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Wyszukujesz frazę "Kawalec, M" wg kryterium: Autor


Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 15
Tytuł:
The spheroidisation of VC carbides in high-vanadium cast iron
Autorzy:
Kawalec, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/380290.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
mechanical properties
high-vanadium cast iron
eutectic alloy
vanadium carbide
właściwości mechaniczne
żeliwo wysokowanadowe
stop eutektyczny
węglik wanadu
Opis:
High-vanadium cast iron is a type of white cast iron, in which a regular fibrous γ + VC eutectic with about 20 vol.% of vanadium carbides crystallises. The paper presents the results of research during which the high-vanadium cast iron was subjected to spheroidisation treatment with magnesium Elmag 5800 master alloy. The purpose of this operation was to obtain the VC carbides of a spheroidal shape. The study also included metallographic examinations and testing of mechanical properties carried out on high-vanadium cast iron of a eutectic composition in as-cast condition and after the spheroidising treatment. The attempt to spheroidise the vanadium carbides has proved to be quite successful. The introduction of magnesium alloy has made nearly one half of the crystallised vanadium carbides acquire a spheroidal shape. The, obtained in this way, high-vanadium cast iron with vanadium carbides of a spheroidal shape showed very high mechanical and plastic properties. The tensile strength Rm increased by 60% compared to the as-cast alloy, while ductility increased more than twenty times. The presented results are based on the initial trials, but further studies of this new material are planned, mainly to check its resistance to abrasion, to impacts and corrosion. Tests are also planned to increase the fraction of spheroidal carbides and measure the effect of their content on the mechanical and tribological properties.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2011, 11, 3 spec.; 111-116
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Microstructure Control of High-alloyed White Cast Iron
Autorzy:
Kawalec, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/382878.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
white cast iron
microstructure
vanadium carbide
mechanical properties
microstructure modification
żeliwo białe
mikrostruktury
węglik wanadu
właściwości mechaniczne
modyfikacja mikrostruktury
Opis:
This paper presents the results of studies of high-alloyed white cast iron modified with lanthanum, titanium, and aluminium-strontium. The samples were taken from four melts of high-vanadium cast iron with constant carbon and vanadium content and near-eutectic microstructure into which the tested inoculants were introduced in an amount of 1 wt% respective of the charge weight. The study included a metallographic examinations, mechanical testing, as well as hardness and impact resistance measurements taken on the obtained alloys. Studies have shown that different additives affect both the microstructure and mechanical properties of high-vanadium cast iron.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2014, 14, 1; 49-54
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Modification of the high-alloyed white cast iron microstructure with magnesium master alloy
Autorzy:
Kawalec, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/380151.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
high-vanadium cast iron
eutectic alloy
microstructure modification
vanadium carbide
spheroidal carbide
żeliwo wysokowanadowe
stop eutektyczny
modyfikacja mikrostruktury
węglik wanadu
węglik sferoidalny
Opis:
High-vanadium cast iron is the white cast iron in which the regular fibrous \gamma + VC eutectic with the volume fraction of vanadium carbide amounting to about 20% crystallises. This paper presents the results of studies on high-vanadium cast iron subjected to the inoculation treatment with magnesium master alloy. The aim of this operation is to change the morphology of the crystallising VC carbides from the fibrous shape into a spheroidal one. The study also examines the effect of the amount of the introduced inoculant on changes in the morphology of the crystallising VC carbides. To achieve the goals once set, metallographic studies were performed on high-vanadium cast iron of eutectic composition in base state and after the introduction of a variable content of the inoculant. The introduction of magnesium-based master alloy resulted in the expected changes of microstructure. The most beneficial effect was obtained with the introduction of 1.5% of magnesium master alloy, since nearly half of the crystallised vanadium carbides have acquired a spheroidal shape.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2013, 13, 2; 71-74
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Crystallization of Eutectics in Fe-C-V-Si Alloys
Autorzy:
Kawalec, M
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/381286.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
theory of crystallization
Fe-C-V-Si alloys
high-vanadium cast iron
microstructure
eutectic grain
teoria krystalizacji
stopy Fe-C-V-Si
żeliwo wysokowanadowe
mikrostruktura
eutektyka
Opis:
This article addresses the results of microstructural examinations of the volume solidifying Fe–C–V–Si alloys containing carbon in the range of 1.39÷1.76%, vanadium in the range of 6.77÷7.77% and silicon in the range of 0.02÷3.10. The melting charge was Armco iron, ferro-vanadium with 81.7 wt.%V, spectrally pure graphite and technically pure silica. It was shown that with increasing the silicon content, the microstructure of the resulting alloy changing. These changes include both a matrix the shape of the primary carbides and type of crystallizing eutectic. In the studied alloys was observed following eutectic: fibrous (crystallize as non-faceted/ non-faceted eutectic), complex regular (crystallize as faceted/ non-faceted eutectic), spiral (crystallize as faceted/ faceted eutectic). The results illustrated by the images of the microstructures made with an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2014, 14, 1 spec.; 143-146
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Alloyed white cast iron with precipitates of spheroidal vanadium carbides VC
Autorzy:
Kawalec, M.
Górny, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/380294.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
odporność na zużycie ścierne
żeliwo wysokowanadowe
stop eutektyczny
sferoidyzacja
węglik wanadu
abrasive wear resistance
high-vanadium cast iron
eutectic alloy
spheroidisation
vanadium carbide
Opis:
The paper presents the results of tests on the spheroidising treatment of vanadium carbides VC done with magnesium master alloy and mischmetal. It has been proved that the introduction of magnesium master alloy to an Fe-C-V system of eutectic composition made 34% of carbides crystallise in the form of spheroids. Adding mischmetal to the base alloy melt caused 28% of the vanadium carbides crystallise as dendrites. In base alloy without the microstructure-modifying additives, vanadium carbides crystallised in the form of a branched fibrous eutectic skeleton. Testing of mechanical properties has proved that the spheroidising treatment of VC carbides in high-vanadium cast iron increases the tensile strength by about 60% and elongation 14 - 21 times, depending on the type of the spheroidising agent used. Tribological studies have shown that high-vanadium cast iron with eutectic, dendritic and spheroidal carbides has the abrasive wear resistance more than twice as high as the abrasion-resistant cast steel.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2012, 12, 4; 95-100
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Role of titanium in Thin Wall Vermicular Graphite Iron Castings production
Autorzy:
Górny, M.
Kawalec, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/381718.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
vermicular graphite
microstructure
titanium
thin walled casting
grafit wermikularny
mikrostruktura
tytan
odlewanie cienkościenne
Opis:
In this paper the effects of titanium addition in an amount up to 0.13 wt.% have been investigated to determine their effect on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Thin Wall Vermicular Graphite Iron Castings (TWVGI). The study was performed for thin-walled iron castings with 3-5 mm wall thickness and for the reference casting with 13 mm. Microstructural changes were evaluated by analyzing quantitative data sets obtained by image analyzer and also using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Metallographic examinations show that in thin-walled castings there is a significant impact of titanium addition to vermicular graphite formation. Thin-walled castings with vermicular graphite have a homogeneous structure, free of chills, and good mechanical properties. It may predispose them as a potential use as substitutes for aluminum alloy castings in diverse applications.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2013, 13, 2; 25-28
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Abrasive wear resistance of cast iron with precipitates of spheroidal VC carbides
Autorzy:
Kawalec, M.
Olejnik, E.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/382894.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
odporność na zużycie ścierne
żeliwo wysokowanadowe
stop eutektyczny
sferoidyzacja
węglik wanadu
abrasive wear resistance
high-vanadium cast iron
eutectic alloy
spheroidization
vanadium carbide
Opis:
The paper presents the results of abrasive wear resistance tests carried out on high-vanadium cast iron with spheroidal VC carbides. The cast iron of eutectic composition was subjected to spheroidising treatment using magnesium master alloy. The tribological properties were examined for the base cast iron (W), for the cast iron subjected to spheroidising treatment (S) and for the abrasion-resistant steel (SH). Studies have shown that high-vanadium cast iron with both eutectic carbides and spheroidal carbides has the abrasion resistance twice as high as the abrasion-resistant cast steel. The spheroidisation of VC carbides did not change the abrasion resistance compared to the base high-vanadium grade.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2012, 12, 2; 221-226
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effect of Microstructure of Fe-C-V Alloys on Selected Functional Properties
Autorzy:
Kawalec, M.
Kozana, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/382066.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
microstructure
Fe-C-V alloy
workability
mechanical properties
vanadium carbide
mikrostruktura
stop Fe-C-V
urabialność
właściwości mechaniczne
węglik wanadu
Opis:
The cast alloys crystallizing in Fe-C-V system are classified as white cast iron, because all the carbon is bound in vanadium carbides. High vanadium cast iron has a very high abrasion resistance due to hard VC vanadium carbides. However, as opposed to ordinary white cast iron, this material can be treated using conventional machining tools. This article contains the results of the group of Fe-C-V alloys of various microstructure which are been tested metallographic, mechanical using an INSTRON machine and machinability with the method of drilling. The study shows that controlling the proper chemical composition can influence on the type and shape of the crystallized matrix and vanadium carbides. This makes it possible to obtain a high-vanadium cast iron with very high wear resistance while maintaining a good workability.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2014, 14, 3; 33-36
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Measurement of Phase Transformation Kinetics in Austempered Ductile Iron
Autorzy:
Tyrała, E.
Górny, M.
Kawalec, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/379659.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
austempered ductile iron
phase transformation
dilatometry
żeliwo sferoidalne ausferrytyczne
przemiana fazowa
dylatometria
Opis:
The kinetics reaction occurring during the austempering treatment of ductile iron containing different concentration of Cu and Ni was studied. The samples were subjected to heat treatment in dilatometry equipment. In addition to that Vickers hardness measurements and metallographic investigations were performed. The exponential equation was used to describe the isothermal transformation processes. The dilatometric studies indicate that the addition of copper in contrast to the addition of copper and nickel does not significantly affect incubation time of austempering transformation. It has been shown that austermpering process is characterized by different transformation rate. In the initial range the addition of copper, and even in a greater extent both copper and nickel reduces its rate and moves the maximum value of the right. Results of this study also indicate that the initial growth of plates of ferrite occurs mainly diffusionlessly and the resulting maximum on the transformation rate curve should be identified with the time after which predominantly ferrite plates growth by diffusion.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2013, 13, 3 spec.; 175-178
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effect of Cooling Rate on Microstructure of Thin-Walled Vermicular Graphite Iron Castings
Autorzy:
Górny, M.
Kawalec, M.
Sikora, G.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/380738.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
innovative foundry technologies
innovative materials
vermicular graphite cast iron
cooling rate
thermal analysis
microstructure
innowacyjne technologie odlewnicze
materiały innowacyjne
żeliwo grafitowe wermikularne
chłodzenie
analiza termiczna
mikrostruktura
Opis:
This article addresses the effect of cooling rate and of titanium additions on the microstructure of thin-walled vermicular graphite iron (TWCI) castings as determined by changing molding media, section size and Ferro Titanium. The research work was carried out on TWCI castings and reference castings of 2-5 mm and 13-mm wall thickness, respectively. Various molding materials were employed (silica sand and insulating sand ‘‘LDASC’’) to achieve different cooling rates. Thermal analysis was implemented for determinations of the actual cooling rates at the onset of solidification. This study shows that the cooling rates exhibited in the TWCI castings varies widely (70- 14oC/s) when the wall thickness is changed from 2 to 5 mm. In turn, this is accompanied by a significant variation in the vermicular graphite fraction. The resultant cooling rates were effectively reduced by applying an insulating sand in order to obtain the desired vermicular graphite shape. In addition, good agreement was found between the theoretical predictions of the solidification process and the experimental outcome. Ti additions in combination with LDASC sand molds were highly effective in promoting the development of over 80 % vermicular graphite in castings with wall thicknesses of 2 and 3 mm as evidenced by quantitative metallographic analyses.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2014, 14, 1 spec.; 139-142
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effect of Titanium and Boron on the Stability of Grain Refinement of Al-Cu Alloy
Autorzy:
Górny, M.
Sikora, G.
Kawalec, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/381182.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
quality management
Al-Cu alloy
fading effect
primary grains of α(Al)
zarządzanie jakością
metalografia
stop Al-Cu
zanik
ziarna pierwotne
Opis:
The present research was conducted on thin-walled castings with 5 mm wall thicknesses. This study addresses the effect of the influence of different master alloys, namely: (1) Al-5%Ti-1%B, (2) Al-5%Ti and (3) Al-3%B, respectively on the structure and the degree of undercooling (ΔTα = Tα-Tmin, where Tα - the equilibrium solidification temperature, Tmin - the minimum temperature at the beginning of α(Al) solidification) of an Al-Cu alloy. The process of fading has been investigated at different times spent on the refinement treatment ie. from 3, 20, 45 and 90 minutes respectively, from the dissolution of master alloys. A thermal analysis was performed (using a type-S thermocouple) to determine cooling curves. The degree of undercooling and recalescence were determined from cooling and solidification curves, whereas macrostructure characteristics were conducted based on a metallographic examination. The fading effect of the refinement of the primary structure is accompanied by a significant change in the number (dimension) of primary grains, which is strongly correlated to solidification parameters, determined by thermal analysis. In addition to that, the analysis of grain refinement stability has been shown with relation to different grain refinements and initial titanium concentration in Al-Cu base alloy. Finally, it has been shown that the refinement process of the primary structure is unstable and requires strict metallurgical control.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2016, 16, 3; 35-38
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Anisotropic in Situ Metal Matrix Composite Reinforced with VC Carbide Fibres
Autorzy:
Kawalec, M.
Górny, M.
Sikora, G.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/381579.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
cast composite
directional solidification
vanadium eutectic
vanadium carbide
microstructure
kompozyt odlewany
krzepnięcie kierunkowe
węglik wanadu
Opis:
A eutectic reaction is a basic liquid-solid transformation, which can be used in the fabrication of high-strength in situ composites. In this study an attempt was made to ensure directional solidification of Fe-C-V alloy with hypereutectic microstructure. In this alloy, the crystallisation of regular fibrous eutectic and primary carbides with the shape of non-faceted dendrites takes place. According to the data given in technical literature, this type of eutectic is suitable for the fabrication of in-situ composites, owing to the fact that a flat solidification front is formed accompanied by the presence of two phases, where one of the phases can crystallise in the form of elongated fibres. In the present study an attempt was also made to produce directionally solidifying vanadium eutectic using an apparatus with a very high temperature gradient amounting to 380 W/cm at a rate of 3 mm/h. Alloy microstructure was examined in both the initial state and after directional solidification. It was demonstrated that the resulting microstructure is of a non-homogeneous character, and the process of directional solidification leads to an oriented arrangement of both the eutectic fibres and primary carbides.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2015, 15, 1; 21-24
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Influence of Structure on the Thermophisical Properties of Thin Walled Castings
Autorzy:
Górny, M.
Lelito, J.
Kawalec, M.
Sikora, G.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/382519.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
solidification process
thin walled casting
graphite morphology
thermal diffusivity
specific heat
thermal conductivity
proces krzepnięcia
odlew cienkościenny
morfologia grafitu
dyfuzyjność termiczna
ciepło właściwe
przewodność cieplna
Opis:
This study addresses the effect of the cooling rate and of titanium additions on the thermophysical parameters of thin-walled compacted graphite iron (TWCGI) castings. Various molding materials were used (silica sand and insulating sand LDASC- Low-Density Alumina-Silicate Ceramic) to achieve different cooling rates. Different titanium additions were caused by various amount of Ferro Titanium. The research work was conducted for thin-walled iron castings with a 3-mm wall thickness. The tested material represents the occurrence of graphite in the shape of flakes (C and D types, according to the ISO Standard), nodules or compacted graphite with a percent of nodularity and different shape factor. Thermal conductivity has been determined by the laser flash technique in a temperature range of 22-600°C. The results show that the cooling rates together with the titanium content largely influence the graphite morphology and finally thermal conductivity of thin walled iron castings.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2015, 15, 2 spec.; 23-26
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Influence of Wall Thickness and Mould Temperature on Structure and Properties of Thin Wall Ductile Iron Castings
Autorzy:
Górny, M.
Kawalec, M.
Witek, G.
Rejek, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/382589.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
metallography
mechanical properties
ductile iron
austenitic ductile iron
high Ni alloying
mould temperature
thin wall casting
metalografia
właściwości mechaniczne
metal ciągliwy
żeliwo sferoidalne
Opis:
The excellent property combination of thin wall ductile iron castings (TWDI), including thin wall alloyed cast iron (e.g. austenitic TWDI) has opened new horizons for cast iron to replace steel castings and forgings in many engineering applications with considerable cost benefits. TWDI is considered as a potential material for the preparation of light castings with good mechanical and utility properties, the cost of which is relatively low. In this study, unalloyed and high Ni-alloyed (25% Ni) spheroidal graphite cast iron, with an austenitic metallic matrix were investigated. The research was conducted for thin-walled iron castings with 2, 3 and 5mm wall thickness, using different mould temperature (20°C, and 160°C) to achieve various cooling rates. The metallographic examinations i.e. characteristic of graphite nodules, metallic matrix, and primary grains of austenite dendrites (in high-nickel NTWDI) and mechanical properties were investigated. The study shows that homogeneity of the casting structure of thin-walled castings varies when changing the wall thickness and mould temperature. Finally, mechanical properties of thin-walled ductile iron castings with ferritic-pearlitic and austenitic metallic matrix have been shown.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2019, 2; 55-59
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Abrasive Wear Resistance of Chromium Cast Iron
Autorzy:
Kopyciński, D.
Piasny, S.
Kawalec, M.
Madizhanova, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/381907.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
abrasive wear resistance
white cast iron
carbides
odporność na ścieranie
żeliwo białe
węgliki
Opis:
The resistance of cast iron to abrasive wear depends on the metal abrasive hardness ratio. For example, hardness of the structural constituents of the cast iron metal matrix is lower than the hardness of ordinary silica sand. Also cementite, the basic component of unalloyed white cast iron, has hardness lower than the hardness of silica. Some resistance to the abrasive effect of the aforementioned silica sand can provide the chromium white cast iron containing in its structure a large amount of (Cr, Fe)7C3 carbides characterised by hardness higher than the hardness of the silica sand in question. In the present study, it has been anticipated that the white cast iron structure will be changed by changing the type of metal matrix and the type of carbides present in this matrix, which will greatly expand the application area of castings under the harsh operating conditions of abrasive wear. Moreover, the study compares the results of abrasive wear resistance tests performed on the examined types of cast iron. Tests of abrasive wear resistance were carried out on a Miller machine. Samples of standard dimensions were exposed to abrasion in a double to-and-fro movement, sliding against the bottom of a trough filled with an aqueous abrasive mixture containing SiC + distilled water. The obtained results of changes in the sample weight were approximated with a power curve and shown further in the study.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2014, 14, 1; 63-66
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
    Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 15

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