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Wyszukujesz frazę "alloy" wg kryterium: Temat


Tytuł:
Effect of Sb-Modification on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Secondary Alloy 319
Autorzy:
Medlen, D.
Bolibruchova, D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/357012.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
alloy 319
secondary alloy
microstructure
mechanical properties
modification
antimony
Opis:
319 alloy has been selected for the study in the present work due to its wide use in many applications. 319 alloy is used in automotive and aerospace industry for the complicated castings which must comply high strength requirements. In practice, the most common elements with the modifying effect are strontium, sodium and antimony. The addition of these elements leads to a change in the shape of eutectic silicon, resulting in an increase of the mechanical characteristics and the microstructure. An experimental program has been undertaken to explore the effect of antimony on chosen mechanical properties and the microstructure of investigated alloy. An analysis of the results of these experimental works is made in order to determine an optimum Sb (Al-10% Sb) addition to produce material exhibiting desirable properties. Experimental works have showed that the addition of the Al-10% Sb results in similar or even higher mechanical properties than the conventional 319 alloy. Based on the carried out experiments the best combination of mechanical properties has been achieved by the addition of 2 000 ppm Al-10% Sb.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2016, 61, 2A; 553-558
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Fatigue Life and Microstructure after Multiple Remelting of A359 Matrix Composites Reinforced with SiC Particles
Autorzy:
Klasik, A.
Maj, M.
Pietrzak, K.
Wojciechowski, A.
Sobczak, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/352210.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
alloy
composite
microstructure
properties
recycling
Opis:
The article presents the results of fatigue life tests and microstructure examinations of A359 alloy matrix composites (F3S.10S and F3S.30S) containing 10 and 30wt% of SiC particles, subjected to multiple remelting by conventional gravity casting. Mechanical characteristics were determined in a modified low cycle fatigue (MLCF) test, enabling rapid estimation of fatigue life and other mechanical parameters in practice of any material. Qualitative and quantitative metallographic examinations were also carried out. The quantitative evaluation of microstructure was performed by computer image analysis. A set of geometrical parameters of the reinforcing particles, pores and eutectic precipitates present in the metal matrix was determined. The relationships between the mechanical parameters, structural characteristics and the number of remelting operations were presented. It was found that up to the fourth remelting, the mechanical characteristics, including fatigue life, are slightly deteriorated but decrease gradually in the subsequent operations of remelting. The observed effect is mainly due to the shrinkage porosity occurring as a result of gravity casting. To eliminate this defect, the use of squeeze casting process was recommended. It has also been shown that multiple remelting can be an easy and economically well-founded alternative to other more expensive recycling methods.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2016, 61, 4; 2123-2128
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Influence of Solution Heat Treatment on Phase Composition and Structure of ZnAl40Cu(1-2)Ti(1-2) Alloys
Autorzy:
Michalik, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/352321.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
Zn-Al alloy
microstructure
phase composition
Opis:
Zn-Al-Cu alloys are characterised by very good tribological properties: high resistances to abrasive wear and adhesive wear, resistance to dry friction, low friction coefficient. Important disadvantages of Zn-Al alloys include, among others low structural and dimensional instability in as-cast stage and during long-period after pouring into moulds. Studies carried out in recent years confirm the problem of dimensional instability of Zn-Al-Cu alloys may be reduced by replace copper partially with titanium. The goal of the studies carried out was to define the influence of heat treatment on the microstructure and phase composition of ZnAl40Cu(1-2)Ti(1-2) alloys. The scope of the investigations included analysis of the phase composition, tests using a scanning electron microscope and a scanning transmission electron microscope, and X-ray microanalysis. The studies carried out indicate a presence of the e-CuZn5 and Ti2ZnAl5, AlxCuyTiz phases in the ZnAl40Cu(1-2)Ti(1-2) alloys.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2018, 63, 1; 461-466
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Microstructure and Properties of TIG Surfacing Co-Based Alloy on UMCo50 Process Burner
Autorzy:
Xue, Haitao
Luan, Xiaoping
Guo, Weibing
Zhou, Dong
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2048805.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
UMCo50 alloy
surfacing
microstructure
properties
Opis:
The surfacing layer of cobalt-based alloy is prepared using the tungsten inert gas welding (TIG) process and employing the UMCo50, ST1 and ST6 filler materials. The metallographic testing, hardness, wear and corrosion testing of different surfacing layers have been carried out. Each area of the surfacing layer is characterized using the optical and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Cellular and a few columnar dendrites have been observed near the fusion line of the UMCo50 surfacing layer, and cellular structure is observed in the central region. Dendrites and cellular crystals have been observed in the ST1 and ST6 surfacing layers. The average hardness of UMCo50, ST1 and ST6 surfacing layers are 320 HV, 672.3 HV and 497.5 HV, respectively. The wear loss of the ST1, ST6 and UMCo50 surfacing layer is 2.71 mg, 4.35 mg, and 14.57 mg, respectively. The corrosion weight loss of the ST1, ST6 and UMCo50 surfacing layers are 0.0388 g, 0.0477 g and 0.0833 g, respectively.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2022, 67, 1; 17-30
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Laser Welding of TA15 Titanium Alloy and Inconel 718 Dissimilar Metals
Autorzy:
An, Qi
Wu, Dongting
Liu, Peng
Zou, Yong
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2174556.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
TA15 titanium alloy
Inconel 718 nickel-based alloy
laser welding
microstructure
tensile strength and fracture characteristic
Opis:
This paper studied the effect of laser welding technology on dissimilar metal welding joints of TA15 titanium alloy and Inconel 718 nickel-based alloy. The research results indicate that the laser welding of TA15 titanium alloy and Inconel 718 nickel-based alloy directly was difficult to form well, which due to the intermetallic compounds caused the joint brittle. When the pure Cu foil was used as the filling layer, the quality of the welding joints can be improved effectively. The experimental results also indicate that there were brittle intermetallic-compounds in the laser welding seam, and the laser power had an important influence on the performance and mechanical properties of the dissimilar metal joint. The maximum average tensile strength of the welding joint of 2300 W was increased to 252.32 MPa. Scanning electron microscope(SEM) results show that the fracture morphology was river pattern, a typical morphological of cleavage fracture, and the mode was brittle fracture.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2022, 67, 4; 1267--1276
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Microstructure of Hot-Deformed Cu-3Ti Alloy
Autorzy:
Szkliniarz, A.
Szkliniarz, W.
Blacha, L.
Siwiec, G.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/352283.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
copper-titanium alloy
hot deformation
microstructure
recrystallization
Opis:
In the paper, results of investigations regarding temperature and strain rate effects on hot-deformed Cu-3Ti alloy microstructure are presented. Evaluation of the alloy microstructure was performed with the use of a Gleeble HDS-V40 thermal-mechanical simulator on samples subjected to uniaxial hot compression within 700 to 900ºC and at the strain rate of 0.1, 1.0 or 10.0 s-1 until 70% (1.2) strain. It was found that within the analyzed temperature and strain rate ranges, the alloy deformation led to partial or complete recrystallization of its structure and to multiple refinement of the initial grains. The recrystallization level and the average diameter of recrystallized grains increase with growing temperature and strain rate. It was shown that entirely recrystallized, fine-grained alloy structure could be obtained following deformation at the strain rate of min 10.0 s-1 and the temperature of 800°C or higher.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2016, 61, 1; 347-352
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of as Cast Al-6.5Mg-1.5Zn-0.5Fe Alloy Followed by Cold Rolling and Subsequent Annealing
Autorzy:
Lee, Seong-Hee
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/356133.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
aluminum alloy
cold rolling
annealing
microstructure
mechanical properties
Opis:
Microstructures and mechanical properties of as-cast Al-6.5Mg-1.5Zn-0.5Fe alloys newly alloy-designed for the parts of automobile were investigated in detail. The aluminum (Al) sheets of 4 mm thickness, 30 mm width and 100 mm length were reduced to a thickness of 1 mm by multi-pass rolling at ambient temperature and subsequently annealed for 1h at 200~500°C. The as-cast Al sheet was deformed without a formation of so large cracks even at huge rolling reduction of 75%. The recrystallization begun to occur at 250°C, it finished at 350°C. The as-rolled material showed tensile strength of 430 MPa and tensile elongation of 4.7%, however the specimen after annealing at 500°C showed the strength of 305 MPa and the elongation of 32%. The fraction of high angle grain boundaries above 15 degree increased greatly after annealing at high temperatures. These characteristics of the specimens after annealing were discussed in detail.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2019, 64, 3; 875-878
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure Evolution and Properties of an Age-Hardened Cu-3Ti-2Mg Alloy
Autorzy:
Liu, Jituo
Wang, Xianhui
Liu, Jia
Ran, Qianni
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2049425.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
Cu alloy
aging treatment
microstructure
precipitation
electrical conductivity
Opis:
The study investigates the effect of heat treatment on the microstructure evolution and properties of an age-hardened Cu-3Ti-2Mg alloy. The precipitated Cu2Mg and β'-Cu4Ti phases consequently yield a depletion of the Cu matrix in regards to Ti and Mg solutes, which enhances the electrical conductivity. The Cu2Mg Laves phase and β'-Cu4Ti phase precipitates increase the hardness of the alloy due to the consistency and coherency of the later phase. However, the decrease of hardness is mainly associated with the coarse microstructures, that can be formed due to the phase transformation from metastable β'-Cu4Ti phase to more stable Cu3Ti phase. In the range of experiments, the optimum process is solution treatment at 700°C for 4 h, with subsequent age-hardening at 450°C for 4 h. The electrical conductivity, hardness, tensile strength, and elongation of the Cu-3Ti-2Mg alloy were 15.34 % IACS, 344 HV, 533 MPa, and 12%, respectively.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2021, 66, 1; 163-170
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Design of Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr Elemental Powders Mixture Processing
Autorzy:
Zyguła, K.
Wojtaszek, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/352015.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
titanium alloy
powder metallurgy
microstructure
mechanical properties
compaction
Opis:
The aim of the study was to indicate the influence of consolidation processes on microstructure and selected mechanical properties of powder metallurgy Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr alloy, which was produced by blending of elemental powders method. Morphology of the mixture and its ingredients were examined using scanning electron microscopy. The consolidation of powders mixture was conducted using two approaches. The first consisted of the uniaxial hot pressing process, the second included two steps – uniaxial cold pressing process and sintering under argon protective atmosphere. Microstructural analysis was performed for both as-pressed compacts using light microscopy. Additionally, computed tomography studies were carried out, in order to examine the internal structure of compacts. Chosen mechanical properties, such as Vickers hardness and compression strength was also determined and compared. The conducted research proves that the proposed production method leads to obtain materials with no structural defects and relatively low porosity. Moreover, due to the proper selection of manufacturing parameters, favorable microstructures can be received, as well as mechanical properties, which are comparable to conventionally produced material with the corresponding chemical composition.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2020, 65, 1; 283-289
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Formation of microstructure and properties of Cu-3Ti alloy in thermal and thermomechanical processes
Autorzy:
Szkliniarz, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/355778.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
copper-titanium alloy
microstructure
thermal and thermomechanical processes
Opis:
This paper presents the possibilities of forming the microstructure as well as mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of Cu-3Ti alloy (wt.%) in thermal and thermomechanical processes that are a combination of homogenising treatment, hot and cold working, solution treatment and ageing. Phase composition of the alloy following various stages of processing it into the specified semi-finished product was being determined too. It was demonstrated that the application of cold plastic deformation between solution treatment and ageing could significantly enhance the effect of hardening of the Cu-3Ti alloy without deteriorating its electrical conductivity. It was found that for the investigated alloy the selection of appropriate conditions for homogenising treatment, hot and cold deformation as well as solution treatment and ageing enables to obtain the properties comparable to those of beryllium bronzes.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2017, 62, 1; 223-230
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Microstructure and Functional Properties of Prosthetic Cobalt Alloys CoCrW
Mikrostruktura i właściwości użytkowe protetycznych stopów kobaltu CoCrW
Autorzy:
Nadolski, M.
Golański, G.
Klimas, J.
Szota, M.
Szymański, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/355916.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
cobalt alloy
microstructure
properties
stopy kobaltu
mikrostruktury
właściwości
Opis:
The material subject to investigation was two commercial alloys of cobalt CoCrW (No. 27 and 28) used in prosthodontics. The scope of research included performing an analysis of microstructure and functional properties (microhardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance), as well as dilatometric tests. The examined alloys were characterized by diverse properties, which was considerably influenced by the morphology of precipitates in these materials. Alloy No. 27 has a higher corrosion resistance, whereas alloy No. 28 shows higher microhardness, better wear resistance and higher coefficient of linear expansion. Lower value of the expansion coefficient indicates less probability of initiation of a crack in the facing ceramic material.
Badaniu poddano dwa komercyjne stopy kobaltu CoCrW (nr 27 i 28) stosowane w protetyce stomatologicznej. Zakres badań obejmował przeprowadzenie analizy mikrostrukturalnej, właściwości użytkowych (mikrotwardość, odporność na ścieranie i odporność korozyjna) oraz badania dylatometryczne. Badane stopy charakteryzowały się zróżnicowanymi właściwościami na co zasadniczy wpływ miała morfologia wydzieleń w tych materiałach. Stop nr 27 posiada wyższą odporność korozyjną natomiast stop nr 28 wykazuje: wyższą mikrotwardość, lepszą odporność na ścieranie oraz niższy współczynnik rozszerzalności liniowej. Niższa wartość współczynnika rozszerzalności liniowej wskazuje na mniejsze prawdopodobieństwo inicjacji pęknięcia licującego materiału ceramicznego.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2015, 60, 3A; 1999-2003
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Microstructural Evolution and Oxidation Behavior of Fe-4Cr-6Ti Ferritic Alloy with Fe2Ti Laves Phase Precipitates
Autorzy:
Demirel, Ahmet
Çetin, Emre Can
Karakuş, Ali
Ataş, Mehmet Şahin
Yildirim, Mehmet
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2125526.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
ferritic alloy
microstructure
precipitation hardening
laves phase
oxidation
Opis:
The microstructural properties and hardness of a model ternary Fe-4Cr-6Ti ferritic alloy aged at 800°C for 8, 16 and 24 h are investigated in detail. Fine Fe2Ti Laves phase particles precipitate in the α-Fe (ferrite) matrix phase after solutionizing and subsequent aging treatments. The size and amount of Fe2Ti precipitates gradually increase with increasing aging time. The magnetic measurements of the aged samples confirm the variations in the microstructural properties including the volume fraction of the constituent phases, and Ti content of the α-Fe matrix phase. The mean Vickers microhardness value also increases from 203.5 to 238.4 with increasing aging time from 8 to 24 h. In addition, the cyclic oxidation behavior of 24 h aged sample, which contains maximum amount of Fe2Ti precipitates, is also investigated in detail. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that scale product is α-Fe2O3 (hematite). Significant scale spallation and void formation is observed on the surfaces of 24 h aged Fe-4Cr-6Ti sample oxidized at 500°C.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2022, 67, 3; 827--836
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Effect of Different Conditions on the Tensile Properties of AA7075-T6 During the Friction Stir Welding Process
Autorzy:
Sharma, Akash
Dwivedi, Vijay Kumar
Singh, Yesh Pal
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28099543.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Tematy:
tensile strength
aluminum alloy 7075
Taguchi Technique
microstructure
FSW
Opis:
In this paper the investigation of the FSW result characteristics on AA7075-T6 of the highest grade is carried out using different process parameters. A vertical milling machine with different FSW tool geometry is used to weld AA7075. When the tool rotational speed varies from 1200 and 1800 (rpm), different welding parameters are studied, the plunge depth of tool is between 0.14 and 0.20 mm, the table transverse speed range is between 20 and 50 (mm/min) and the tool shoulder diameter was 20 mm. The welding settings are optimized using the Taguchi approach. In this experimental investigation Taguchi Technique is utilized in this study to optimize three factorial and three level designs. The results show that when the rotating speed increases, the UTS of the welded joint increases, whereas the tensile strength of the welded joint decreases resulting to frictional heat created during the FSW process. Tensile strength decreases as feed increases and increases as rotational speed increases. For a 5 mm thick plate, tensile strength is optimal with a tool shoulder diameter of 20 mm, a rotational speed of 1600 rpm, feed rate of 30 mm/min and plunge depth. The shoulder diameter of 20 mm provides the maximum ultimate tensile strength when it is compared with all other tool shoulder diameter. The Al alloy AA7075-T6 plates, however, concurrently developed an equiaxial grain structure with a substantially smaller grain size and coarsened the precipitates.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2023, 68, 2; 813--821
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Laser Cladding of WC/T-800 Cermet: Fabrication, Microstructure and Wear Properties
Autorzy:
Kim, Kyoung-Wook
Kim, Young-Kyun
Park, Sun-Hong
Lee, Kee-Ahn
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2049250.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
CoMoCr alloy
WC
cermet
laser cladding
microstructure
wear properties
Opis:
This study fabricated a WC/T-800 cermet coating layer with Co-Mo-Cr (T-800) powder and WC powder using laser cladding, and analyzed its microstructure, hardness and wear properties. For comparison, casted bulk T-800 was used. Laser cladded WC/T-800 cermet coating layer showed circular WC phases in the Co matrix, and dendritic laves phases. The average laves phase size in the cermet coating layer and bulk T-800 measured as 7.9 µm and 60.6 µm, respectively, indicating that the cermet coating layer had a relatively finer laves phase. Upon conducting a wear test, the cermet coating layer added with WC showed better wear resistance. In the case of laser cladded WC/T-800 cermet coating layer, abrasion wear was observed; on the contrary, the bulk T-800 showed pulled out laves phases. Based on the above findings, the WC/T-800 cermet coating layer using laser cladding and the relationship between its microstructure and wear behavior were discussed.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2021, 66, 3; 713-717
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Microstructure and Micromechanical Behaviors of Bulk Amorphous Alloy Prepared by Spark Plasma Sintering
Autorzy:
Ge, Yaqiong
Chang, Zexin
Wang, Wenxian
Hou, Qingling
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2203707.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
bulk amorphous alloy
spark plasma sintering
microstructure
micromechanical behaviors
Opis:
This study aimed to prepare Zr55Cu30Al10Ni5 bulk amorphous alloys by spark plasma sintering of raw amorphous alloy powders and investigate their microstructure and micromechanical behaviors. When the sintering temperature (Ts) was 675K, which was lower than the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the material, the sintered sample was almost fully amorphous but the density was lower. However, when Ts was 705K, which was higher than Tg, partial crystallization occurred, but the density was higher. The hardness of the bonding zone of the sintered sample at 675K was 5.291 GPa due to the lower density, which was lower than that at 705K, and the hardness at 705K was 8.836 GPa. The generation of thermodynamically stable intermetallic phases, the hardness, and the elastic modulus of the samples sintered above Tg were higher due to the higher density.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2023, 68, 1; 31--36
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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