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Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 21
Tytuł:
New Synthetic Methods for 4,4’,5,5’-Tetranitro-2,2’-bi- 1H-imidazole (TNBI)
Autorzy:
Szala, M.
Lewczuk, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358154.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
tetranitrobiimidazole
nitration
synthesis
explosive properties
Opis:
Four new nitration methods for the synthesis of 4,4’,5,5’-tetranitro-2,2’- bi-1H-imidazole (TNBI) were examined. TNBI was synthesized by nitration of 2,2’-bi-imidazole (BI) with the following mixtures: (CH3CO)2O/HNO3, (CF3CO)2O/ HNO3, P4O10/HNO3 and H3PO4/P4O10/HNO3. Nitration of BI with a mixture of nitric acid and acetic anhydride leads to 4,4’-dinitro-bi-imidazole. The other nitrating conditions investigated gave TNBI in lower yields (6.0-22.4%). Crystallization of crude TNBI from wet ethanol/acetone gave TNBI as its dihydrate. The structures of BI and TNBI were characterized by 1H, 13C and 15N NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Friction and impact sensitivity, detonability and detonation velocity were determined for pure TNBI dihydrate.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2015, 12, 2; 261-270
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Review of Nano-thermites: a Pathway to Enhanced Energetic Materials
Autorzy:
Zaky, Mohamed Gaber
Elbeih, Ahmed
Elshenawy, Tamer
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27787860.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
energetic materials
nanothermite
synthesis
applications
Opis:
Nano-thermites or metastable intermolecular composites (MICs) have been implemented into modern research on energetic materials as they offer much higher energy densities, higher rates of energy release, stability, and safety (lower sensitivity). This paper reviews several synthetic methods for MICs that have been well thought-out for energetic applications, advantages and disadvantages, as well as the characteristics of each manufacturing technique. The techniques presented include powder mixing, sol-gel, synthesis of MICs based on nano-porous silicon (Psi), sputtering, multilayer nano-foils and electrolytically plated carbon nano-materials for nano-thermite applications. These techniques offer enormously different characteristics and, through the variation of various chemical techniques and conditions, a wide range of chemical and energetic properties may be attained. This may give the opportunity for the safe use of MICs as replacements for some conventional energetic materials in various applications, and may also enable us to study the effects when incorporating these MICs into energetic matrixes, as a promising and feasible research field.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2021, 18, 1; 63--85
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Synthesis, Characterization and Compatibility Studies of Poly(DFAMO/NIMMO) with Propellant and PBX Ingredients
Autorzy:
Li, H.
Yang, Y.
Pan, J.
Wang, W.
Pan, R.
Zhu, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358094.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
energetic binder
synthesis
characterization
compatibility
PDN
Opis:
Oxetane-based polymers substituted with difluoroamino groups can be used as energetic binders in propellants and polymer-bonded explosives (PBXs). As a novel candidate, poly(3-difluoroaminomethyl-3-methyloxetane/3-nitratomethyl-3-methyloxetane) (PDN) was synthesized and its structure was established. Thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were employed to investigate its thermal decomposition behaviour. The compatibility between PDN and some common ingredients of propellants and PBXs was evaluated by the DSC method. PDN with good thermal stability was synthesized via a cationic solution polymerization process. Additionally, it has improved compatibility with cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (HMX), carbon black (C.B.) and lead carbonate (PbCO3) compared with homopoly(3-difluoroaminomethyl-3-methyloxetane) (PDFAMO). PDN could be used as a promising difluoroamino energetic binder in the future.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2018, 15, 1; 85-99
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Modelling of the Synthesis of 1,1-Diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (DADNE)
Autorzy:
Trzciński, W. A.
Chyłek, Z.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358345.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
DADNE
modelling of the synthesis
kinetics
Opis:
In this work the conditions and kinetics of nitration of 2-methylpyrimidine- 4,6-dione (MPD), which leads to the formation of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (DADNE), are presented. An analysis of literature data enabled us to propose a model and a mathematical formulation of the synthesis of DADNE. The model was verified on the basis of literature data and our own experimental data. The influence of the addition time of nitric acid into a model reactor on temperature and composition of the reaction mixture was investigated. The proposed synthesis model could be useful in a study of the MPD nitration process on a large, laboratory scale.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2012, 9, 2; 101-117
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Research on a New Synthesis of LLM-105 Using N-Nitroso-bis(cyanomethyl)amine
Autorzy:
Jing, S.
Liu, Y.
Liu, D.
Guo, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358371.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
LLM-105
energetic materials
synthesis
characterization
properties
Opis:
A new three-step synthetic method was designed to prepare 2,6-diamino- 3,5-dinitropyrazine 1-oxide (LLM-105) with an overall yield of 43.5%, using iminodiacetonitrile, triethylamine and hydroxylamine hydrochloride as the starting materials, and involved nitrosylation, cyclization and nitration. The structure of LLM-105 was characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The crucial factors and mechanism of the cyclization were explored. Thermal decomposition, mechanical sensitivity and the purity of the LLM-105 were determined by TG-DTA, an impact sensitivity instrument and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) respectively. The results showed that LLM-105 synthesised via 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine (ANPZ) was less sensitive to impact, but the LLM-105 synthesized by the new method had some obvious advantages in terms of purity, security and production costs. Moreover, the LLM-105 synthesized by this new method can be initiated reliably without recrystallization.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2016, 13, 1; 21-32
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Combustion Synthesis of Titanium Carbonitrides
Autorzy:
Dyjak, S.
Wasilewska, M.
Cudziło, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358421.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
combustion synthesis
titanium carbonitride
ceramics
refractory materials
Opis:
Titanium carbonitride (TiC0.5N0.5) micron powders were synthesized in reactions of titanium with zinc dicyanide: Zn(CN)2 + 4Ti → 4TiC0.5N0.5 + Zn. The reactions are sufficiently exothermic to propagate in the reactant mixture to form a self-sustaining, high-temperature synthesis (SHS). The final product was separated and the only byproduct (zinc) was removed by dissolution in dilute hydrochloric acid. The use of zinc dicyanide as the source of carbon and nitrogen causes the titanium carbonitride to contain only these elements in an atomic ratio of one. The reaction temperature can be easily reduced by the addition of zinc powder to the green mixture. Synthesis in the presence of zinc yields TiC0.5N0.5 powders consisting of round-shaped and unagglomerated particles.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2015, 12, 2; 249-259
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Safety of Ammonium Dinitramide Synthesis vs. Size of a Commercial Production Scale
Autorzy:
Gołofit, T.
Maksimowski, P.
Kotlewski, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358124.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
ADN synthesis
safety
explosion potential
increased production scale
Opis:
Ammonium dinitramide (ADN) is an ecological oxidizer suggested as a substitute for ammonium chlorate(VII) in solid rocket fuels. Three ADN synthetic methods were studied in order to estimate process safety under increased production scale, viz.: from ammonia (Method I), from urea (Method II), or from potassium sulfamate (Method III). The intermediates formed in these processes were identified and their thermal stability was examined. DSC analysis showed that the intermediates in Method II are unstable, they readily decompose and pose an explosion hazard. The intermediate in Method III is more thermally stable and less hazardous than its counterparts in Method II. The most suitable methods for large-scale processes are Methods I and III. The preferred method for commercial ADN production, in terms of safety, is Method III.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2015, 12, 4; 817-830
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Synthesis of Iron Aluminates and a New Modification of Alumina at Impact of Explosive
Autorzy:
Apolenis, A. V.
Tsvigunov, A. N.
Annikov, V. E.
Raikova, V. M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358543.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
alumina oxides
iron aluminates
synthesis
explosive
impact structure
Opis:
Synthesis of new high-strength superdispersed materials by use of detonation and shock waves is a developing branch of manufacture. Diamond, metal oxides, nitrides, and many other substances are produced and find industrial application. The objective of current work was the method of synthesis of iron aluminates and a new modification of alumina. For the synthesis initiation of explosion of aluminized composite explosive by impact was firstly used.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2008, 5, 3-4; 37-44
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Optimization of the Synthesis Parameters and Analysis of the Impact Sensitivity for Tetrazene Explosive
Autorzy:
Li, Jin-Shuh
Chang, Chun-Chieh
Lu, Kai-Tai
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358591.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
tetrazene
yield
optimal synthesis parameters
Taguchi design method
Opis:
Tetrazene [1-(5-tetrazolyl)-4-guanyltetrazene hydrate] is widely used in ordnance systems as a sensitizer of primer compositions, for use in both percussion and stab applications. It can be synthesized by reacting aminoguanidinium bicarbonate (AGB) with sodium nitrite (NaNO2) in the presence of acetic acid. However, little is known about its optimal synthesis parameters in the manufacturing process. In this study, Taguchi's experimental design method was used to further improve the yield of tetrazene. Under the condition that the molar ratio of AGB to NaNO2 was fixed at 1.0:1.2, a L9(33) orthogonal array with three control factors and three levels for each control factor was used to design nine experimental conditions. The experimental data were transformed into a signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio to analyze and evaluate the experimental conditions of the optimal parameter combination for the maximum yield of tetrazene. Verification of the results indicated that the optimal synthesis parameters were as follows: pH value of AGB solution was 5.0, reaction temperature was 35 °C and reaction time was 6 h; the maximum yield of tetrazene could reach 83.7%. Furthermore, the synthesized tetrazene was identified and characterized by elemental analysis (EA), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), optical microscopy (OM),particle size distribution analysis (PSDA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and its impact sensitivity was determined using a BAM Fallhammer apparatus and the Bruceton analysis method.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2020, 17, 1; 5-19
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Energetic Nitrogen-rich Salts
Autorzy:
Wu, J.-W.
Zhang, J.-G.
Zhang, T.-L.
Yang, L.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358479.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
energetic salts
synthesis
characterization
crystal structure
review
Opis:
Energetic salts as a unique class of energetic materials have recently been investigated widely, since they possess advantages over their atomically similar nonionic analogues – they tend to exhibit lower vapor pressures, higher densities and better thermal stabilities. Furthermore, these salts are readily improved upon by the appropriate combination of different cations and anions. Over the last twenty years, our group has continued to synthesize and study novel ionic energetic materials. Here, we have summarized all of the series of nitrogen-rich energetic salts. This review gives an overview of the various studies dealing with synthetic aspects and some of the physicochemical properties of ionic compounds that are based on ammonia, guanidine, semicarbazide, carbohydrazide, tetrazine, tetrazole, triazole and imidazole. In addition, their potential applications in the fields of explosives and propellants are discussed. We hope these investigations will be helpful in providing a wider insight for future research in the area of energetic salts.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2015, 12, 3; 417-437
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A New Thermally-stable Insensitive High Explosive:N,N′-Bis(1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl)-4,4′-diamino-2,2′,3,3′,5,5′,6,6′-octanitroazobenzene (BTeDAONAB)
Autorzy:
Mousavi, S.
Esmaeilpour, K.
Keshavarz, M. H.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/951499.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
synthesis
BTeDAONAB
sensitivity
thermal stability
high explosive
Opis:
A novel high performance explosive compound, N,N′-bis(1,2,3,4-tetrazol5-yl)-4,4′-diamino-2,2′,3,3′,5,5′,6,6′-octanitroazobenzene( BTeDAONAB), is introduced which is a thermally stable, insensitive high explosive. The presence of −NH2, −N=N− groups and the tetrazole ring simultaneously in the BTeDAONAB unit surprisingly increases its thermal stability. For the identification and characterization of BTeDAONAB, different analytical techniques have been used, including melting point, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The sensitivity and detonation properties of BTeDAONAB were compared with 2,4,6-triamino1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TATB) and N,N′-bis(1,2,4-triazol-3-yl-)-4,4′-diamino2,2′,3,3′,5,5′,6,6′-octanitroazobenzene (BTDAONAB), two well-known, thermally stable, insensitive high explosives, as well as hexanitrostilbene (HNS). These studies show that BTeDAONAB has favorable thermal stability with high performance.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2013, 10, 4; 455-465
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Synthesis and Characterization of Polyethylene Glycol Dinitrates
Autorzy:
Matyáš, R.
Šelešovský, J.
Jalový, Z.
Roháčová, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358415.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
polyethylene glycol dinitrate
synthesis
properties
decomposition
kinetic decomposition
Opis:
Polyethylene glycol dinitrates (PEGN) with molecular weights between 400 and 20 000 gźmol-1 were prepared from polyethylene glycols by esterifcation with nitric acid/sulfuric acid in dichloromethane. The products were characterized by gel permeation chromatography. The yield of PEGN increases with increasing reaction temperature (0-40 °C) however large liberation of nitrogen oxides was observed at 40 °C. No infuence of reaction temperature (0-40 °C) on the cleavage of the polyethylene glycol chain during esterifcation was observed. The dependence of melting point on the molecular weight of PEGN was determined. Polyethylene glycol dinitrates with molecular weights Mn above 454 are not sensitive to impact. Heat of combustion of PEGN increases with increasing molecular weight. All samples tested decompose in a similar way during thermal exposition.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2011, 8, 3; 145-155
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
1H, 13C and 15N Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Analysis of 3,3’,4,4’-Diaminoazoxyfurazan Obtained by Oxidation of 3,4-Diaminofurazan with Peroxyformic Acid
Autorzy:
Szala, M.
Lewandowski, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358794.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
diaminoazoxyfurazan
nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
synthesis
peroxyformic acid
Opis:
The aim of this study was an extensive NMR analysis of 3,3’,4,4’-diaminoazoxyfurazan (DAAF) obtained by a new method that involves oxidation of 3,4-diaminofurazan to DAAF using a H2O2/HCOOH mixture. The raw product, after washing with water and drying, was min. 98% pure. We present proton, carbon and nitrogen NMR spectra of the prepared DAAF. Detailed analysis of the nitrogen spectrum gave interesting information about aromaticity of the substituted furazan rings.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2016, 13, 2; 349-356
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Synthesis, Structure and Energetic Properties of a Catenated N6, Polynitro Compound: 1,1’-Azobis(3,5-dinitropyrazole)
Autorzy:
Li, Y.-N.
Shu, Y.-J.
Wang, Y.-L.
Wang, B.-Z.
Zhang, S.-Y.
Bi, F.-Q.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358573.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
energetic compound
1,1’-azobis(3,5-dinitropyrazole)
synthesis
energetic properties
Opis:
A nitrogen-rich, polynitro energetic compound with an N,N-azo linkage, 1,1’-azobis(3,5-dinitropyrazole) (ABDNP), has been synthesized by an oxidative coupling reaction of 1-amino-3,5-dinitropyrazole with different oxidizing agents. The target compound was characterized by IR spectroscopy, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, elemental analysis, mass spectra, X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The DSC results show that 1,1’-azobis(3,5-dinitropyrazole) decomposes at a relatively high onset temperature (202.9 °C), which indicates that 1,1’-azobis(3,5-dinitropyrazole) has acceptable thermal stability. The energetic properties were obtained, with a measured density and heat of formation matched by theoretically computed values based on the B3LYP method.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2017, 14, 2; 321-335
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Synthesis and Theoretical Studies of a New Insensitive Explosive, 2’-Methyl-3-nitro-2’H-[1,3’-bi(1,2,4-triazole)]-5,5’-diamine
Autorzy:
Luo, J.
Liu, Y.
Wang, J.
Chai, T.
Yuan, J.
Chang, S.
Yu, Y.
Jing, S.
Ma, H.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358633.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
insensitive explosive
synthesis
theoretical studies
density functional theory
new 1,2,4-triazole derivative
Opis:
A new insensitive energetic material 2’-methyl-3-nitro-2’H-[1,3’-bi(1,2,4-triazole)]-5,5’-diamine (1) was prepared by a three-step synthesis from commercially available chemicals. The energetic title compound was comprehensively characterized by various means, including FT-IR, multinuclear (1H, 13C, 14N) NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, HPLC and thermal analysis. The sensitivities of the synthesized material towards various external stimuli (impact, friction) were determined according to the BAM method. The optimized structure and related thermodynamic parameters were obtained at the DFT-B3LYP/6-31+G** theoretical level. The detonation properties of the material were also predicted according to the Kamlet-Jacobs formulae and the Monte-Carlo method. The results show that the density, heat of formation, detonation velocity, detonation pressure, impact sensitivity and purity were 1.83 g/cm3, 369 kJ/mol, 7.52 km/s, 25.4 GPa, 82.3 J and 97.7%, respectively. In addition, the compound was an insensitive high explosive which could meet the requirements of high energetic materials.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2017, 14, 2; 269-280
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 21

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