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Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 107
Tytuł:
Physical activity as an important element in organizing and managing the lifestyle of populations in urban and rural environments
Autorzy:
Sygit, K.M.
Sygit, M.
Wojtyła-Buciora, P.
Lubiniec, O.
Stelmach, W.
Krakowiak, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2082059.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Wsi
Tematy:
health
prevention
physical activity
health promotion
Opis:
Introduction. Physical activity is one of the basic needs of people throughout their lives. Physical activity prevents many diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, which have the highest mortality rate, both among urban and rural populations in Poland. The average life expectancy in Poland and the European Union is increasing. The proportion of children and adolescents under the age of 20 is decreasing slowly but steadily, while the proportion of older people (aged 65+) in the total population is gradually increasing. According to the forecast of the Central Statistical Office, the percentage of older people increased rapidly after 2010, and will reach 22.3% in 2030. The number of the elderly will increase from 5,134,000 in 2007 to 8,195,000 in 2030. The health situation of Poles is less favourable compared to other European Union states. The most common health risks are: nicotine, drug addiction, alcoholism and obesity. One of the causes of obesity is an unhealthy lifestyle. Lifestyle is a basic determinant of human health. Objective. The aim of this study is to present research results based on a literature review on the importance of physical activity for human health as an element of organizing and managing the lifestyle of urban and rural populations. Conclusions. Comprehensive measures should be taken to increase public health awareness and promote health education, especially among school-age children and youths, and to provide appropriate sports infrastructure in particularly neglected rural areas.
Źródło:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine; 2019, 26, 1; 8-12
1232-1966
Pojawia się w:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
POlish-Norwegian Study (PONS)
Autorzy:
Zatonski, W.A.
Vatten, L.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/50506.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Wsi
Tematy:
PONS project
Polska
Norway
health
human health
European Union
public health
Źródło:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine; 2011, 18, 2
1232-1966
Pojawia się w:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Socio-economic inequalities in the use of dental care in urban and rural areas in Poland
Autorzy:
Piotrowska, D.E.
Pędziński, B.
Jankowska, D.
Huzarska, D.
Charkiewicz, A.E.
Szpak, A.S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2081767.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Wsi
Tematy:
dental public health
rural/urban environment
health disparities
health inequalities
socio-economic factors
Opis:
Introduction. The issue of inequalities in the use of health services and health inequalities between urban and rural dwellers is a subject of numerous scientific reports, but similar publications on dental health are scarce. Objective. The aim of this study is to assess the correlations between the use or non-use of dental services and the classical socio-economic factors (SES) in urban and rural groups in a representative population of Poland. Materials and method. The analysis consisted in desk research based on a questionnaire survey conducted by the Central Statistical Office of Poland on 12,532 individuals (urban areas – 6411, rural areas – 6121) in 2013. The chi-squared test, multivariate and univariate logistic regression models were applied. Results. There were major differences in the use of dental services depending on income level, education and source of income among rural and urban populations, as well as differences between these populations. Urban dwellers had 1.34 times greater odds of using dental services than rural ones (95% CI: 1.20–1.51). In the case of the highest income group, the odds were 3.26 (95% CI 2.21–4.83) times greater in cities and 2.07 (95% CI 1.51–2.85) times greater in villages than the odds in the lowest income group. In the highest education group, the odds were 1.58 (95% CI 1.17–2.13) times greater in urban areas and 2.08 (95% CI 1.48–2.91) times greater in rural areas than the odds in the lowest education group. Conclusions. There are considerable inequalities in the use of dental services, yet the differences in non-use, despite such a need, are less evident. This could imply that health disparities arise not only from economic constraints and unavailability of health care, but also from health attitudes and behaviours.
Źródło:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine; 2018, 25, 3; 512-516
1232-1966
Pojawia się w:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Using affinity analysis in diagnosing the needs of patients as regards e-Health
Autorzy:
Strzelecka, A.
Stachura, M.
Wójcik, T.
Pacian, A.B.
Kulik, T.
Pacian, J.
Kaczoruk, M.
Galińska, E.M.
Kawiak-Jawor, E.
Nowak-Starz, G.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2086058.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Wsi
Tematy:
patient
primary health care
e-health
affinity analysis
Opis:
Introduction. E-Health tools allow a medical facility to set a given patient’s data in order using ICT techniques, and the patient to use those techniques when contacting a given organisation. Materials and method. Secondary statistical data was used in the research. The study was carried out among primary health care patients. Mining for affinity rules was done in the R programme. The apriori and inspect functions from the arules package were used. Moreover, any redundant rules were removed from thoseobtained using the afero-mentioned method. Applying the general description of the affinity analysis method onto the survey described herein, it should be stressed that the aim of using affinity analysis was to discover the rules which contain the sub-transaction B={V_6=1} as a consequent. This was determined by the intention to discover associations regarding the knowledge about a uniform information system that the patients under study might have. Results. In the discovered rules, the antecedent most often contained an indication of the need for introducing a uniform solution as regards telemedicine. Moreover, according to the opinions of ‚conscious‘patients, a uniform IT system should improve the work at primary health care institutions, introducing an on-line booking system for visits should improve the productivity and comfort of doctors, and an IT system should provide unambiguous identification of a patient. Conclusions. There is potential in using affinity analysis within e-Health. The example of affinity analysis described in his study led to the discovery of interesting and important (from the point of view of a medical facility) regularities regarding the knowledge and expectations of patients as regards e-Health.
Źródło:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine; 2020, 27, 3; 435-441
1232-1966
Pojawia się w:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Factors determining health behaviours of the 50plus population with cardiovascular diseases
Autorzy:
Gąska, I.
Sygit, K.M.
Cipora, E.
Sygit, M.
Krakowiak, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2085406.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Wsi
Tematy:
health
cardiovascular diseases
health behaviours
people aged 50+
Opis:
Introduction. The biggest threat to life are cardiovascular diseases which are a serious problem in Poland, Europe, and worldwide. Therefore, it has become important to have proper health behaviours which significantly eliminate the occurrence and development of cardiovascular diseases. Objective. The main aim of this study is to present factors that determine health behaviours of the 50+ population with cardiovascular diseases. Materials and metod. The study was carried out among 411 individuals aged over 50 with cardiovascular diseases. The method used was a diagnostic survey. The study involved an authors’ survey questionnaire and the Inventory of Health-Related Behaviours (IHB). A detailed statistical analysis was carried out in the R programme, version 3.5.1. Results. The most common disease in the study group was coronary heart disease – 63.75%. The majority of respondents showed (via Inventory of Health-Related Behaviour [IHB]) that the level of their health behaviours was moderate – 41.12%; the highest level of health behaviours in the study group were related to health practices, while a slightly lower level was observed in the area of positive mental attitude. Statistical significance was also found between the level of intensity of health behaviours and age, gender, BMI, place of residence, education, professional activity and marital status of the respondents. Conclusions. Anti-health behaviours were predominant among the respondents; significant demographic and social factors determining health behaviour were determined, such as age and gender; a high level of health behaviours was found in the group of women with higher education and correct body mass, living in cities and married.
Źródło:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine; 2020, 27, 1; 99-105
1232-1966
Pojawia się w:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Asbestosis hospitalizations in Poland (2006–2016): results from the National Hospital Discharge Registry
Autorzy:
Kanecki, K.
Kosińska, I.
Tyszko, P.Z.
Nitsch-Osuch, A.
Goryński, P.
Zieliński, G.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2085542.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Wsi
Tematy:
public health
environmental health
lung disease
occupational exposure
Opis:
Introduction and objective. Occupational asbestos exposure is one of the major public health issues. Although asbestos use in Poland has decreased, asbestosis continues to remain an important health concern in the area of occupational medicine. The aim of the study is to perform a descriptive analysis of hospitalization cases in patients suffering from asbestosis in Poland. Materials and method. The authors used hospital discharge records to conduct a retrospective, population-based study. To estimate the asbestosis hospitalization rate, data from the Nationwide General Hospital Morbidity Study conducted by the National Institute of Public Health were used. Events were defined as in-patient hospital discharges during 2006–2016. 1,101 hospitalization records of 764 patients were included in the study. Results. In the study group of first-time hospitalized patients, the mean and median ages were 68.1 and 69 years, respectively; CI: 67.3–68.9; SD: 11.1, min-max:16–99 years. In this group, significant gender differences were observed (560 males vs. 204 female; P<0.001). No statistical differences were observed regarding the place of residence. During the observation period, 61 in-hospital deaths were reported (8% of all patients), 40 of whom (5.2 % of all patients) took place during the first-time hospitalizations. Asbestosis hospitalizations were mainly clustered in the south-western region, whereas the highest hospitalization rates were clustered in several areas of Poland. Conclusions. The authors believe this study to be the first evaluation of asbestosis in Poland made on the basis of the hospital morbidity database. The data presented may be helpful in comparative studies on the epidemiology of asbestosis across European countries.
Źródło:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine; 2020, 27, 2; 284-289
1232-1966
Pojawia się w:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Compliance with physical activity health recommendations in members of non-governmental organizations promoting active lifestyle
Autorzy:
Dębska, M.
Mynarski, W.
Biernat, E.
Nawrocka, A.
Bergier, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2082977.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Wsi
Tematy:
adults
lifestyle
accelerometry
health behaviours
non-governmental organizations
health recommendations
Opis:
Introduction. A vital role in health maintenance and the prevention of non-communicable chronic diseases is played by an adequate level of physical activity. In recent decades, numerous guidelines have been developed to determine the criteria of physical activity levels that are essential to obtain overall health benefits. Objective. The aim of the presented study was evaluation of the physical activity of adult members of non-governmental organizations promoting active lifestyle, in compliance with recommendations of the World Health Organization and the American College of Sport Medicine. Materials and method. The study examined 95 adult members of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) promoting an active lifestyle in the Silesian Province of Western Poland. In order to make a comprehensive physical activity evaluation (including all criteria of most complex health-recommendations), both an objective tool (ActiGraph GT3X) and a subjective tool (Daily Physical Activity Log) were used. Results. Compliance with a weekly total time of moderate to vigorous aerobic efforts were observed in 47% of women and 44% of men with regard to WHO guidelines, and in 29% of women and 23% of men, respectively, regarding ACSM guidelines. The criterion for the frequency of strength exercises was met by 24% of women and 15% of men. Flexibility exercises level was adequate in 35% of women and 28% of men. Conclusions. The most frequent cause of non-meeting the criteria of the above- mentioned organisations were insufficient frequency of the weekly resistance (strength) exercises and flexibility exercises. There is a need to create public health programmes based on the complex physical activity recommendations, including all types of physical efforts (aerobic, strength, flexibility), and to emphasise the fact that meeting all of them is essential to obtain overall health benefits.
Źródło:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine; 2019, 26, 1; 109-113
1232-1966
Pojawia się w:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Place of residence and age as variables differentiating health behaviours and perception of health by women past menopause
Autorzy:
Pilewska-Kozak, A.B.
Dobrowolska, B.
Stadnicka, G.
Drop, B.
Jędrych, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2083033.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Wsi
Tematy:
health behaviours
perception of health
women pastmenopause
place of residence
Opis:
Introduction. Research on the meaning of health and health behaviors is important for the development of health education programmes which should be tailored to the needs of patients. Objective. The aim of the study is to determine whether the place of residence and age have an impact on health behaviours and the perception of health by women past menopause. Materials and method. A survey method and three research instruments were employed: authors’ questionnaire, the Health Behaviour Inventory and the Health Criteria List by Juczyński, and the Kupperman Index. The study was carried out among a sample of 102 women after menopause hospitalised in a hospital in eastern Poland. Results. The overall health behaviour indicator (HBI) in the study group was found to reach an average value of 80.1±12.7points. A higher HBI indicator was found to be characteristic of urban rather than rural residents; however, there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05). The age of respondents did not differentiate statistically their health behaviours (p>0.05). Women who reported their last menstruation before the age of 50 obtained higher results in the dimension of health practices (HPs) than those whose last menstruation ceased after the age of 50 (p<0.05). The respondents attributed the highest importance to health, understood as a property, a state and a goal. Statistically significant differences were observed in the importance of the statement according to which health is a process of “being able to work without tension and stress”, as the respondents from urban areas assigned to it a higher average weight than those from rural areas (p< 0.05). Conclusions. A higher overall HBI, as well as indicators for particular categories, were characteristic of women from urban areas. Age did not significantly differentiate the women’s health behaviours. Rural residents were dominant in the group of women who rated their health to be very good or good. The respondents attributed the highest importance to health understood as a property, state and goal.
Źródło:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine; 2019, 26, 1; 165-173
1232-1966
Pojawia się w:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Application of advanced data collection and quality assurance methods in open prospective study - a case study of PONS project
Autorzy:
Wawrzyniak, Z.M.
Paczesny, D.
Manczuk, M.
Zatonski, W.A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/51940.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Wsi
Tematy:
health indicator
epidemiological study
information system
data collection
health survey
Polska
quality assurance
PONS project
public health
Źródło:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine; 2011, 18, 2
1232-1966
Pojawia się w:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Differences in health - a global problem and its various aspects
Autorzy:
Wojtyla, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/49391.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Wsi
Tematy:
health
global problem
human health
human disease
agriculture
rural area
hazard
Źródło:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine; 2011, 18, 2
1232-1966
Pojawia się w:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Improving health in Central and Eastern Europe
Autorzy:
Boyle, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/50302.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Wsi
Tematy:
improving health
human health
Central Europe
Eastern Europe
human disease
PONS project
Źródło:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine; 2011, 18, 2
1232-1966
Pojawia się w:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Mental wellbeing of children engaged in agricultural work activities and quality of family environment
Autorzy:
Lachowski, S
Lachowska, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/50391.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Wsi
Tematy:
household
human health
Polska
child labour
agricultural family
child
agricultural work
child health
field
family health
family environment
work activity
Opis:
A considerable percentage of Polish children from agricultural families are engaged by their parents in performing work activities on farms. The performance of these tasks arouses various emotional reactions in children, from the feeling of threat, fear and anxiety, to the feeling of satisfaction, being contented and proud. The subjective feeling of happiness and life satisfaction is an extremely important factor affecting the mental health and functioning of a human being. The objective of the study was to show to what extent the quality of communication between children and parents, and the level of family cohesion and adaptability according to the Circumplex Model by D. H. Olson et al., modifi es children’s emotional reactions associated with the tasks performed. The study covered 192 children aged 12-13, whose parents were running a family farm. Growing up in a healthy family characterised by a balanced level of cohesion, adaptability and good communication with the father and mother, favours the occurrence in children of pleasant emotions in reaction to work which they undertake on behalf of their parents on a farm. In such families, more often than in families with bad communication and dysfunctional families (disengaged, rigid), children experience satisfaction, have a feeling of deepening bonds with their parents, and the feeling of being more adult and preparing themselves well for adult life. Family characteristics which are evidence of disorders in its functioning (lack of good communication with the father, mother, lack of bonds between family members, rigid, chaos in a family) co-occur with the child experiencing unpleasant emotional states in associated with the work performed, there occur feelings of dissatisfaction, unhappiness, unpleasantness, the feeling that it would be better to learn than to work.
Źródło:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine; 2007, 14, 1
1232-1966
Pojawia się w:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Does place of residence affect patient satisfaction with hospital health care?
Autorzy:
Maślach, D.
Karczewska, B.
Szpak, A.
Charkiewicz, A.
Krzyżak, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2085402.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Wsi
Tematy:
patient satisfaction
hospital health care
health care services
care quality
rural
urban
Opis:
Introduction and objective. Measuring the level of patient satisfaction is a useful tool in delivering quality care that is responsive to consumer preferences. Various socio-demographic factors might be considered as potential predictors of patient satisfaction. The aim of the study was to assess whether place of residence (rural/urban) affects patient satisfaction with hospital health care. Materials and method. Data were obtained using face-to-face questionnaire, administered in five large, urban hospitals in Podlaskie Province, north-eastern Poland, during 2014–2018. The study sample comprised of 1,624 participants (585 rural, 1039 urban) who assessed satisfaction with 28 hospital health care items. The means and standard deviations were presented to compare 28 satisfaction items between the rural and the urban samples. Regression analysis was used to determine whether location difference (rural vs urban) affected patient satisfaction with various domains of hospital health care. Results. The mean results of 28 satisfaction items on the 1–5 scale were similar among the rural and the urban samples, and generally skewed towards positive experiences. In the univariate analysis, significant associations between place of residence and patient satisfaction were identified with regard to three components of inpatient care: 1) hospital settings and staff care, 2) doctors’ professional skills, and 3) hospitalization outcomes. After adjusting for socio-demographic variables, the association remained significant only with respect to satisfaction with hospitalization outcomes (b = 0.121; SE = 0.055; p = 0.028). Conclusions. Some evidence for differences in patient satisfaction by place of residence was found. Study findings may be helpful in implementing care quality improvement programmes.
Źródło:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine; 2020, 27, 1; 86-90
1232-1966
Pojawia się w:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wellbeing and older adults in primary health care in Poland
Autorzy:
Blachnio, A.
Buliński, L.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2082064.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Wsi
Tematy:
quality of life
psychogeriatrics
patient care
attitudes to health
comorbidity
geriatric health services
Opis:
Introduction and objective. The Polish health service is in need of improvement because of the increasing number of geriatric patients. Identifying the resources available to patients is important for ameliorating deficits. The goal of this research was to measure the health and wellbeing of seniors and to investigate to what extent health services meet their needs. Differences in access and scope of received services between patients from different localities (i.e villages, small towns and big cities) were analysed. Materials and method. Questionnaires (Satisfaction with Life Scale; VAS Numeric Pain Distress Scale) and a structured interview assessing the quality of healthcare were carried out in 2015 on a sample of 459 seniors. Each candidate gave consent for participation in the study. Statistica 12.5 software was used for analyses. Results. The overall measure of satisfaction with life of the respondents (M=22.34 SD=5.78) was good. Inhabitants of small towns had a significantly lower sense of quality of life than seniors from big cities (Tukey HSD = 0.047, p<.05). Multimorbidity and polypharmacy were present to a limited extent. The issue of discrimination of older individuals by medical personnel affected a fifth of seniors living in villages, and one- third of those living in big cities. Geriatric patients did not have equal opportunities for access to medical services. Conclusions. State-provided geriatric care is insufficient and does not meet the real needs of patients. A holistic care approach and/or individualized care for older adults are often indicated but are only theoretical constructs in Poland. This inefficient system places the burden of caregiving on the family of the ageing patient. Anxiety among geriatric patients is growing regarding exclusion and lack of care.
Źródło:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine; 2019, 26, 1; 55-61
1232-1966
Pojawia się w:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Knowledge of parents from urban and rural areas vs. prevention methods of hearing loss threats seen as challenges for public health
Autorzy:
Głowacka, Maria Danuta
Świdziński, Piotr
Frankowska, Anna
Bajurna, Beata
Marcinkowski, Jerzy T.
Mojs, Ewa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/989823.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Wsi
Tematy:
hearing protection
children
public health
Opis:
Introduction. Parents as day-to-day caregivers looking after their children’s health and upbringing are crucial in the process of hearing loss prevention among the young. The aim of the study was to assess the parents’ knowledge and awareness of hazards bringing about hearing loss, possibilities to prevent this, as well as their reaction in the case of problems of their children with hearing. Material and methods. The research group comprised respondents (402 persons), medical or paramedical professionals. None of the surveyed was a doctor. 56% of the surveyed were inhabitants of large cities, 24% of small towns, and 20% of village, mostly located in the area of Greater Poland (Wielkopolska) (97%). To perform the research a survey was devised. GSES scale was applied as an accessory tool. Results. The subjects surveyed posses a great deal of knowledge concerning basic conditions that could adversely affect the hearing of children. Village inhabitants are half as afraid of hearing loss hazards as the inhabitants of large cities. More than 40% of the respondents claimed they do nothing to counteract their children’s overexposure to noise. In 48.5% of cases, GPs had not drawn parents’ attention to possible complications resulting from upper respiratory tract infections in children. Parents know where they should go to in case their children develop hearing problems or sudden hearing loss. Conclusions. Knowledge and awareness of factors that may trigger hearing loss is not synonymous with avoidance of the problem. Main components of hearing loss prevention among children and youths should be administrative actions, extensive education, and proper childcare at home.
Źródło:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine; 2017, 24, 2
1232-1966
Pojawia się w:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 107

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