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Tytuł:
Increasing the Efficiency of the Production of 1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX)
Autorzy:
Afzali, A.
Esmaeilpour, K.
Damiri, S.
Hadi, Z.
Keshavarz, M. H.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358873.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
design of experiment
efficiency, production capacity 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane 3,7-dinitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazabicyclo[3,3,1]nonane
Opis:
This work introduces a suitable method for the optimization of selective synthesis of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX), as one of the most well-known high explosives, from the aspects of production capacity and efficiency, by nitration of 3,7-dinitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazabicyclo[3,3,1]nonane (DPT). The effective factors in the productive capacity of HMX and the synthesis of a product from raw DPT with high capacity, purity, and efficiency have been identified. The required qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed for the identification and confirmation of the product quality. In order to optimize the process of increasing the capacity of HMX production and evaluation of the effects of different factors on the production capacity, a series of experiments were designed and performed by using central composite design (CCD). Practical studies and statistical analyses showed good conformity between the model presented and the actual results, allowing the selective production of HMX with an efficiency of greater than 70% and a high production capacity.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2016, 13, 4; 845-858
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
1,1-Diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (DADNE, FOX-7) – Properties and Formulations (a Review)
Autorzy:
Trzciński, W.
Belaada, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358760.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (DADNE, FOX-7)
FOX-7-based formulations
performance
sensitivity
application
Opis:
A review of the available literature on the properties of 1,1-diamino-2,2dinitroethene (DADNE, FOX-7) and formulations containing FOX-7 is presented in this paper. The structural, thermal and spectroscopic properties as well as the sensitivity and explosive properties of FOX-7 are described. Compositions containing FOX-7 are characterized in details and their sensitivity and explosive properties are presented. Potential areas of application for such formulations have been identified.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2016, 13, 2; 527-544
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Investigation of an Aluminized Binder/AP Composite Propellant Containing FOX-7
Autorzy:
Florczak, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358557.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
FOX-7
aluminized composite propellant
burning rate
Opis:
This paper presents the results of thermodynamical calculations and investigations of the thermochemical and balistic properties of aluminized composite solid propellants Binder/AP/A1 containing FOX-7. The calculation was conducted by using ICT-Thermodynamic Code. The heat of combustion was determined in a stationary bomb calorimeter IKA C 4000. The breakdown temperatures were taken with the DTA 551 Ex measuring apparatus and the burning rate was measured in a subscale rocket motor utilizing the ESAM v. 3.3.0 system. It was revealed that the introduction of FOX -7 into the propellant composition causes a reduction of the energetic characteristics and the burning rate of the propellant.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2008, 5, 3-4; 65-75
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Investigation of the Properties of Polymer Bonded Explosives Based on 1,1-Diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (FOX-7) and 1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane (HMX)
Autorzy:
Chyłek, Z.
Jurkiewicz, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358409.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
FOX-7
HMX
Poly(NIMMO)
plasticity
silicone
Opis:
The influence of polymeric matrices on the physical properties and stability of polymer bonded explosives based on FOX-7 (1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene) and HMX (1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane) was investigated. Samples of explosives were prepared with different polymeric additives e.g. nonylphenylpolyoxyethyleneglycol ethers (ROKAFENOL), silicone greases and poly(3-methyl-3-nitroxymethyloxetane) (Poly(NIMMO)). The mass ratio of polymeric matrices to explosives was determined experimentally in order to obtain plastic samples stable at room temperature. The most promising products were tested for sensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimuli. Determinations of the critical diameter and detonation velocity were also performed. The use of silicone grease in the mixture containing Poly(NIMMO) gave the most desirable results, that is to say a combination of high performance and high stability.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2016, 13, 4; 859-870
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A Comparison of Properties of Aluminized Composite Propellants Containing HMX and FOX-7
Autorzy:
Florczak, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358559.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
detonation transition
HMX
FOX-7
aluminized composite propellant
Opis:
Modern rocket propellants contain inter alia nitroamines (i.e. RDX, HMX). Therefore, the detonation properties of composite solid propellants are very important for good functioning of rocket motors and for storage. One of the new materials of that kind, with low sensitivity, is FOX-7 which was applied here as one of the components of composite solid propellant. This paper presents the thermodynamical calculations and thermochemical research results as well as the results of a study of transition into detonation of an aluminized composite propellant containing HMX. The said properties were compared with those of a propellant containing FOX-7.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2008, 5, 3-4; 103-111
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Size/Strain Diffraction Peak Broadening of the Energetic Materials FOX-7, RDX and ADN
Autorzy:
Herrmann, M.
Forter-Barth, U.
Kempa, P. B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358820.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
X-ray diffraction
microstructure
FOX-7
RDX
ADN
Opis:
X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) is an established tool for the investigation of energetic materials. Whereas positions and intensities of diffraction peaks yield information on the crystal structure, peak profles are related to the real structure described by crystallite size, shape and microstrain. A series of energetic materials were measured at the synchrotron ANKA, and the size/strain broadening of FOX-7, RDX and ADN is discussed in relation to crystal structures and properties.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2009, 6, 2; 183-193
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A Melt-Cast Composition Based on NTO and FOX-7
Autorzy:
Belaada, A.
Trzciński, W. A.
Chyłek, Z.
Szala, M.
Paszula, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358828.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
NTO
FOX-7
low-sensitivity explosives
melt-cast explosives
Opis:
A melt-cast composition containing NTO, FOX-7, TNT, Al and wax was prepared and tested. The viscosity of the melted composition was measured. Its sensitivity to impact, friction, shock wave and jet impact were determined, and its thermal stability and ignition temperature were established. Some detonation properties of the composition were investigated. The heat of detonation was measured using a calorimetric bomb. The detonation pressure and velocity were determined in a plate-dent test. The results of a cylinder test were used for the determination of the Gurney energy, the detonation pressure and energy, and the so-called effective exponent of the expansion isentrope and the JWL equation of state of the detonation products.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2016, 13, 4; 882-902
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
On the Mechanism of Thermal Decomposition of 1,1-Diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (FOX-7) and its Cyclic Derivatives
Autorzy:
Krisyuk, Boris E.
Zakharov, Viktor V.
Chukanov, Nikita V.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358884.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
quantum chemical calculations
FOX-7
thermal decomposition
DSC
TG
Opis:
The thermal decomposition of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (I) and its cyclic derivatives 2-(dinitromethylene)-1,3-diazacyclopentane (II), 2-(dinitromethylene)-1,3-diazacyclohexane (III) and 2-(dinitromethylene)-1,3-diazacycloheptane (IV) was investigated by quantum chemistry methods (PBE/cc-pVDZ), as well as DSC and TG. According to both the theoretical and experimental data, the thermal stability of compounds I-IV increases in the sequence IV < I ≈ III < II.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2020, 17, 1; 20-30
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Studies on FOX-7 Based Melt Cast High Explosive Formulations
Autorzy:
Mishra, V. S.
Vadali, S. R.
Garg, R. K.
Joshi, V. S.
Wasnik, R. D.
Asthana, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358915.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
melt cast
FOX-7
LOVEX
shock sensitivity
VOD
impulse
IMs
Opis:
The key driving force in modern explosive research is the development of low vulnerable high explosive (LOVEX) compositions for future applications in insensitive munitions (IMs). The increasing demand for LOVEX has led to exhaustive studies on low vulnerable explosives as a replacement for conventional cyclo-1,3,5-trimethylene-2,4,6-trinitramine (RDX) in 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) melt cast high explosive formulations. In the present study, 1,1-diamino-2,2dinitroethene (FOX-7) has been evaluated as a possible RDX replacement in TNT based, non-aluminized as well as aluminized, melt cast formulation. FOX-7 based melt cast formulations were characterized for their sensitivity to mechanical/shock stimuli, velocity of detonation (VOD), blast parameters and thermal decomposition behavior. These characteristics are compared with the corresponding RDX based compositions as reference standard. The studies show that with little sacrifice on performance parameters, FOX-7 based, non-aluminized and aluminized, melt cast formulations are found to be less vulnerable, compared with the corresponding RDX based formulations.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2013, 10, 4; 569-580
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Studies on NTO-, FOX-7- and DNAN-based Melt Cast Formulations
Autorzy:
Mishra, V. S.
Vadali, S. R.
Bhagat, A. L.
Garg, R. K.
Kugaonkar, V. M.
Raman, S.
Sinha, R. K.
Asthana, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358500.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
melt cast
DNAN
TNT
FOX-7
NTO
RDX/TNT
VOD
sensitivity
Opis:
In the present paper, 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) has been evaluated as a melt cast explosive in comparison to the widely used 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). The detonation failure diameter of a bare DNAN charge is greater than 100 mm and about 44 mm with 1.5 mm steel confinement. Comparative studies of two sets of formulations were carried out. The first set comprised formulations containing 60% of NTO, FOX-7, HMX or RDX and 40% of DNAN or TNT. The second set comprised formulations containing 30% of NTO, FOX-7, TATB or RDX and 70% of DNAN or TNT. The studies were mainly concentrated on characterization of the formulations, which included determination of the sensitivity parameters and the velocity of detonation (VOD). The study confirmed that DNAN and DNAN-based formulations are relatively insensitive compared to TNT and the analogous TNT-based formulations respectively. The rate of the detonation reaction of DNAN is enhanced in the presence of the high energy ingredients RDX, HMX, FOX-7 and NTO to varying degrees. The VODs of the FOX-7/TNT and RDX/TNT formulations match closely with the proportions of FOX-7 and RDX under study. The VOD and shock sensitivity of the FOX-7/DNAN formulations decrease rapidly compared to the RDX/DNAN formulations, with increases in the proportion of FOX-7 or RDX. The combinations of NTO with TNT, and NTO with DNAN, are more shock insensitive than TNT or DNAN alone. NTO-based compositions are more insensitive than FOX-7-based compositions.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2017, 14, 2; 403-417
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Interior Perforation Flow Field Study of Partially Cut 7-Perforated Stick Propellants
Autorzy:
Zhao, Xiaoliang
Zhang, Xiaobing
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358092.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
partially cut
7-perforation stick propellants
internal perforation flow field
pressure difference
gas velocity
Opis:
Partially cut 7-perforated propellants are used in gun charges because of their good flame spreading, high progressivity and loading density. To investigate the complex flow field in a partially cut multi-perforation stick propellant, a steady three-dimensional model for compressible viscid internal perforation and the vent gas region flow field was established and simulated by ANSYS Fluent. The results illustrate that the cut vent can decrease the internal perforation pressure and end face gas velocity. Moreover, the mass that escaped through the vent to the outside was 85.3% of the whole internal burning propellant gas. When the width of the cut slot was larger than half the diameter, the internal pressure decreased weakly and the progressive intensity decreased slightly as the cut slot was increased. As the same side intervals were increased or the perforation diameters were decreased, the end face gas velocity and the internal and external perforation pressure differences increased, and the propellant combustion area progressive intensity increased. As the web thickness increased, the internal pressure increased, and gas velocity exhibited an upward tendency and reached peak values when 2e1 = 0.84 mm, whilst the progressive intensity increased slightly.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2019, 16, 4; 564-582
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Assay of the Insensitive High Explosive FOX-7 by Non-Aqueous Titration
Autorzy:
Nandi, A. K.
Paramasivan, P.
Singh, S. K.
Mandal, A. K.
Pandey, R. K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358156.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene
FOX-7
non-aqueous titration
N,N-dimethylformamide
Opis:
A non-aqueous titration method was developed to assay the insensitive high explosive 1,1-diamino-2, 2-dinitroethene (FOX-7). The weak acidic nature of FOX-7 (pKa 10.6) was exploited in the assay method. The sample was dissolved in the protophilic solvent N, N-dimethylformamide and titrated against sodium methoxide solution in benzene/methanol using azo violet as indicator. FOX-7 samples obtained from regular batch operations were assayed by this method and the results were compared with that of a recrystallized sample. The method is simple, rapid and has good accuracy and precision.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2012, 9, 4; 343-352
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Computational Characterization of a Potential Energetic Compound: 1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-2,4,6,8-tetraazacubane
Autorzy:
Politzer, P.
Lane, P.
Murray, J. S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/357960.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
1,3,5,7-tetranitro-2,4,6,8-tetraazacubane
energetic performance
density
impact sensitivity
Opis:
The high densities and (strain-induced) enthalpies of formation of cage-type molecules have drawn attention to their polynitro derivatives as potential energetic materials. Several such compounds have been synthesized, including octanitrocubane and hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane. One that has not yet been prepared but has evoked continuing interest is 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-2,4,6,8- tetraazacubane. Some years ago, on the basis of a very high estimated density (about 2.19 g/cm3), it was predicted to have detonation properties greatly superior to those of HMX. We have now used computational procedures developed since that time to reassess the expected detonation performance of this compound. We find: density, 1.940 g/cm3; solid phase enthalpy of formation at 298 K, 757 cal/g; detonation velocity, 9.8 mm/µs; detonation pressure, 444 kbar; impact sensitivity, h50 ∼ 40 cm. These are all better than the corresponding values for HMX, but not by as much as had been estimated earlier.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2011, 8, 1; 39-52
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Polynitrobenzenes Containing Alkoxy and Alkylenedioxy groups: Potential HEMs and Precursors of New Energetic Materials
Autorzy:
Šarlauskas, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/357986.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
polynitroderivatives
HEMs
synthesis
5,6,7,8-tetranitro-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine (TNBD)
reactions
Opis:
Several di-, tri- and tetranitroderivatives of alkoxy-, dialkoxy-, trialkoxy- and cyclic alkylenedioxybenzene derivatives were synthesized by nitration of starting compounds under different conditions and their properties were compared to the already known 2,4,6-trinitroanisole and TNT. Synthesized trinitro- and tetranitrocompounds of alkoxy-/alkylenedioxybenzene (especially cyclic derivatives) may serve as useful precursors for the synthesis of numerous energetic derivatives. The highest melting point (286 C) and calculated density (1.907 g/cm3) is marked for 5,6,7,8-tetranitro-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine (TNBD). Promising properties of the latter compound allow further exploration of this material as a potential thermostable HEM.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2010, 7, 4; 313-324
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Computational Investigation on the Structure and Performance of Novel 4,7-dinitro-furazano-[3,4-d]-pyridazine Derivatives
Autorzy:
Wang, K.
Shu, Y.
Liu, N.
Ding, X.
Wu, Z.
Lu, Y.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358090.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
Tematy:
4,7-dinitro-furazano-[3,4-d]-pyridazine
heat of formation
density
detonation performance
bond dissociation energy
Opis:
Seven novel energetic 4,7-dinitro-furazano-[3,4-d]-pyridazine derivatives were designed, and their optimized structures and performances were studied by density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP/6-311g(d,p) level. The detonation performances were estimated by the Kamlet-Jacobs equations. The results show that these compounds have high crystal densities (1.818-1.925 g·cm−3), detonation velocities (8.51-9.56 km·s−1) and detonation pressures (32.28-41.70 GPa). The bond dissociation energies (BDEs) of the weakest bond (N–O bond) vary from 70.889 kJ·mol−1 to 173.283 kJ·mol−1, and some of them exhibit higher BDEs than that of RDX (N–NO2 bond, 149.654 kJ·mol−1) and HMX (N–NO2 bond, 154.905 kJ·mol−1). M4 and M5 exhibit similar and higher detonation performance than RDX (8.81 km·s−1, 34.47 GPa). The detonation performance of M7 (9.56 km·s−1, 41.70 GPa) even surpasses that of HMX (9.10 km·s−1, 39.00 GPa). Otherwise, the specific impulse values of M1-M7 (266-279 s) outperform HMX (266 s) by 0-13 s, which indicates that M1-M7 may show better performance as monopropellants. It is concluded that density, heat of formation, stability, detonation performance and specific impulse of the designed compounds depend on the position and number of the N→O oxidation bonds.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2017, 14, 1; 26-46
1733-7178
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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