Informacja

Drogi użytkowniku, aplikacja do prawidłowego działania wymaga obsługi JavaScript. Proszę włącz obsługę JavaScript w Twojej przeglądarce.

English (EN)·Polski (PL)·Yкраїнський (UK)
Przejdź do strony domowej biblioteki Centralna Biblioteka Wojskowa Link otwiera się w nowym oknie Logo biblioteki Prolib Integro - strona głównaCentralna Biblioteka Wojskowa

Wyszukujesz frazę "Handel" wg kryterium: Temat

  Lista filtrów
Wyrównaj
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 22
Tytuł:
Wątpliwości i kontrowersje wokół definicji handlu ludźmi
Doubts and controversies concerning the definition of human trafficking
Autorzy:
Sitarz, Olga
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698949.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
handel ludźmi
polityka kryminalna
human trafficking
criminalization
Opis:
The publication discusses introduction of new solutions pertaining to human trafficking to Polish legal system, namely the very definition of the phenomenon in the act of law. The article is divided into 6 parts. In part one, the author indicates the reasons why the law in this area needs to be changed and enumerates the duties imposed on the legislator. Since human trafficking is a very complex criminological phenomenon, part three discusses the problem of the criminological definition of human trafficking. The legislator, creating penal provisions for such deeds must naturally take the phenomenology of human trafficking into account, at the same time bearing in mind that the provisions at this stage of using them will be subject to interpretation. This interpretation, as criminal law is repressive in nature, has its own rules. Hence part four is devoted to selected issues of interpretation in criminal law but only from the point of view of the analysed changes in law. The penultimate part includes discussion of the role and meaning of legal definitions in criminal law, also in the light of international obligations of the Republic of Poland. The final part contains a critical analysis of the definition of human trafficking.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2010, XXXII; 327-344
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kryminologiczne aspekty pracy przymusowej w Polsce
The Criminological Aspects of Forced Labour in Poland
Autorzy:
Wieczorek, Łukasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698712.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
praca przymusowa
ofiara
sprawca
handel ludźmi
kontrola
przemoc
krymonologia
Opis:
The article discusses some of the findings of research carried out in 2008–2012 on forced labour in Poland. The research was done using triangulation methods and consisted in an analysis of seven criminal cases concerning human trafficking with a view to forced labour examined by Polish courts and prosecutors’ offices in 1998–2012. Interviews with experts and practitioners working to eliminate human trafficking (29 interviews) and with victims of forced labour in Poland (4 interviews) were also conducted. I also used a content analysis method to study press articles on forcing people to work in Poland and forcing Poles to work abroad that had appeared in the Polish press in 1997–2012. A total of 224 press articles were examined. Another source of information about forced labour in Poland, or rather about the social perception of this phenomenon, consisted in qualitative field research done in 32 localities across eight Polish provinces. This included a total of 137 conversations and interviews.The findings indicate that the problem of forced work doubtless exists in Poland, although it is difficult to gauge its actual scale. At the same time the phenomenology of forced labour that I present indicates that there are many aspects to forcing someone to work. Those who fall prey to forced labour include both Polish nationals and foreigners (Poles are generally forced to work abroad, while foreigners are subjected to forced labour in Poland). The age and sex of the victims is also irrelevant, as both young and middle-aged persons and both men and women are forced to work. There are many ways of recruiting and then of forcing one to work. In fact, it would be hard to enumerate all the methods employed by perpetrators to make their victims work. It is therefore impossible to indicate any specific group of people that would be particularly prone to this practice, as anyone can become a victim. The same goes for branches of the economy – it is impossible to indicate any one area that would be particularly susceptible to exploitation and forcing individuals to work. Research findings indicate that in Poland forced labour occurs in agriculture, construction, shipbuilding, textiles, sales, and services (particularly housework). Drawing on B. Andress’s idea of the continuum of exploitation (B. Andrees, Forced labour and trafficking in Europe: how people are trapped in, live through and come out, International Labour Office, Geneva 2008), I discovered that when it came to forced labour in Poland there was a distinctive succession of phases at play before people were actually forced into labour. In other words, ‘employers’ used various types of violence, threats or ruses to test the employee’s susceptibility to exploitation, trying to find out to what extent they could make the person work harder, while at the same time increasing the conditions of enslavement eventually resulting in forced labour. This finding is important when it comes to the scope of the legal provisions penalising human trafficking and forced labour in Poland. In their current wording, these provisions do not include behaviour such as progressive exploitation.My research clearly shows that Polish law enforcement and work inspection agencies have difficulty identifying cases of forced labour. Cases were often discovered by accident or by a coincidence as a result of which police agencies received information about a particular situation. Another weak spot in the identification of such cases is the lack of police intelligence about work agencies bringing foreign workers to Poland, particularly from Asian countries. Another issue is the lack of any regulation that would clearly and unequivocally penalise forced labour. The field research seems to indicate that law enforcement officers, prosecutors and judges are not familiar with the phenomenology of forced labour and do not always consider it a form of human trafficking, particularly when the victims arrived in Poland via legal channels and/or were not sold. The ineffectiveness of the Polish system of eliminating forced labour and human trafficking is another problem due to the lack of joint action by law enforcement and the judiciary. The ineffectualness of law enforcement agencies isn’t only due to poor organisation and lack of human resources, but also due to a lack of instruments and procedures for detecting these kinds of crimes. Finally, low social awareness of the problem and social consent to people being exploited in the work setting are another aspect making it difficult to eliminate forced labour in Poland. The awareness of the foreigners themselves is another issue. They often come to Poland looking for work and agree to poor working conditions, hoping to earn more than in their home countries.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2017, XXXIX; 71-116
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Epilogue
Autorzy:
Winterdyk, John
Van der Watt, Marcel
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1375724.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-05-27
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
human trafficking
labour trafficking
forced labour
Palermo Protocol
exploitation
handel ludźmi
handel ludźmi do pracy
praca przymusowa
Protokół z Palermo
wykorzystanie
Opis:
The Epilogue begins by describing the ambiguity of the meaning of human trafficking (HT) before offering a review of the 4P's that represent the primary responses to combatting HT. A brief reference is then made to a 'new' P - participation – and how it can play an essential role in fighting HT. The article then notes that there remains a dearth of research on forced labour trafficking despite its rich history. A summary of the articles is presented with an emphasis on identifying existing gaps in our knowledge and research. The Epilogue concludes with several vital suggestions for future efforts to combat forced labour trafficking.
The Epilogue begins by describing the ambiguity of the meaning of human trafficking (HT) before offering a review of the 4P's that represent the primary responses to combatting HT. A brief reference is then made to a 'new' P - participation – and how it can play an essential role in fighting HT. The article then notes that there remains a dearth of research on forced labour trafficking despite its rich history. A summary of the articles is presented with an emphasis on identifying existing gaps in our knowledge and research. The Epilogue concludes with several vital suggestions for future efforts to combat forced labour trafficking.   Epilog rozpoczyna opis niejednoznaczności terminu „handel ludźmi”. Następnie zostały przedstawione cztery podstawowe sposoby zwalczania tego zjawiska (4P), a także omówiono zagadnienie „nowego uczestnictwa”, mogącego odgrywać kluczową rolę w walce z handlem ludźmi. Zauważono także, że mimo bogatej historii badań poświęconych handlowi ludźmi, wciąż brakuje badań dotyczących pracy przymusowej. W epilogu zawarto także podsumowanie artykułów opublikowanych w niniejszym numerze, przy czym szczególny nacisk położono na identyfikację luk w dotychczasowej wiedzy i badaniach. Epilog kończy się kilkoma sugestiami odnośnie do przyszłych działań na rzecz zwalczania pracy przymusowej.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2021, XLIII/1; 295-306
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
O handlu ludźmi w Polsce, czyli o ewolucji zjawiska i budowie systemu jego eliminowania
On human trafficking in Poland, that is on evolution of the phenomenon and construction of the system to eliminate it
Autorzy:
Lasocik, Zbigniew
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699007.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
handel ludźmi
polityka kryminalna
zapobieganie przestępczości
human trafficking
organized crime
crime
victim
Opis:
The thesis of this work is as follows: human trafficking is particularly detrimental as it harms the foundations of modern civilization. It is a phenomenon which appeared in Poland 20 years ago and is still present. What is more, one can see its significant expansion in all possible dimensions. The character of this crime is changing, less and less frequently this is a criminal activity of organized crime groups (mafia gangs), more and more frequently it is a well-organised activity of criminal groups organized ad hoc. New forms of enslavement and abuse appear while physical abuse, relatively easier to detect, plays less and less important role. The change includes also the scale of the problem, measured by the number of criminal cases or the number of reported victims, and to be clear the numbers do not decrease, they increase. The evolution spoken of here includes also such issues as origin of the victims and their sociodemographic profile (here the direction of development is also clear, the victims come from all countries and continents and they are more and more diverisified). Polish law has been changing for many years but it is hard to admit the law is fully adequate to the needs and the scale of the problem. The practice of action of many public institutions changes. Efforts to eliminate human trafficking have been made for years, without effects though. The system to eliminate human trafficking, which has been built for 15 years in Poland, has stable legal and institutional basis, yet lack of political will and decisive organization actions causes the system to lack effectiveness and flexibility necessary in a confrontation with such a dangerous phenomenon as human trafficking is. A reliable description of human trafficking is hard in any place and at any time. In such countries as Poland, it is particularly hard for several reasons. Most of all because it is a phenomenon well-hidden behind many facades of fully legal activities, it is also a rich in content, diverse, and ever changing phenomenon. It is still valid that what we know of human trafficking is merely a tip of the iceberg. We know little about it also because Poland has been a member of EU which makes it an attractive destination for foreigners who either seek their opportunities here or move to other EU countries using the freedom of movement. One of prominent features of evoulution of human trafficking in Poland is a Shift from the country of origin to transit country and to destination one. Political and economic changes of the early 1990s combined with temporary decrease in police effectiveness resulted in increase in crime. Also the serious one, organized crime. This is when human trafficking ap-peared in Poland. In the beginning, activity of criminal groups concentrated on recruitment of Polish women to sex businesses in Western Europe.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2012, XXXIV; 481-529
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wizerunek ofiary handlu kobietami w krajowym orzecznictwie karnym na podstawie analizy wyroków w sprawach o handel ludźmi w latach 1997-2009
The image of women trafficking victimis in the polish judicial decisions based on judgements on human trafficking criminal cases between 1997 and 2009
Autorzy:
Koss-Goryszewska, Maryla
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698553.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
handel ludźmi
ofiary handlu ludźmi
kryminologia feministyczna
women trafficking victims
human trafficking
Opis:
The article presents results of an analysis on Polish courts' judgements passed in criminal cases between 1997 and 2009 concerning human trafficking, i.e. former Article 253§1 and 204§4 Penal Code, conducted with an aim to investigate the image of the party injured as a result of such crime. The research included 59 court cases concerning sexual abuse of women, in which a judgement of conviction (either final and binding or not) was passed. The aim of the research was to the reconstruct the process in which a victim of women trafficking is seen by judges, to analyse the language used by judges in dealing with the victims, and to check if there is a specific model or models in the manner the victims' image is seen by judges. As part of this research, an analysis of semantic fields and qualitative analysis were conducted. The conclusions from the former show that the language used by judges when referring to the crime victims is highly diversified: ranging from formal, official registers ('the injured party', 'women', 'witness'), to vernacular and hardly formal, or even vulgar ('white slaves', 'roadside hookers'). As long as the first of the above registers does not carry any judgemental aspect in describing victims of human trafficking, the other style proves how negative the image is: one of a prostitute or a naïve, reckless girl. The semantic field analysis showed that among the expressions referring to the victims, the ones suggesting that the women got what they deserved were predominant. This language contains an element of the victim's causative involvement, suggesting that the women had some part of the blame for the circumstances, or that the circumstances were not as threatening or traumatising. It is often emphasised that the victims themselves agreed to travel, or had had prostitution experience before. Interesting conclusions can be drawn from analysis of semantic field equivalents, or in other words, the expressions used in lieu of the word 'victim'. Two groups emerge from among them: one, negative judgemental language used towards the injured party, and two, neutral. In the former group expressions such as: 'subject of trade', 'social outcast', 'property', 'human merchandise', 'merchandise subject to', 'a working girl', 'ladies of the evening', 'girls' are found. A considerable portion of these expressions indicates that the human trafficking victims are seen as de facto prostitutes ('prostitutes', 'roadside hookers', 'ladies of the evening'). Another thing that draws attention is the register of the language, with examples of colloquial or even vulgar words being used, which is certainly improper in documents of such importance. The fact that judges used inverted commas when they opting for some of these expressions in writing cannot serve as an excuse.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2013, XXXV; 161-191
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Taking stock of labour trafficking in the Netherlands
Bilans zjawiska handlu ludźmi do pracy przymusowej w Holandii
Autorzy:
van Meeteren, Masja
Heideman, Nikki
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1375685.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-05-27
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
handel ludźmi do pracy przymusowej
praca dorywcza
handel ludźmi
migracja zarobkowa
wykorzystanie do pracy
praca przymusowa
labour trafficking
precarious work
human trafficking
labour migration
labour exploitation
forced labour
Opis:
In the Netherlands, labour trafficking was criminalised as human trafficking in 2005. Since then, criminal investigations into labour trafficking have slowly taken off. Building on a content analysis of files and reports from the labour inspectorate, this paper contributes to the currently limited body of knowledge on the nature of labour trafficking. It does so by focussing on scholarly debates about the nature of the crime and its relation to labour migration. Based on the analysis, it is argued that the bulk of labour trafficking should be understood as a by-product of labour migration, and that labour trafficking often arises from the economic opportunistic motives of businesses and only occasionally occurs in criminal environments. In addition, the paper adds to our understanding of the prosecution of human trafficking by analysing why so many labour trafficking cases in the Netherlands have not resulted in a conviction. Building on a qualitative analysis of case law, it is shown that a major problem in getting suspects convicted is that the human rights threshold against which cases of labour trafficking are tested is often not surpassed, as the abuses in the labour market are often deemed not excessive enough to qualify as human trafficking.
In the Netherlands, labour trafficking was criminalised as human trafficking in 2005. Since then, criminal investigations into labour trafficking have slowly taken off. Building on a content analysis of files and reports from the labour inspectorate, this paper contributes to the currently limited body of knowledge on the nature of labour trafficking. It does so by focussing on scholarly debates about the nature of the crime and its relation to labour migration. Based on the analysis, it is argued that the bulk of labour trafficking should be understood as a by-product of labour migration, and that labour trafficking often arises from the economic opportunistic motives of businesses and only occasionally occurs in criminal environments. In addition, the paper adds to our understanding of the prosecution of human trafficking by analysing why so many labour trafficking cases in the Netherlands have not resulted in a conviction. Building on a qualitative analysis of case law, it is shown that a major problem in getting suspects convicted is that the human rights threshold against which cases of labour trafficking are tested is often not surpassed, as the abuses in the labour market are often deemed not excessive enough to qualify as human trafficking.   W Holandii praca przymusowa jest jedną z form przestępstwa handlu ludźmi od 2005 roku. Od tego momentu stopniowo zaczęto prowadzić postępowania karne w sprawach o pracę przymusową. Niniejszy artykuł, oparty o badanie aktowe i analizę raportów inspekcji pracy, stanowi uzupełnienie cały czas stosunkowo niewielkiej wiedzy na temat zjawiska pracy przymusowej. Koncentruje się na naukowych rozważaniach o przestępstwie i jego związku z migracją zarobkową. Przeprowadzona analiza pozwala stwierdzić, że praca przymusowa jest zwykle postrzegana jako zjawisko związane z handlem ludźmi (stanowiąc niejako jego „produkt uboczny”), podczas gdy tak naprawdę sporadycznie pojawia się ona w środowiskach przestępczych. Częściej bowiem wynika z wyrachowanego działania samych przedsiębiorstw opartego na przesłankach czysto ekonomicznych. Niniejszy artykuł daje także szerszy obraz ścigania przestępstwa handlu ludźmi pozwalając jednocześnie zrozumieć, dlaczego wiele spraw o handel ludźmi do pracy przymusowej w Holandii nie zakończyło się skazaniem. W oparciu o analizę jakościową wydanych orzeczeń wykazano, że głównym problemem przy skazaniu podejrzanych o pracę przymusową jest to, że stopień naruszenia praw człowieka (wykorzystania) w takich sprawach nie jest na tyle wysoki, a nadużycia na rynku pracy nie na tyle poważne, by można je było zakwalifikować jako przestępstwo handlu ludźmi.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2021, XLIII/1; 143-168
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Risk Assessment and the Safe Return and Reintegration of Trafficked Persons
Autorzy:
Ludwig, Elisa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698646.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
reintegracja
handel ludźmi
ofiary handlu ludźmi
risk assessment
safe return
trafficked persons
reintegration
Opis:
Human trafficking is a complex crime and a capital perpetration against human rights and in particular women’s rights. Moreover, it is a threat to inter-/national security and freedom. People affected by trafficking often want to or even have to return to their home countries – and they are entitled to a safe return. The expertise on Risk assessment and the Safe Return and Reintegration of trafficked persons from the perspective of Polish institutions aims to enable public officers of Poland to prevent retrafficking and/or other harms and violations of human rights, in case that trafficked persons decide to return to their countries of origin or to resettle to a third country. For that matter, the paper starts with describing the identification process as the most important step in order to enable any further assistance concerning support-, protection-, safety- and possible legal measures; including the preferably voluntary return of a survivor. Having a clear definition of human trafficking – orientated on the Polish Penal Code – is the basic requirement in order to properly identify (presumed) victims of trafficking. As experience and empiricism show, failure in the identification procedure is the most common reason for repeated trafficking in human beings or other violations of human rights. Therefore, the indicators presented in this chapter serve as an identification-checklist for the officers concerned. The experts responsible of the formal identification then have to act upon any suspicion that may arise. As soon as this is given, a reflection period has to be granted to any presumed victim. The provision of this reflection period represents an indispensable principle in the adequate assistance of trafficked persons and is highlighted at the end of the chapter on identification. In the following, the paper continues with the framework of a safe return, where the measures necessary to successfully carrying out a proper risk analysis and designing security scenarios are introduced. In order to prioritize the trafficked person’s rights, safety and dignity, coordinated action in conducting a safe return between state actors and NGOs, embassies and consulates have to be emphasized. After putting a spotlight on the importance of a human rights based approach in the assistance of trafficked persons, the expertise goes more specifically into the required steps to conduct a systematic risk assessment. Here, the history of the trafficked person, research on additional sources in order to compile all possible facts and the concerted shaping of security scenarios between all involved actors are pointed out. A safe return always has to include a successful reintegration in the country of origin respectively in a third country, where the trafficked persons might need to be resettled. For this reason, the situation for survivors after the return is examined. As part of the monitoring procedure, actors have to assess the success of a safe return including the reintegration experiences of a trafficked person. The respective indicators to ensure a successful reintegration are enlisted at the end of that chapter. Finally, the expertise discusses the specific role of Polish public authorities and deals with their prospects and challenges, before it completes with examples from the practical experiences of Anti-Trafficking NGOs. Exigencies like the cooperation with specialized NGOs as early as possible during the identification phase, the provision of legal residences, the needed interventions concerning free mobility of trafficked persons and the requirements to support departure, migration and entry processes are examined more in-depth in the penultimate chapter. Eventually, the expertise describes specific challenges Polish public authorities have to face and closes with the chapter to a Best Practice and a Worst Case Scenario from Anti-Trafficking NGOs.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2016, XXXVIII; 141-160
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The characteristics of trafficking in human beings in Hungary and Romania
Charakterystyka zjawiska handlu ludźmi na Węgrzech i w Rumunii
Autorzy:
Windt, Szandra
Deres, Petronella
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1375551.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-06-15
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
trafficking in human beings
Romania
Hungary
exploitation
crime groups
handel ludźmi
Rumunia
Węgry
wykorzystywanie
grupy przestępcze
Opis:
Hungary and Romania are both origin and transit countries for victims of human trafficking, considering the lack of work opportunities and the deep poverty in some parts of these countries. The TIP Report1 for 2019 lists both Hungary and Romania on the Tier 2 Watch List2 for different reasons. National and international organisations report an alarmingly high number of trafficking cases in both countries, while the number of trafficking investigations and the sentences for these crimes are low. Since 2010, the leadership of the two countries has tried to meet American and European expectations through various measures. New laws have been created in both Hungary and Romania, and there are numerous regulations that deal with victims of trafficking in human beings (hereinafter: THB). This desk research study, based on a comparison of Romania and Hungary, provides insights into the characteristics of THB in these countries.
Hungary and Romania are both origin and transit countries for victims of human trafficking, considering the lack of work opportunities and the deep poverty in some parts of these countries. The TIP Report1 for 2019 lists both Hungary and Romania on the Tier 2 Watch List2 for different reasons. National and international organisations report an alarmingly high number of trafficking cases in both countries, while the number of trafficking investigations and the sentences for these crimes are low. Since 2010, the leadership of the two countries has tried to meet American and European expectations through various measures. New laws have been created in both Hungary and Romania, and there are numerous regulations that deal with victims of trafficking in human beings (hereinafter: THB). This desk research study, based on a comparison of Romania and Hungary, provides insights into the characteristics of THB in these countries.   Węgry i Rumunia są uznawane zarówno za kraje pochodzenia, jak i kraje tranzytu ofiar handlu ludźmi. Wynika to z braku możliwości podjęcia pracy i głębokiego ubóstwa panującego w niektórych częściach tych krajów. W raporcie “Trafficking in Persons” (the TIP Report) za 2019 r., wydawanym przez Biuro ds. Monitorowania i Zwalczania Handlu Ludźmi Departamentu Stanu USA, oba kraje zostały wymienione wśród państw, które – pomimo podejmownanych wysiłków – nie spełniają minimalnych standardów określonych w Trafficking Victims Protection Act. Różne krajowe i międzynarodowe organizacje informują o dramatycznie zwiększającej się liczbie przypadków handlu ludźmi w każdym z tych krajów, ale jednocześnie o niewielkiej liczbie prowadzonych postępowań karnych i skazań za to przestępstwo. Od 2010 r. rządy Węgier i Rumunii, wykorzystując różne instrumenty, starają się doprowadzić do implementacji amerykańskich i europejskich zaleceń. W każdym z tych krajów zostały wprowadzone nowe przepisy dotyczące postępowania z ofiarami handlu ludźmi. Analiza danych zastanych pozwoliła na charakterystykę i porównanie nowo przyjętych rozwiązań w obu państwach.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2020, XLII/1; 139-161
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
What is labour exploitation? The Belgian and British experience
Co to jest praca przymusowa? Doświadczenia belgijskie i brytyjskie
Autorzy:
Weatherburn, Amy
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1375668.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-05-27
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
handel ludźmi
wykorzystanie do pracy
praca przymusowa
wykorzystanie
definicje
human trafficking
labour exploitation
forced labour
exploitation
definitions
Opis:
The legal understanding of labour exploitation is a grey area. This paper will first outline some of the obstacles in international and regional law and jurisprudence, as to the understanding of exploitation in the context of human trafficking, slavery, servitude and forced labour. Secondly, taking into account recent law reforms in both Belgium and England & Wales, this paper will outline some of the key features that have emerged from the judicial handling of labour exploitation in criminal cases. Drawing on the findings from empirical analysis of criminal cases between 2010-2017 as part of doctoral research, this paper will first of all outline similarities, differences and challenges to ensuring a clear understanding of the meaning of labour exploitation in the context of human trafficking. The findings will provide insight into how to strengthen a harmonised and robust response to human trafficking.
The legal understanding of labour exploitation is a grey area. This paper will first outline some of the obstacles in international and regional law and jurisprudence, as to the understanding of exploitation in the context of human trafficking, slavery, servitude and forced labour. Secondly, taking into account recent law reforms in both Belgium and England & Wales, this paper will outline some of the key features that have emerged from the judicial handling of labour exploitation in criminal cases. Drawing on the findings from empirical analysis of criminal cases between 2010-2017 as part of doctoral research, this paper will first of all outline similarities, differences and challenges to ensuring a clear understanding of the meaning of labour exploitation in the context of human trafficking. The findings will provide insight into how to strengthen a harmonised and robust response to human trafficking.   Prawne rozumienie pojęcia wykorzystania do pracy nie jest do końca jasne. W niniejszym artykule po pierwsze zostały przedstawione niektóre przeszkody, wynikające z prawa czy orzecznictwa na poziomie międzynarodowym oraz regionalnym, które utrudniają zrozumienie takich zagadnień jak wykorzystanie w kontekście handlu ludźmi, niewolnictwa, poddaństwa czy pracy przymusowej. Po drugie zaś, zostały omówione kluczowe wnioski, jakie wynikają z badania akt spraw karnych dotyczących wykorzystania pracowników do pracy, które przedstawiono przy uwzględnieniu ostatnich reform prawa mających miejsce w Belgii oraz Anglii i Walii. Badania empiryczne objęły lata 2010-2017 i zostały przeprowadzone w ramach badań doktorskich. W artykule pokazano przede wszystkim podobieństwa, różnice i wyzwania odnośnie do opracowania jasnej i zrozumiałej definicji pojęcia wykorzystania do pracy w kontekście handlu ludźmi. Wyniki tych analiz pozwolą zrozumieć, w jaki sposób należy wzmocnić zharmonizowaną i zdecydowaną reakcję na zjawisko handlu ludźmi.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2021, XLIII/1; 47-73
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Legal and social implications of sexual services other than prostitution
Prawne i społeczne konsekwencje usług seksualnych innych niż prostytucja
Autorzy:
Wieczorek, Łukasz
Lasocik, Zbigniew
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1375398.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-02-02
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
human trafficking
sexual exploitation
sexual services
prostitution
sex work
handel ludźmi
wykorzystywanie seksualne
usługi seksualne
prostytucja
seks biznes
Opis:
The article is based on research carried out as part of the international research project ‘Demand for Sexual Exploitation in Europe (DESIRE)’, covering Croatia, the Netherlands, Poland, and Sweden. The project, financed by the European Commission, was implemented in 2017–2018. The purpose of this publication is to discuss one of the aspects of this research, namely, the functioning of various forms of sexual services other than prostitution. In this context we focussed our study on such phenomena as erotic massage, phone sex, peep shows, or ‘sponsorship’. The starting point of our considerations is the question of whether some forms of satisfying someone’s sexual needs can lead to the exploitation of those who do it. That is why we first present a detailed description of all these phenomena, while in the description we take into account the similarities and differences between the discussed forms and typical prostitution. As one of the goals of the DESIRE project was to establish the relationship between legal regulations and the scale of the sex industry, we analyse the legal and sociopolitical aspects of providing sexual services other than prostitution in the four countries mentioned above. The selection of these four countries is not accidental, because they represent four models of regulating the provision of sexual services that currently function in Europe: from full penalisation (Croatia) to full legalisation (the Netherlands). On the other hand, we looked at these alternative forms of commercial sex from the perspective of human trafficking. Answering the key question of this article, we attempted to indicate the situations and elements of sexual services other than prostitution in which the persons providing them may be exposed to sexual abuse or trafficking.
The article is based on research carried out as part of the international research project ‘Demand for Sexual Exploitation in Europe (DESIRE)’, covering Croatia, the Netherlands, Poland, and Sweden. The project, financed by the European Commission, was implemented in 2017–2018. The purpose of this publication is to discuss one of the aspects of this research, namely, the functioning of various forms of sexual services other than prostitution. In this context we focussed our study on such phenomena as erotic massage, phone sex, peep shows, or ‘sponsorship’. The starting point of our considerations is the question of whether some forms of satisfying someone’s sexual needs can lead to the exploitation of those who do it. That is why we first present a detailed description of all these phenomena, while in the description we take into account the similarities and differences between the discussed forms and typical prostitution. As one of the goals of the DESIRE project was to establish the relationship between legal regulations and the scale of the sex industry, we analyse the legal and sociopolitical aspects of providing sexual services other than prostitution in the four countries mentioned above. The selection of these four countries is not accidental, because they represent four models of regulating the provision of sexual services that currently function in Europe: from full penalisation (Croatia) to full legalisation (the Netherlands). On the other hand, we looked at these alternative forms of commercial sex from the perspective of human trafficking. Answering the key question of this article, we attempted to indicate the situations and elements of sexual services other than prostitution in which the persons providing them may be exposed to sexual abuse or trafficking. Artykuł powstał w oparciu o wyniki badań przeprowadzonych w ramach międzynarodowego projektu badawczego Eksploatacja seksualna w Europie z perspektywy popytu [Demand for Sexual Exploitation in Europe – DESIRE], obejmującego Chorwację, Holandię, Polskę i Szwecję. Projekt, finansowany przez Komisję Europejską, był realizowany w latach 2017–2018. Celem tego opracowania jest omówienie wycinka badanej problematyki, a mianowicie funkcjonowania innych niż prostytucja form świadczenia usług seksualnych. W tym zakresie interesowały nas takie zjawiska, jak masaż erotyczny, seks telefon, peep show czy sponsoring. Punktem wyjścia naszych rozważań jest pytanie czy niektóre formy komercyjnego zaspokajania potrzeb seksualnych mogą prowadzić do eksploatacji osób, które się tym zajmują? To dlatego prezentujemy szczegółową charakterystykę wszystkich tych zjawisk, przy czym w opisie uwzględniamy podobieństwa i różnice opisywanych form do typowej prostytucji. Ponieważ jednym z celów projektu DESIRE było ustalenie związków pomiędzy regulacjami prawnymi seks biznesu a skalą handlu ludźmi analizie poddajemy także prawne i społeczno-polityczne aspekty świadczenia usług seksualnych innych niż prostytucja w czterech wymienionych wcześniej krajach. Dobór tych krajów nie jest przypadkowy, ponieważ reprezentują one cztery modele regulacji świadczenia usług seksualnych funkcjonujące w Europie: od pełnej penalizacji (Chorwacja) do pełnej legalizacji (Holandia). Z drugiej strony staramy się spojrzeć na opisane formy komercyjnego zaspokajania potrzeb seksualnych z perspektywy handlu ludźmi. Odpowiadając na kluczowe pytanie opracowania staraliśmy się wskazać te elementy usług seksualnych, innych niż prostytucja oraz te sytuacje, w których osoby je świadczące mogą być narażone na wykorzystanie seksualne lub na handel ludźmi.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2020, XLII/2; 133-174
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analiza uwarunkowań i mechanizmów niezbędnych do zwiększenia skuteczności działań służb w realizacji zadań ustawowych w obszarze handlu ludźmi
Overview of the Conditions and Procedural Measures Deemed Necessary to Increase the Overall Effectiveness of the State Law Enforcement Bodies in Combating Human Trafficking
Autorzy:
Namysłowska-Gabrysiak, Barbara
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698648.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
handel ludźmi
działania służb w realizacji zadań ustawowych w obszarze handlu ludźmi
kryminologia
combating human trafficking
human trafficking
Opis:
The study aims to address the various procedural measures whose development at different levels of national legislation, as well as at the institutional level of state law enforcement agencies, may contribute both to preventing and combating human trafficking more effectively. The overall effectiveness of prosecuting the actual perpetrators of this crime and effective protection of its victims depends primarily on adopting adequate legal instruments, and secondly, on the actual organization of work within the law enforcement bodies directly responsible for preventing and combating human trafficking, i.e. the State Prosecuting Service, the Police, and the Border Guard, whereas ensuring adequate protection of the victims also falls within the statutory remit of the judicial institutions, first and foremost, the common courts of law. With this in mind, the study discusses several select legal instruments pertaining to the prosecution of perpetrators and the system of victims protection, in conjunction with an assessment of their effective application in everyday practice. At the same time, the study attempts to address the proposed procedural measures deemed necessary to boost the overall effectiveness of the state law enforcement bodies in pursuing their statutory objectives with regard to human trafficking at large. Due to the space constraints, only those measures which are currently deemed to pose by far the biggest challenges, as well as those believed to create barriers to effective combating of human trafficking are addressed. In terms of the overall efficiency of the prosecution services, the present study discusses the results of other studies focused on practical application of the legal definition of human trafficking, as per the provisions of Article 189a, § 1 of the Polish Penal Code in conjunction with the provisions of Article 115, § 22 of the Polish Penal Code, as well as the actual modus operandi of the perpetrators, and also those favoured by various crime syndicates involved in human trafficking for business purposes. As far as the standards of victims protection are concerned, the study focuses on their presentation in terms of human rights, and the active obligation of the respective countries to ensure both legally and actually effective protection for the victims of this crime, in particular the standards applied to their identification, as strongly highlighted in the literature on the subject. Furthermore, the general body of knowledge and overall awareness of all state law enforcement agencies with regard to the individual components of human trafficking is also given due prominence. Those comprise, first and foremost, violence against women, secondary victimization, gender stigma, especially in the case of sexual exploitation, the overall cultural and social context, migration, and respective socio-economic status of the victims. Making the law enforcement agencies and the judiciary more aware of the existence of those components is essential to improving and enhancing their overall effectiveness in the pursuit of their statutory obligations, particularly with regard to ensuring that an effective system of victims protection is put in place.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2016, XXXVIII; 125-139
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wiktymologiczny obraz handlu ludźmi i niewolnictwa na tle prawa międzynarodowego i polskiego prawa karnego
Victimological Picture of Human Trafficking and Slavery in the Light of International Law and Polish Penal Law
Autorzy:
Sitarz, Olga
Sołtysiak-Blachnik, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698969.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
handel ludźmi
niewolnictwo
wiktymologia
prawo międzynarodowe
polskie prawo karne
human trafficking
slavery
victimology
international law
Polish penal law
Opis:
In order to understand the essence of the crime, two issues have to be taken into account: not only do we analyse features of the perpetrator, but also the victim’s behaviour. Both measures have to be recognised in the light of their mutual relations. In such a case, victimology is instrumental for criminology. It answers the fundamental question: who and why becomes a victim of a crime? It is victimology that draws our attention to a post-crime victimisation problem in the psychological, social and legal aspects. These issues are particularly vital in the case of human trafficking. First, the victim of the crime has to be defined. Over the centuries, the word ‘victim’ came to have an additional meaning. Nowadays, the legal definition of a victim in many countries typically includes the following: it is a person who suffered direct or threatened physical, emotional or pecuniary harm as a result of the commission of a crime. In the Polish legal system, a legal definition of a victim is given in the Polish Charter of Victims’ Rights, whereas the Polish penal law speaks of an aggrieved party and defines it in Article 49 of the Criminal Procedure Code. However, one fact draws our attention. The aggrieved or those objectively recognised as aggrieved do not agree with such a qualification. Let us take a closer look at the reasons why they see themselves in a different role. There is no doubt that one of the reasons is the fact that victims are often qualified as persons offending the law, as criminals. Another problem, is the victims’ return to their previous life situation, which had led them to being recruited by a human trafficker. We also need to point out that the relations between human traffickers and their victims are extremely complex. However, the key issue is that there is an agreement for a crime. The decision-making processes have to be analysed. The victims of human trafficking find themselves in a situation where they have a considerable limitation of free decision making. One of the major examples reflecting these problems that always takes place in a compulsory situation in the wide sense of this expression is job undertaking which leads to the abuse of the potential worker’s situation. A very specific example is a job agency. The question that appears is when we should speak of an unlawfully acting job agent, and when we can start calling this human trafficking? Is every illegal job agency dealing with human trafficking? What is the difference between these two? And finally when does a worker become a victim and an aggrieved party? What types of slavery and slaves exist today? bounded labour affects at least 20 milion people around the world. People become bounded labourers by taking or being tricked into taking a loan for as little as the cost of medicines for a sick child. To repay the debt, many are forced to work overtime, seven days a week, up to 365 days a year. They receive basic food and shelter as ‘payment’ for their work, but may never pay off the loan, which can be passed down for another generation; eaily and forced marriage affects women and girls who are married without choice and are forced into lives of servitude often accompanied by physical violence; forced labour affects people who are illegally recruited by individuals, governments or political parties and forced to work usually under threat of violence or other penalties; slavery by descent is where people are either born into a slave class or are from a group that the society views as suited to be used as slave labour; trafficking involves the transport and/or trade of people: ‘woman, children and men’, from one area to another for the purpose of forcing them into slavery conditions; worst forms of child labour affects an estimated 179 million children around the world in work that is harmful to their health and welfare. Children work on the land, in households as domestic workers, in factories making products such as matches, fireworks and glassware, on the streets as beggars, in the outdoor industry, brick kilns, mines, construction sector, in bars, restaurants and tourist establishments, in sexual exploitation, as soldiers. It seems that pursuant to the Employment and Unemployment Countering Act (Ustawa o zatrudnieniu i przeciwdziałaniu bezrobociu) a model contrary to the one in the act can create a criminological model of modern human trafficking. It would be then running a business to gain financial benefits in the way that the businessperson exploits the position of the aggrieved party and provides the future employer with employees. The latter group, however, even if agreeing to move abroad, becomes completely dependant on the employer which is often combined with a deprivation of liberty, because they have no possibility to choose their place of staying or withdraw from the previous agreement. A number of international regulations, e.g. the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children which supplements the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime of 2000, the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography of 2000, the Slavery Convention of 1926 together with a Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery dated l956 show, that the issue under discussion still remains a contemporary problem, and needs regulations aiming at finding relevant solutions. There can be no doubts in the light of the nullum crimen sine lege certa that a precise description of the crime is essential. Only a precise definition of a separate crime of human trafficking will enable to recognise the scope of the problem and will create internationally accepted circumstances to overcome it. Such a definition must include at least: acts: recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of a person; means: threat to use or the use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or a position of vulnerability; purposes: forced labour or services, slavery slavery-like practices or servitude. Everyone, government and non-governmental organisations, must focus on the crime which must be precisely described including a detailed description of a victim. It is highly urgent and important to harmonise all legislative measures in order to prevent human trafficking, which would guarantee an effective protection of victims and prosecution of criminals.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2006, XXVIII; 367-374
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ticket scalping w sporcie – współczesne zagrożenia oraz zasadność i perspektywy reakcji karnej
Ticket scalping in sport. Contemporary threats and the legitimacy of and perspectives on the criminal response
Autorzy:
Leciak, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698829.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
handel biletami
impreza sportowa
internet
przestępczość zorganizowana
reakcja karna
tickets trade
sport event
Internet
organized crime
criminal response
Opis:
The term ticket scalping has become commonly used to define the behaviour of a perpetrator who purchases tickets and resells them at a profit. Among lawyers in Poland there is no need for a discussion on the legitimacy and manner of the criminal response to the trade of tickets to sporting events. This issue is completely outside the sphere of interest of the legislature; the only form of reaction in such matters is laid out in the provisions of Art. 133 § 1–2 of the Code of Petty Offences. At the same time, there is an increasing number of national laws in which the problem of ticket trading is covered by specific criminal regulations Moreover, the need for close cooperation between law enforcement agencies at the national and international levels or other state entities (such as fiscal control authorities) and sports federations or organisers of sporting events is increasingly recognised. It should be noted that ticket scalping today is closely related to gambling in sport and corruption in sport, being an area of great interest to organised crime groups around the world.
Termin ticket scalping oznacza zachowanie sprawcy, który kupuje bilety w celu odsprzedaży z zyskiem. W krajowym środowisku prawniczym nie dostrzega się potrzeby dyskusji na temat tego zjawiska. Polski ustawodawca traktuje związane z nim zachowania wyłącznie jako wykroczenia. Tymczasem rośnie liczba ustawodawstw krajowych, w których problem handlu biletami objęty jest szczególnymi przepisami karnymi (np. Wielka Brytania, USA). Dostrzega się zarazem potrzebę ścisłej współpracy na polu międzynarodowym.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2019, XLI/1; 439-463
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Labour trafficking victim participation structures in the United States, Russia, and globally: Strategic implications
Typy angażowania się ofiar w pracę przymusową w Stanach Zjednoczonych, w Rosji i na świecie: implikacje strategiczne
Autorzy:
Murray, Vernon
Shea, Holly
Solin, Julia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1375702.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-05-27
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
human trafficking
intervention marketing
social activist marketing
social marketing
handel ludźmi
marketing interwencyjny
marketing społeczny
marketing działaczy społecznych
Opis:
Using data from the Counter Trafficking Data Collabourative (CTDC; N = 9,900), we developed breakdowns of labour trafficking victims worldwide, for two countries (the USA and Russia), and by job category (e.g. ‘domestic worker’). These tables refer to the frequency with which each of nine victim types occur, based on their motivation to participate in a trafficking arrangement. For instance, ‘Tricked and Trapped’ comprises a large segment of US labour trafficking victims. Such victims willingly begin jobs, but are subsequently forced to continue. Based on attitude-behaviour and marketing theory, the intervention framework prescribes specific interventions for each victim type. These include ‘information sharing,’ ‘radical and moderate confrontation,’ ‘economic and noneconomic rewards,’ and more. The results of our study indicate that labour trafficking victims can vary substantially by region and job category. For instance, Russia’s highest percentage of labour trafficking victims hold construction jobs as ‘Enlightened Apostates’ (e.g. those tricked by a friend) while most US victims perform ‘unspecified’ work as ‘Trapped and Robbed’ (i.e. minors and coerced adults) victims. Thus, the interventions prescribed for them will vary.
Using data from the Counter Trafficking Data Collabourative (CTDC; N = 9,900), we developed breakdowns of labour trafficking victims worldwide, for two countries (the USA and Russia), and by job category (e.g. ‘domestic worker’). These tables refer to the frequency with which each of nine victim types occur, based on their motivation to participate in a trafficking arrangement. For instance, ‘Tricked and Trapped’ comprises a large segment of US labour trafficking victims. Such victims willingly begin jobs, but are subsequently forced to continue. Based on attitude-behaviour and marketing theory, the intervention framework prescribes specific interventions for each victim type. These include ‘information sharing,’ ‘radical and moderate confrontation,’ ‘economic and noneconomic rewards,’ and more. The results of our study indicate that labour trafficking victim types can vary substantially by region and job category. For instance, Russia’s highest percentage of labour trafficking victims hold construction jobs as ‘Enlightened Apostates’ (e.g. those tricked by a friend) while most US victims perform ‘unspecified’ work as ‘Trapped and Robbed’ (i.e. minors and coerced adults) victims. Thus, the interventions prescribed for them will vary.   Bazując na danych z Counter Trafficking Data Collaborative (CTDC, n=9.900) została opracowana charakterystyka ofiar handlu ludźmi do pracy przymusowej na poziomie globalnym, ponadto wykonano analizę dwóch krajów jako studiów przypadków (USA i Rosji), w tym uwzględniając podział na poszczególne kategorie zawodów (np. dla pracowników wykonujących prace domowe w prywatnych gospodarstwach). Charakterystyka ta (participation structures) odnosi się do częstotliwości, z jaką pojawia się każdy z dziewięciu typów ofiar w zestawieniu „Victim Intervention Marketing”. Na przykład ofiary zaliczone do grupy „oszukani i uwięzieni” stanowią dużą część ofiar pracy przymusowej w Stanach Zjednoczonych. Są to osoby, które rozpoczęły pracę dobrowolnie, po czym zostały zmuszone, by ją kontynuować. W oparciu o teorię postaw-zachowań oraz teorię marketingu został opracowany model interwencji dla każdego typu ofiar pracy przymusowej. Obejmuje on takie płaszczyzny, jak m.in.: wymianę informacji, konfrontację frontalną lub umiarkowaną, analizę korzyści ekonomicznych i pozaekonomicznych. Wyniki przeprowadzonego badania pokazują, że struktura udziału ofiar pracy przymusowej może się znacznie różnić w zależności od regionu oraz kategorii zawodów. Przykładowo największy odsetek takich ofiar w Rosji stanowią osoby wykonujące prace budowlane jako tzw. „oświeceni odstępcy”, czyli osoby które zostały oszukane przez znajomego. Z kolei w USA większość ofiar wykonuje proste prace i wpisuje się w kategorię osób „uwięzionych i okradzionych” (są to np. osoby niepełnoletnie lub osoby dorosłe, które zostały do tego zmuszone). Dlatego też interwencje podejmowane wobec każdej z tych grup muszą się od siebie różnić.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2021, XLIII/1; 223-247
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The tale of 400 victims: A lesson for intervention
Historia 400 ofiar: wnioski dla właściwej interwencji
Autorzy:
Muraszkiewicz, Julia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1375669.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-05-27
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
handel ludźmi
praca przymusowa
bezdomność
przeszłość kryminalna
agencje rekrutacyjne
human trafficking
forced labour
homeless
criminal past
recruitment agency
Operation Fort
Opis:
This article speaks to a world order where forced labour is in plain sight. The starting point for the crime and recruitment of victims of human trafficking is often on the street. Homeless persons and individuals who have recently left correctional institutions are approached and swiftly transported to countries of destination. There, again in plain sight, they are taken to legal and regulated recruitment agencies and are found jobs. In many instances, they are placed in factories, recycling plants, and warehouses. Although these jobs are legitimate, what happens behind the scenes is not: individuals working have no access to their wages, suffer psychological and physical abuse, threats, coercive control, and their documents are taken from them. These clear components of forced labour are perfectly illustrated in the plight of vulnerable polish men recruited and transported to the UK who were discovered in UK’s largest police investigation into forced labour: Operation Fort. This exposé investigates and explores three key points where intervention is needed: two related to the recruitment of certain subgroups – the targeting of homeless individuals and those with a relationship with the criminal justice system, and a third, where forced labour is facilitated through the use of legitimate recruitment agencies.
This article speaks to a world order where forced labour is in plain sight. The starting point for the crime and recruitment of victims of human trafficking is often on the street. Homeless persons and individuals who have recently left correctional institutions are approached and swiftly transported to countries of destination. There, again in plain sight, they are taken to legal and regulated recruitment agencies and are found jobs. In many instances, they are placed in factories, recycling plants, and warehouses. Although these jobs are legitimate, what happens behind the scenes is not: individuals working have no access to their wages, suffer psychological and physical abuse, threats, coercive control, and their documents are taken from them. These clear components of forced labour are perfectly illustrated in the plight of vulnerable polish men recruited and transported to the UK who were discovered in UK’s largest police investigation into forced labour: Operation Fort. This exposé investigates and explores three key points where intervention is needed: two related to the recruitment of certain subgroups – the targeting of homeless individuals and those with a relationship with the criminal justice system, and a third, where forced labour is facilitated through the use of legitimate recruitment agencies.   Artykuł opisuje realia pracy przymusowej, która odbywa się na naszych oczach, a często zaczyna się na ulicach. Osoby bezdomne, a także osoby, które niedawno opuściły zakłady karne, są werbowane na ulicach miast i miasteczek, a następnie szybko przewożone do miejsc docelowych, gdzie są wykorzystywane. Za pośrednictwem legalnie działających agencji rekrutacyjnych, znajdują pracę. W wielu przypadkach jest to praca w fabrykach, zakładach zajmujących się recyklingiem lub w magazynach. Chociaż sama praca jest legalna, to co się dzieje za jej kulisami, już nie. Ludzie nie otrzymują wynagrodzenia, są wykorzystywani fizycznie i psychicznie, podlegają przymusowym kontrolom, są zastraszani i pozbawiani własnych dokumentów. Te elementy pracy przymusowej są dobrze widoczne wśród jednej z grup narażonych na stanie się ofiarami takiego procederu – Polaków rekrutowanych i przewożonych do Wielkiej Brytanii. Na podstawie ich historii, w niniejszym artykule zostały wskazane trzy kluczowe obszary, w jakich potrzebna jest interwencja. Dwa z nich dotyczą rekrutacji osób z grup wrażliwych na pokrzywdzenie – osób bezdomnych oraz osób mających za sobą przeszłość kryminalną. Trzecim obszarem jest ułatwienie świadczenia pracy tym osobom poprzez zaangażowanie legalnych agencji rekrutacyjnych. By ułatwić dyskusję nad tym tematem, w artykule została przedstawiona historia, która wydarzyła się niedawno, a w której 400 osób w wieku od 17 do 60 lat zostało zrekrutowanych i wykorzystanych do pracy przymusowej w Wielkiej Brytanii przez dwie polskie rodziny zaangażowane w przestępczość zorganizowaną.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2021, XLIII/1; 75-96
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 22

Ta witryna wykorzystuje pliki cookies do przechowywania informacji na Twoim komputerze. Pliki cookies stosujemy w celu świadczenia usług na najwyższym poziomie, w tym w sposób dostosowany do indywidualnych potrzeb. Korzystanie z witryny bez zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies oznacza, że będą one zamieszczane w Twoim komputerze. W każdym momencie możesz dokonać zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies