in the cylinder, the method of the polytropic index, method of the first derivative of the polytropic index and the method of constant values of the polytropic index. The article presents the advantages and disadvantages of the research of our methods.
Źródło:
Combustion Engines; 2019, 58, 4; 21-26
2300-9896
2658-1442
Pojawia się w:
Combustion Engines
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Numerical investigation of lambda-value prechamber ignition in heavy duty natural gas engine
Autorzy:
Pielecha, Ireneusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2097459.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
Tematy:
turbulent jet ignition
combustion thermodynamics
combustion process indicators
numerical simulation
turbulentny zapłon odrzutowy
termodynamika spalania
wskaźniki procesu spalania
symulacja numeryczna
Opis:
Turbulent Jet Ignition systems are mainly dedicated to the combustion of lean mixtures of natural gas in heavy duty engines. The use of such a system in combination with lean mixtures leads to an increase in its overall efficiency. The article presents simulation analyzes of the impact of the air excess coefficient occurring in prechamber on the combustion process: combustion indicators and emission indicators. Tests on a single-cylinder engine with a displacement of about 4 dm3 at medium mixture (IMEP = 1.0 MPa) were carried out using the AVL Fire software. It was found that the incineration of global lean mixtures (λ = 2) is effective when initiating this process (in the prechamber) with a charge of a stoichiometric composition. A strong relationship was found between the thermodynamic indicators in both prechamber and main chamber and the air excess coefficient initiating combustion.
Źródło:
Combustion Engines; 2020, 59, 2; 31--39
2300-9896
2658-1442
Pojawia się w:
Combustion Engines
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analysis of the uniqueness of the combustion process of the Perkins 1104D-E44TA engine in dual-fuel operation powered by natural gas and diesel fuel
Autorzy:
Kurczyński, Dariusz
Warianek, Michał
Łagowski, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/133745.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
Tematy:
dual-fuel
natural gas
combustion process
indicator diagram
uniqueness of combustion process
gazodiesel
gaz ziemny
proces spalania
wykres indykatorowy
niepowtarzalność procesu spalania
Opis:
The paper presents the results of the research on the uniqueness of the combustion process in the Perkins 1104D-E44TA engine already equipped with a Common Rail injection system, and then adapted on an engine test stand to dual-fuel operation. The result of the combustion process is an indicator diagram. The combustion process in the cylinder of the tested engine was evaluated by determining the uniqueness indicators of subsequent operating cycles, such as: the uniqueness indicator for the maximum pressure of the operating cycle, the uniqueness indicator for the mean indicated pressure, the uniqueness indicator for the indicated diagram and the uniqueness indicator for the partial indicator diagram. The conducted tests and the analysis of the results showed the impact of dual-fuel power supply of the tested engine on the combustion process, as compared to supplying the engine only with diesel fuel, for which it has been optimized.
Źródło:
Combustion Engines; 2019, 58, 2; 156-164
2300-9896
2658-1442
Pojawia się w:
Combustion Engines
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analysis of creation and combustion process of hydrogen-air mixtures by optical method in isochoric chamber
Autorzy:
Brzeżański, M.
Papuga, T.
Rodak, Ł.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/133809.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
Tematy:
hydrogen-air mixture
isochoric combustion chamber
registration of pressure
filming of combustion process
mieszanina wodoru i powietrza
izochoryczna komora spalania
pomiar ciśnienia
proces spalania
Opis:
The article considers the analysis of combustion process of hydrogen-air mixture of variable composition. Direct injection of hydrogen into the isochoric combustion chamber was applied and the mixture formation took place during the combustion process. The influence of the dose distribution of the fuel supplied before and after ignition on the formation of the flame front and the course of the pressure in the isochoric combustion chamber was discussed. The filming process and registration of pressure in the isochoric chamber during research of combustion process was applied.
Źródło:
Combustion Engines; 2017, 56, 3; 121-125
2300-9896
2658-1442
Pojawia się w:
Combustion Engines
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wpływ ruchu ładunku na proces spalania w cylindrze silnika spalinowego
Charge motion and combustion processes in the combustion engine cylinder
Autorzy:
Kozak, W.
Bajerlein, M.
Borowczyk, T.
Rymaniak, Ł.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/133407.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
Tematy:
ruch ładunku
proces spalania
emisja spalin
charge motion
combustion
exhaust emission
Opis:
W artykule zaprezentowano rozważania dotyczące poprawy sprawności oraz własności ekologicznych silników spalinowych. Omówiono czynniki kształtujące rozwój obecnie produkowanych jednostek spalinowych, a także powszechnie stosowane rozwiązania obniżające ich emisję. Przedstawiono podstawowe prawa kinetyki chemicznej i odniesiono je do procesu spalania w cylindrze. Na podstawie tych praw określono najważniejsze czynniki mające wpływ na przebieg spalania. W pracy skupiono się głównie na procesie napełniania oraz ruchu ładunku podczas suwu ssania. Wykazano, że odpowiednie sterowanie powietrzem dostarczanym do cylindra umożliwi uzyskanie pewnej kontroli nad przebiegiem spalania, a co za tym idzie pozwoli wpłynąć na emisyjność oraz sprawność silnika spalinowego.
The paper analyzes the possibilities of improving the efficiency and sustainability of a combustion engine. It describes the main factors which determine combustion engines production as well as widespread means of decreasing their exhaust emission. In the analysis, the fundamental laws of chemical kinetics are referred to combustion processes in the engine cylinder in oreder to identify the main factors that determine these processes. The paper focuses mainly on charge motion inside the cylinder during fuel inlet and, in conclusion, it shows that precise air control allows controlling exhaust emission to a certain extent, and consequently, allows controlling engine efficiency.
Źródło:
Combustion Engines; 2013, 52, 3; 910-914
2300-9896
2658-1442
Pojawia się w:
Combustion Engines
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Thermodynamic modeling of combustion process of the internal combustion engines - an overview
Autorzy:
Stepanenko, Denys
Kneba, Zbigniew
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/134250.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
Tematy:
thermodynamic combustion model
internal combustion engine
convective heat transfer coefficient
Wiebe burning law
single-zone model
two-zone model
heat transfer submodel
termodynamiczny model procesu spalania
tłokowy silnik spalinowy
współczynnik konwekcyjnej wymiany ciepła
jednostrefowy model procesu spalania
dwustrefowy model procesu spalania
podmodel wymiany ciepła
Opis:
The mathematical description of combustion process in the internal combustion engines is a very difficult task, due to the variety of phenomena that occurring in the engine from the moment when the fuel-air mixture ignites up to the moment when intake and exhaust valves beginning open. Modeling of the combustion process plays an important role in the engine simulation, which allows to predict incylinder pressure during the combustion, engine performance and environmental impact with high accuracy. The toxic emissions, which appears as a result of fuels combustion, are one of the main environmental problem and as a result the air pollutant regulations are increasingly stringent, what makes the investigation of the combustion process to be a relevant task.
Źródło:
Combustion Engines; 2019, 58, 3; 27-37
2300-9896
2658-1442
Pojawia się w:
Combustion Engines
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Overview of low emission combustors of aircraft turbine drive units
Autorzy:
Fąfara, Jean-Marc
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2097476.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
Tematy:
aircraft
engine
low emission
combustor
design
samolot
silnik
niska emisja
komory spalania
projekt
Opis:
It is important to notice that aircraft turbine drive units are commonly used in the modern aviation. The piston engines are often reserved for small and/or sportive aircraft. The turbine drive units are also combustion engine. This paper presents the most popular combustors used in the aeronautical turbine engines. Firstly there are listed the requirements that a combustor has to achieve. Then are presented the combustor designs that permit to achieve the firstly presented requirements. In this work are presented the LPP, TAPS, RQL, graduated combustion zone, VGC, exhaust recirculation system combustors. For each combustor design is enlighten its principle of work, described the etymology of the given name to this design and shown a scheme. The work is closed by a briefly conclusion about the described combustor.
Źródło:
Combustion Engines; 2020, 59, 4; 45--49
2300-9896
2658-1442
Pojawia się w:
Combustion Engines
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Design factors affecting the formation of the air-fuel mixture and the process of combustion in compression ignition engines
Czynniki konstrukcyjne kształtujące proces tworzenia mieszanki paliwowo-powietrznej i spalania w silniku o zapłonie samoczynnym
Autorzy:
Stanik, W.
Jakóbiec, J.
Wądrzyk, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/133093.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
Tematy:
combustion engine
fuel
combustion
exhaust emissions
silnik spalinowy
paliwo
proces spalania
emisja spalin
Opis:
The paper provides information on the research and development works related to the design of diesel engines including the improvement of fuel combustion processes and reduction of its consumption, and limitation of exhaust emissions.
W referacie zamieszczono informacje z zakresu prac badawczo-rozwojowych związanych z konstrukcją silników o zapłonie samoczynnym, w tym doskonalenia procesów spalania paliwa i ograniczenia jego zużycia oraz zmniejszenia emisji toksycznych składników spalin.
Źródło:
Combustion Engines; 2013, 52, 3; 40-50
2300-9896
2658-1442
Pojawia się w:
Combustion Engines
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Pressure measurement in the cylinder of four-stroke marine engine - simulation analysis
Autorzy:
Cuper-Przybylska, Dominika
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/133664.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
Tematy:
diesel engine
marine engine
combustion pressure
indicator channel
silnik wysokoprężny
silnik okrętowy
ciśnienie spalania
Opis:
The measurement of combustion pressure relies on connecting a pressure sensor to a four-stroke marine engine cylinder by a channel led out from the engine cylinder. The geometry of the channel distorts the results of combustion pressure measurements. The purpose of the work is to create a model of combustion processes in engine cylinders. The model uses a mathematical description of the indicator channel on one of the engine cylinders. The input data to the model and the data necessary for its verification came from the direct measurements on the research facility. The test object was a four-stroke Sulzer 3AL25/30 engine loaded by an electric power generator. During calculations, different diameters and lengths of measurement channel were simulated. The obtained results allowed to formulate the conclusion that the geometry of the measurement channel has a significant impact on the measurement results. The increase of the length of the measuring channel as well as the diameter of the channel causes disturbances in the measurement of the maximum pressure.
Źródło:
Combustion Engines; 2019, 58, 2; 36-39
2300-9896
2658-1442
Pojawia się w:
Combustion Engines
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Selection of ion sensor operating parameters in quasi-static conditions
Autorzy:
Fiedkiewicz, Łukasz
Pielecha, Ireneusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/133839.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
Tematy:
ionization sensor
engine control
combustion process diagnostics
czujnik jonizacji
sterowanie silnika
diagnostyka procesu spalania
Opis:
Evaluating combustion quality using sensors that allow continuous assessment of the process is one of the modern methods of engine sensory diagnostics. The proper calibration of such systems is a task that requires many studies to determine the conditions and quantities affecting the process. The analysis of significance of quantities related to the ionization signal was carried out in the article. The magnitude of the voltage generating the electric field, the type of spark plug used, the distance of the spark plug electrodes and the dynamic factor - spark plug operating temperature - were all tested. The tests were carried out using a CNG burner (with an excess air ratio of λ = 1) and four spark plugs. As a result of the ionization signal research, the following relationships were obtained: regarding the impact of the sensor position on the amount of generated voltage (the smaller the distance the greater the value of the signal), the effect of temperature on the sensor resistance (non-linear relationship: increase in temperature decreases resistance, with R2 = 0.9997) effect of system voltage on the ionization signal (linear relationship: voltage increase increases the ionization current signal with a determination coefficient of R2 = 0.9803). In addition, it was found that using an iridium electrode candle had the best effects on the ionization current, regardless of the electrode’s geometrical parameters.
Źródło:
Combustion Engines; 2019, 58, 4; 254-258
2300-9896
2658-1442
Pojawia się w:
Combustion Engines
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Combustion process of direct injected water-coal mixture in diesel engine
Autorzy:
Mitianiec, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/134144.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
Tematy:
transport
diesel engines
fuelling
water-coal emulsion
combustion
silnik spalinowy
tankowanie
emulsja wodno-węglowa
spalania
Opis:
The paper describes the problem of coal-water mixture combustion process in heavy duty diesel engines in the energetic sector application. In the future due to depletion of crude oil resources we have to foreseen another fuel for application in power plants. Large deposits of coal and lignite in the world enable to utilize these fuels in different thermal machines, especially in internal combustion engines. A carbon powder containing small molecules about 10–20 micrometers dissolved in water is good fuel for applying in large capacity engines in electrical plants. Aqueous emulsion of coal has possibility of good cooling of injectors cooling and has also good lubricity. Initial experimental tests done in the world indicate a higher thermal efficiency of engine fuelled by water coal emulsion than engine fuelled by diesel oil and also gas turbine driven by gas from coal gasification technology. The increased emission of CO2 can be reduced in the plants simply by chemical reduction. The paper explains thermochemical processes taking place in the engines during combustion process. The work parameters results obtained from calculations were compared with those obtained from CI engine fuelled by diesel oil. The paper is a certain challenge for finding a new fuel sources as a competition for crude oil and allows to get acquainted with new engine fuelling technology.
Źródło:
Combustion Engines; 2016, 55, 1; 37-43
2300-9896
2658-1442
Pojawia się w:
Combustion Engines
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Optimization of the combustion chamber strength of aluminum pistons in diesel engines using the DuralBowl technology
Autorzy:
Żurawski, Paweł
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24202436.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
Tematy:
diesel engines
DuralBowl
piston
combustion chamber
chamber melting
silnik Diesla
tłok
komora spalania
topnienie komory
Opis:
The article focuses on the problem of loading the combustion chamber of diesel engine pistons together with the method of its optimization using the DuralBowl technology. Along with the growing requirements of exhaust emission standards, the increasing competition in the efficiency of internal combustion engines, the load on the combustion pistons increases due to the increase in pressure and temperature of fuel combustion and the tendency to slim the structure. Numerical analyzes and analyzes of damaged pistons in diesel engines have shown that one of the places most exposed to piston damage are the combustion chambers. There is a concentration of thermomechanical stress at the edge of the combustion chamber, which may lead to the destruction of the piston and the necessity to carry out overhaul of the drive unit. One of the technologies that optimizes the strength of this zone is the DuralBowl local remelting process. This process allows for several timesimprovement in the fatigue strength of pistons in internal combustion engines. The article analyzes the thermomechanical load on the combustion chamber along with the impact of this load on the durability of pistons in diesel engines. An analysis of the DuralBowl process was also performed, aimed at eliminating the negative effects of loading the combustion chamber, extending the piston life. The analysis focused on the microstructure of the material before and after the DuralBowl process.
Źródło:
Combustion Engines; 2023, 62, 1; 91--96
2300-9896
2658-1442
Pojawia się w:
Combustion Engines
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Study on selected parameters of engine with the active combustion chamber
Autorzy:
Głogowski, Michał
Woźniak, Marek
Szydłowski, Tomasz
Siczek, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24202476.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
Tematy:
combustion engine
active combustion chamber
variable compression ratio
silnik spalinowy
aktywna komora spalania
zmienny stopień sprężania
Opis:
The present study was focused on the combustion engine with a variable compression ratio (VCR), namely the four-stroke air-cooled engine with the active combustion chamber (ACC). An indicated pressure, torque, power, and specific fuel consumption of that engine were investigated experimentally as a goal of the present study. Experiments were conducted using two versions of an engine. Two parameters particularly influencing the ACC engine performance including the maximum compression ratio CRmax and the indicator γfm determining the correct operation of the ACC system, were described. It was found that the ACC engine allowed avoiding detonation combustion without changing the amount and composition of the combustible mixture, and even without delaying the ignition advance angle. In addition, the possible range of control of the combustion process allowed the ACC engine to operate with different types of hydrocarbon fuels, for example, in the form of petrol with various alcohol admixtures. The very intense flow of the combustible mixture inside the cylinder of the ACC engine allowed describing the combustion in the ACC engine with zero-dimensional mathematical models with the dual Vibe function providing the proper characterization of the heat release process. The use of very high maximum compression ratios allows the ACC engine to operate to a certain extent as a Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine with high lambda coefficients.
Źródło:
Combustion Engines; 2023, 62, 3; 3--12
2300-9896
2658-1442
Pojawia się w:
Combustion Engines
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

Ta witryna wykorzystuje pliki cookies do przechowywania informacji na Twoim komputerze. Pliki cookies stosujemy w celu świadczenia usług na najwyższym poziomie, w tym w sposób dostosowany do indywidualnych potrzeb. Korzystanie z witryny bez zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies oznacza, że będą one zamieszczane w Twoim komputerze. W każdym momencie możesz dokonać zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies