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    Wyświetlanie 1-6 z 6
    Tytuł:
    Toluene Mono-nitration in a Semi-batch Reactor
    Autorzy:
    Chen, L. P.
    Chen, W. P.
    Liu, Y.
    Peng, J. H.
    Liu, R. H.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358853.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2008
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    toluene mono-nitration
    apparent activation energy
    semi-batch reaction
    thermal hazard
    Opis:
    Toluene mono-nitration in a semi-batch reactor was investigated with reaction calorimeter (RC1). The mixed acid HNO3/H2SO4/H2O (wt%) was used in proportion 13/66/21, which is similar to industrial parameters. The exothermic rates at different reaction temperatures were compared, and then the curves of heat generation rate after dosing were analyzed. The Maximal Temperature attainable by runaway of the desired Synthetic Reaction (MTSR) under different conditions were calculated for the course hazard evaluation. The results showed that the average reaction heat of mono-nitration was between 169.07~177.11 kJ mol-1, and the special heat of reactant was about 2 kJ kg-1 K-1. Average Ea of second order kinetic was about 30 kJ mol-1, and reaction rate was 10-4 mol s-1 l-1 order of magnitude when the strength of sulphuric acid was about 73.5%. It was also found that when temperature or stirring speed increases, the potential heat accumulation decreases.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2008, 5, 2; 37-47
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Experimental Study of the Explosion of Aluminized Explosives in Air
    Autorzy:
    Chen, Y.
    Xu, S.
    Wu, D. J.
    Liu, D. B.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358676.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    explosion in air
    aluminized explosives
    boron powders
    TNT equivalence
    fireballs
    Opis:
    Piezoelectric gauges were used to measure the shock wave overpressure of aluminized explosives and of a TNT charge. An infrared thermal-imaging spectrometer was used to collect the infrared signatures produced by the explosion fireball when the examined explosives were detonated. The measurement of the infrared signatures was used to estimate the surface temperatures and the dimensions of the fireball. Two aluminized explosive compositions (RDX/Al/AP and RDX/Al/B/AP) have been analyzed. 500 g charges of the aluminized explosives were prepared and studied, and their TNT equivalences were calculated according to the experimental data and the explosion law. The highest surface temperatures of the fireballs of these aluminized explosives were up to 1600 °C, which was higher than that of the TNT charge. In the region of the highest surface temperature above 700 °C, the duration for the composition RDX/Al/AP was about 232 ms (2.73 times more than TNT), whilst RDX/Al/B/AP was about 360 ms. The fireballs obtained from the explosion of these aluminized explosives had larger dimensions than that of TNT, especially when the surface temperature was above 1000 °C. The test results indicate that the addition of boron powders to aluminized explosives is a good way to enhance their blast effect, to improve the temperature of the explosion field and to prolong the duration of the higher temperature.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2016, 13, 1; 117-134
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Phase Diagrams of the MeNQ/HN and HN/NQ Binary Systems
    Autorzy:
    Tian, M.-M.
    Li, H.-R.
    Chen, L.
    Ju, X.
    Shu, Y.-J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358436.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    phase diagram
    binary system
    eutectic
    DSC
    XRD
    Opis:
    An equation for a binary phase diagram with two eutectic points was deduced from the Van’t Hoff equation. The melting points of hydrazinium nitrate/ nitroguanidine (HN/NQ) samples with different ratios, ranging from 0 to 1 mole fraction, were explored by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results revealed the presence of two eutectic points in the phase diagram of the HN/NQ binary system. The dependence of temperature on the composition (T-X phase diagram) of HN/NQ was depicted based on the equation described by the DSC data. The phase diagram of MeNQ/HN, with only one eutectic point was constructed by substituting experimental data of the compositions and their corresponding temperatures into the Van’t Hoff equation. The phase diagram with two or more eutectic points indicated the formation of new stable compounds with appropriate ratios of the two components; no new substance appeared in the system with only one eutectic point. Thus, the HN/NQ binary system showed the presence of a new substance, which is probably the HN/NQ co-crystal. No new substance was detected in the MeNQ/HN binary system. The results of the X-ray diffraction patterns agree with the findings from the phase diagrams.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2015, 12, 2; 271-286
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Coating of LiBH4 and Its Effect on the Decomposition of RDX and AP
    Autorzy:
    Ding, X.
    Shu, Y.
    Chen, Z.
    Liu, N.
    Gou, B.
    Zhang, J.
    Wu, M.
    Xie, G.
    Dang, T.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358086.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    coating
    hydride
    additive
    hygroscopicity
    DSC
    Opis:
    The novel fuel additive LiBH4 was introduced as an energetic component for its outstanding hydrogen content, perfect burning performance and high reactivity. In order to limit the hygroscopicity and to improve the stability in the air, LiBH4 was coated on the surface with wax and polyester carbonate. The final product was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron energy spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy, while the stability in air was investigated by regular checking of variations in weight. The results show that a uniform coating layer was formed on the surface of the LiBH4, and the coverage was estimated from the boron content as approximately 82%. A healing effect was confirmed on defective surfaces exposed to air; the coating layer improves the relative stability by 50.7%. Furthermore, LiBH4 as an additive to promote the thermal decomposition of 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-trazinane (RDX) and ammonium perchlorate (AP) was explored by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), in which the catalytic effects of pure LiBH4 and coated LiBH4 were compared, and indicated that the coating does not decrease the reactivity of LiBH4. It is suggested that surface coating with some inert materials is a simple and effective method for improving the storage and performance of LiBH4, while ensuring its reactivity.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2017, 14, 1; 134-151
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    A Facile Synthesis of 3,3'-Dinitro-5,5'-diamino-bi-1,2,4-triazole and a Study of Its Thermal Decomposition
    Autorzy:
    Ma, Q.
    Lu, H.
    Qu, Y.
    Liao, L.
    Li, J.
    Fan, G.
    Chen, Y.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358272.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    3,3’-dinitro-5,5’-diamino-bi-1,2,4-triazole
    facile synthesis
    DSC-TG
    RSFTIR
    TG-IR
    thermolysis
    Opis:
    3,3’-Dinitro-5,5’-diamino-bi-1,2,4-triazole (DABNT) was synthesized by a facile method and its crystalline density was determined as 1.839 g·cm−3 at 293(2) K by X-ray diffraction. Its thermal decomposition kinetics and mechanism were studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry-thermogravimetry (DCS-TG), in situ thermolysis by rapid-scan Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (RSFTIR) and simultaneous TG-IR technology. The results showed that the apparent activation energies obtained by the Kissinger, Ozawa and Starink methods were 122.9 kJ·mol−1, 123.2 kJ·mol−1 and 123.5 kJ·mol−1, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters of ΔS≠, ΔH≠ and ΔG≠ were −37.5 J·K−1·mol−1, 118.4 kJ·mol−1 and 138.7 kJ·mol−1, respectively. The decomposition reaction process of DABNT starts with the transformation from a primary amine to a secondary amine and then the loss of one nitro-group from the DABNT structure. Gaseous products, such as N2O and H2O, were detected from decomposition in the range of 50-300 °C. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were further employed to illustrate the decomposition mechanism. The above-mentioned information on the synthesis and thermal behaviour is quite useful for the scale-up and evaluation of the thermal safety of DABNT.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2017, 14, 2; 281-295
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The Microstructural Evolution in HMX Based Plastic-bonded Explosive During Heating and Cooling Process: an in situ Small-angle Scattering Study
    Autorzy:
    Yan, G.
    Tian, Q.
    Liu, J.
    Fan, Z.
    Sun, G.
    Zhang, C.
    Wang, Y.
    Chen, B.
    Gong, J.
    Zhou, X.
    Yang, Z.
    Nie, F.
    Li, J.
    Li, X.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358618.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    SANS
    SAXS
    HMX-PBX
    thermal damages
    phase transition
    Opis:
    The thermal damage in octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) based plastic-bonded explosive (PBX) was investigated using in situ small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering techniques. The microstructural evolution was quantitatively characterized by the model fitting parameters of total interfacial surface area (Sv) and void volume distribution. The Sv of HMX-PBX decreased markedly above 100 °C, indicating the movement of binder into the voids. After subsequent cooling to room temperature, the scattering intensity increased significantly with increasing storage time, and a new population of voids with average diameter of 20 nm was observed, accompanied by the gradual phase transition of HMX from δ- to β-phase. The experimental results implied that serious damage within the HMX-PBX was developed during storage after heating.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2016, 13, 4; 916-926
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-6 z 6

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