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    Wyświetlanie 1-11 z 11
    Tytuł:
    Concerning the Shock Sensitivities of Certain Plastic Bonded Explosives Based on Attractive Cyclic Nitramines
    Autorzy:
    Zeman, S.
    Elbeih, A. E.
    Hussein, A.
    Elshenawy, T.
    Pelikán, V.
    Yan, Q-L.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358824.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    nitramines
    gap test
    PBX
    sensitivity
    performance
    Opis:
    Plastic bonded explosives (PBXs) based on ε-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (ε-HNIW), 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX), β-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (β-HMX) and cis-1,3,4,6-tetranitro-octahydroimidazo-[4,5-d]imidazole (BCHMX) were prepared using a hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene as a binder (HTPB) and cured with hexamethylene di-isocyanate (HMDI). Recently published data for analogous PBXs with a polyisobutylene binder (i.e. a C4 matrix) are also included. All of these PBXs were tested using the Small Scale Water Gap Test according to STANAG 4490, the results of which are directly proportional to the impact and friction sensitivities of the PBXs studied. Reciprocal ratios between the shock sensitivity of these PBXs and their performance were found using the volume heat of explosion as a variable; a semi-logarithmic analogue, using a representative of the detonation pressure (product ρD2) as a variable, has shown an opposite trend for three of these PBXs. A semi-logarithmic relationship between the shock sensitivity of the PBXs and the impact sensitivity of their pure nitramine fillers has confirmed the higher shock reactivity of the C4 PBXs filled with both technical ε-HNIW and RS-ε-HNIW, while for the HTPB PBXs filled with technical grade ε-HNIW, the shock sensitivity found was as expected. The shape and size of the particles should not be a reason for the increased resistance to shock of HMX-C4.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2017, 14, 4; 775-787
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Study of the synthesis of GAP-HTPB-GAP Liquid Copolymer
    Autorzy:
    Chmielarek, Michał
    Maksimowski, Paweł
    Cieślak, Katarzyna
    Gołofit, Tomasz
    Drozd, Hanna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1062796.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    HTPB
    GAP
    copolymerization
    optimization
    liquid energetic binder
    Opis:
    GAP and HTPB are polymers on which the copolymer obtained in our work is based. The following report indicates how to perform the polymerization reactions for these two polymers in order to obtain a copolymer that combines their individual positive physico-chemical properties. It demonstrates how the ratio of substrates and reaction conditions affect the polymer properties. It has been shown that increasing the amount of epichlorohydrin attached to HTPB significantly affects the copolymer viscosity. This has a later effect on polymer processing, as well as on the hydroxyl values being too low. This is important for the subsequent production of polyurethanes. Analysis of the results allows the reaction conditions to be designed so as to generate a polymer with the best properties. The reactions were carried out in two stages. The first stage was the connection of polyepichlorohydrin (PECH) to HTPB, and the second was azidation of the resultant PECH-HTPB-PECH copolymer. The influence of the amount of epichlorohydrin attached to HTPB on the copolymer properties (e.g. viscosity) was demonstrated. Analysis of the second stage, the preparation of the GAP-HTPB-GAP copolymer (by azidation of the PECH-HTPB-PECH copolymer), showed that the nitrogen content in the copolymer has a significant effect on the viscosity and heat of polymer combustion.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2020, 17, 4; 566-583
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    A New Energetic Binder: Glycidyl Nitramine Polymer
    Autorzy:
    Betzler, F. M.
    Hartdegen, V. A.
    Klapötke, T. M.
    Sproll, S. M.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358337.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    energetic polymer
    glycidyl nitramine
    GNAP
    GAP
    polyGLYN
    Opis:
    A new energetic glycidyl-based polymer containing nitramine groups (glycidyl nitramine polymer, GNAP) was synthesized using glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) as the starting material. The synthesis involved Staudinger azide-amine conversion, followed by carbamate protection of the amino group, nitration with nitric acid (100%) and trifluoroacetic anhydride and was concluded by deprotection with aqueous ammonia. The products obtained were characterized by elemental analysis and vibrational spectroscopy (IR). The energetic properties of GNAP were determined using bomb calorimetric measurements and calculated with the EXPLO5 V6.02 computer code, showing better values regarding the energy of explosion (ΔEU = −4813 kJ kg−1), the detonation velocity (VDet = 7165 m•s−1), as well as the detonation pressure (pCJ = 176 kbar), than the comparable polymers GAP and polyGLYN. The explosion properties were tested by impact sensitivity (IS), friction sensitivity (FS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and electrostatic discharge (ESD) equipment. The results revealed GNAP to be insensitive towards friction and electrostatic discharge, less sensitive towards impact (40 J) and a decomposition temperature (170 °C) in the range of polyGLYN.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2016, 13, 2; 289-300
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The Reinforcement of the TNT System by a Newly-designed GAP-based Polyurethane-Urea: a Molecular Simulation Investigation
    Autorzy:
    Qian, W.
    Shu, Y.
    Ma, Q.
    Li, H.
    Wang, S.
    Chen, X.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358512.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    TNT
    GAP
    polyurethane-urea
    inter-molecular interaction
    mechanical properties
    Opis:
    A glycidyl azide (GAP)-based polyurethane-urea (PUU) modifier used in the 1,3,5-trinitrotoluene (TNT)-based composite explosive was investigated by molecular simulation. Inter-molecular interactions were investigated using quantum chemistry calculation on the dimer of TNT and GAP-PUU, and attractive forces were found between the two molecules. The cohesive energy densities and the solubility parameters were obtained through molecular dynamics simulations combined with thermodynamic calculations on the TNT and GAP-PUU amorphous cell models, and the miscibility of the modifier in molten TNT was predicted to be good. The interaction energies and the mechanical properties were then obtained by molecular simulations and mechanical calculations on the solid-phase models of the GAP-PUU with TNT along three crystalline directions, and an improvement in the mechanical properties was predicted.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2016, 13, 2; 411-426
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Research on the Mechanical Properties and Curing Networks of Energetic GAP/TDI Binders
    Autorzy:
    Ma, S.
    Li, Y.
    Li, G.
    Luo, Y.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358300.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    glycidyl azide polymer (GAP)
    curing networks
    hydrogen bonding
    entanglement
    integrity
    Opis:
    This research focused on correlations between the macroscopic mechanical performance and microstructures of energetic binders. Initially a series of glycidyl azide polymer (GAP)/toluene diisocyanate (TDI) binders, catalyzed by a mixture of dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) and triphenyl bismuth (TPB), was prepared. Uniaxial tensile testing, and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy were then used to investigate the mechanical properties, curing networks, and hydrogen bonding (H-bonds) of these binders. Additionally, a novel method based on the molecular theory of elasticity and the statistical theory of rubber elasticity was used to analyze the integrity of the networks. The results showed that the curing parameter R strongly influences the mechanical properties and toughness of the binders, and that a tensile stress (σm) of 1.6 MPa and an elongation (εm) of 1041% was observed with an R value of 1.6. The cross-linking density increased sharply with the curing parameter, but only modestly with an R value ≥ 1.8. The proportion of H-bonds formed by the imino groups increased with the R value and reached 72.61% at an R value of 1.6, indicating a positive correlation between the H-bonds and σm. Molecular entanglement was demonstrated to increase with R and to contribute dramatically to the mechanical performance. The integrity of these networks, evaluated by a correction factor (A), varies with R, and a network of the GAP/TDI binder with an R value of 1.6 is desirable.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2017, 14, 3; 708-725
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Studies on Sensitivity of Nitrate Ester Plasticized Hydroxyl Terminated Prepolymer Based Energetic Solid Rocket Propellants
    Autorzy:
    Bhowmik, D.
    Sadavarte, V. S.
    Charbhe, V. D.
    Pande, S. M.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358663.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    sensitivity
    impact
    friction
    card gap test
    DDT test
    SLSG test
    Opis:
    The sensitivities of energetic materials as well as advanced energetic solid propellants are invariably associated with the nature of the stimuli that are responsible for the initiation of their decomposition. Hence it is important to study the chemical processes involved with these decompositions. While assessing the potential application of new propellant formulations containing energetic materials, it is important to assess their sensitivity to the hazards involved during their handling, transport, storage and use. This paper reports the results of impact, friction, heat, spark and shock sensitivities of advanced high energy solid rocket propellant formulations based on nitrate ester plasticized, hydroxyl terminated prepolymer (SPB-255) as an energetic binder loaded with solid ingredients like ammonium perchlorate (AP), aluminium (Al) and cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (HMX). The results of the small card gap test showed that they are more sensitive than a composite modified double base (CMDB) propellant, which in turn is more sensitive than double base (DB) as well as composite propellants. Deflagration to detonation transition (DDT) tests carried out for the advanced energetic propellant did not show any detonation phenomena. Trinitrotoluene (TNT) equivalence and super large scale gap (SLSG) tests have been carried out for the determination of hazard classification of the energetic solid rocket propellant. The requirements to achieve both higher performance in terms of improved energy (i.e., specific impulse, Isp) and reduced sensitivity for the same propellant composition are contradictory; one should be sacrificed for the other, within manageable limits.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2017, 14, 3; 605-620
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Properties of a Novel, Highly Sensitive Energetic, Coordination Compound: Iron (II) Carbohydrazide Perchlorate
    Autorzy:
    Liu, R.
    Zhou, Z.
    Qi, S.
    Yang, L.
    Wu, B.
    Huang, H.
    Zhang, T.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358343.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    iron (II) carbohydrazide perchlorate
    energetic material
    high
    sensitivity
    DFT
    energy gap
    Opis:
    A single crystal of iron (II) carbohydrazide perchlorate [FeII (CHZ)3](ClO4)2 (FeCP), a novel, lead-free, energetic coordination compound, was synthesized and its structure determined by X-ray single crystal diffraction for the frst time. The crystal belongs to the monoclinic system P2(1)/n space group, with a = 1.0066(2) nm, b = 0.8458(2) nm, c = 2.1194(4) nm, β = 100.693(3)° and Z = 4. The central Fe(II) ion is coordinated to three bidentate carbohydrazide units through the carbonyl oxygen atom and an amino nitrogen atom, forming a six-coordinated, non-centrosymmetric complex cation. The thermal analyses by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry show that the onset temperature of thermal decomposition (152.7 °C) and the critical temperature of thermal explosion of FeCP (161.2 °C) are both much lower than those of other transition metal carbohydrazide perchlorate compounds, and also those of some other primary explosives in service. FeCP has a high enthalpy of combustion, as measured by oxygen bomb calorimetry. The impact, friction and fame sensitivity tests indicate that FeCP is extremely sensitive and hazardous. Unexpected explosions occurred even during the operational processes. In order to explore the intrinsic cause of these explosions, theoretical calculations of the orbital energies were performed based on DTF. These results reveal that the impact sensitivity is positively correlated with the energy gap between HOMO and LUMO: the smaller energy gap results in the higher impact sensitivity.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2013, 10, 1; 17-36
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    GAP/DNTF Based PBX Explosives: a Novel Formula Used in Small Sized Explosive Circuits
    Autorzy:
    An, C.
    Wen, X.
    Wang, J.
    Wu, B.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358581.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    explosive circuits
    GAP/DNTF based PBX explosives
    thermal stability
    mechanical sensitivity
    propagation reliability
    detonation velocity
    Opis:
    With 3,4-dinitrofurazanofuroxan (DNTF) and glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) as the main explosive and binder respectively, GAP/DNTF based PBX explosives were designed, prepared and used to fill the small groove of some explosive circuits. The formulation was: DNTF 85 wt.%, GAP 11 wt.%, 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and other additives making up the final 4 wt.%. After the uncured slurry mixture was prepared by uniform mixing, a squeezing device was used to charge the circuit groove (dimensions less than 1 mm × 1 mm). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) results showed a fine charging effect. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was used to determine the energy of activation (Ea) and the pre-factor (A) of GAP/DNTF and these were compared with those for raw DNTF. The influences and causes of it have been investigated. The experimental results for propagation reliability showed that when the dimensions of the linear groove were 0.8 mm × 0.8 mm, 0.7 mm × 0.7 mm, 0.6 mm × 0.6 mm or 0.5 mm × 0.5 mm, GAP/DNTF based PBX explosives can propagate explosion successfully. Furthermore, the H50 and friction sensitivity of GAP/DNTF based PBX explosives were obtained using the following mechanical sensitivity experiments. These properties are vital if GAP/DNTF based PBX explosives are to be applied in complex explosive circuits.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2016, 13, 2; 397-410
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Optimization of Curing Agents for Linear Difunctional Glycidyl Azide Polymer (GAP), with and without Isocyanate, for Binder Applications
    Autorzy:
    Agawane, N. T.
    Soman, R. R.
    Wagh, R. M.
    Athar, J.
    Talawar, M.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358647.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    energetic binder
    glycidyl azide polymer (GAP)
    isocyanate curing agent
    non-isocyanate curing agent
    insensitive munitions (IM)
    Opis:
    Glycidyl Azide Polymer (GAP) is one of the most potential energetic binders for rocket propellants and gas generator compositions. In the present paper GAP of molecular weight (Mn) ~2000 was cured with a mixture of di- and tri-isocyanates without a cross linker. The curing profile and time of curing was recorded using a rheometer. The minimum curing time was observed for samples cured with Desmodour N-100 alone, whereas the maximum curing time was observed for samples cured with a mixture of Desmodour N-100 and Isophorone Diisocyanate (IPDI) (1:1 w/w). It was observed that all of the samples cured well and were void or bubble free. The mechanical properties data showed that the tensile strength (TS) of GAP cured with Desmodour N-100 alone was 1.19 kgf/cm2, which is a minimum, while the maximum TS (3.66 kgf/cm2) was achieved with a mixture of N-100 and 4,4’methylenebis(phenylisocynate) (MDI). The percent elongation for a sample cured with Desmodour N-100 was 160, and was reduced to 64.27 when a mixture of MDI and N-100 was used. In order to study the curing of GAP without an isocyanate, GAP diol was cured with hexanediol di-acrylate. GAP was also cured with an alkyne-based curing agent i.e. bis-propargyl succinate (BPS), which showed improved curing. Comparative thermal studies of GAP cured with isocyanate and acrylate was carried out. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Simultaneous Thermal Analysis (STA) curves for all of the cured samples were recorded in order to study and compare the thermal decomposition behaviour of the cured GAP. Isocyanate cured GAP exhibited a single stage decomposition, with larger heat output. Acrylate cured GAP exhibited a two stage decomposition. Finally, a mixture of IPDI and Desmodour N-100 was selected for curing of GAP. Accordingly, curing was carried out and was tested in a small ballistic evaluation motor (BEM) to observe the combustion behaviour and burn rate. From the pressure-time profile it was found that this composition gave smooth burning with a pressure of ~3 kg/sec2 for 7 seconds of burn.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2018, 15, 1; 206-222
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Concerning the shock sensitivity of cyclic nitramines incorporated into a polyisobutylene matrix
    Autorzy:
    Pelikán, W.
    Zeman, S.
    Yan, Q. L.
    Erben, M.
    Elbeih, A.
    Akštein, Z.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358036.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    BCHMX
    β-HMX
    RDX
    ε-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane
    CL-20
    gap test
    impact
    Opis:
    Two types of plastic bonded explosives (PBXs) based on ε-2,4,6,8,10,12hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (ε-HNIW, CL-20), and PBXs based on 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX), β-1,3,4,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (β-HMX) and cis-1,3,4,6-tetranitro-octahydroimidazo-[4,5-d]imidazole (bicycloHMX, BCHMX) were prepared using a polyisobutylene binder with dioctylsebacate (DOS) as plasticizer, i.e. a C4 matrix. One version of the ε-HNIW PBX is a product with reduced sensitivity (RS-ε-HNIW). All these PBXs, referenced respectively as RS-ε-HNIW-C4, ε-HNIW-C4, RDX-C4, HMX-C4 and BCHMX-C4, were tested using the Small Scale Gap Test according to STANAG 4488. The results of the gap test on the PBXs with RDX, β-HMX and BCHMX correspond to the impact sensitivities of the original crystalline nitramines. This is not entirely valid for ε-HNIW. In other words, PBXs with RS-ε-HNIW cannot achieve as low a shock sensitivity as would be expected from the differences obtained from the impact sensitivities between RDX, β-HMX and BCHMX, on the one hand, and RS-εHNIW on the other. It is shown that the morphological stability of RS-ε-HNIW in the C4 matrix is insufficient. However, further development and use of RS-ε-HNIW as a filler of PBXs would seem to be both desirable and beneficial. Despite the relatively high impact sensitivity of crystalline BCHMX, the shock sensitivity of its analogous C4 PBX is already good, and comparable with that of RS-ε-HNIW.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2014, 11, 2; 219-235
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Recent trends in research on energetic materials at Cambridge
    Autorzy:
    Proud, W. G.
    Walley, S. M.
    Williamson, D. M.
    Collins, A. L.
    Addiss, J. W.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358917.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2009
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    Differential Mechanical Thermal Analysis
    DMTA
    polymer bonded explosive
    PBX
    thermal properties
    thermal diffusivity
    thermal conductivity
    green primers
    green explosives
    time-temperature equivalence
    strain rate
    EDC37
    RDX
    gap test
    drop-weight
    particle size distribution
    Opis:
    Recent work in our laboratory has established a time-temperature superposition law for a PBX. This was achieved by performing uniaxial compression testing over a wide range of strain rates and temperatures along with Differential Thermal Mechanical Analysis (DMTA). The classic WLF (Williams, Landel, Ferry) transform was found not to fit the shift factor needed to align the data whereas a simple log-linear fit did. The thermal properties (diffusivity, conductivity, heat capacity) of a PBX have been measured three different ways and found to agree (within experimental error) with the classic equation relating these three parameters. This gives us confidence that, for example, hot-spot ignition mechanisms of this class of energetic materials can be accurately modelled using their measured thermal properties. A modular instrumented testing facility has been designed and built to simulate and control the conditions experienced by novel heavy-metal-free (green) primers contained within ammunition. Physical data obtained from the facility, when compared with data from live fire tests, will give a greater understanding of which characteristics are important to functionality. As explosives are granular materials, the techniques developed for studying such materials are being applied to determine the effect of particle size distribution and shape on sensitivity.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2009, 6, 1; 67-102
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-11 z 11

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