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    Wyświetlanie 1-6 z 6
    Tytuł:
    Kto się nie leni, zrobi złoto z kamieni – osełki w grobach wczesnego średniowiecza
    Kto się nie leni, zrobi złoto z kamieni77 – whetstones in early medieval graves
    Autorzy:
    Wrzesińska, Anna
    Wrzesiński, Jacek
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/584757.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe
    Tematy:
    wczesne średniowiecze
    cmentarzysko
    osełki
    wyposażenie grobowe
    Dziekanowice
    Early Middle Ages
    cemetery
    whetstones
    grave goods
    Opis:
    1Since the dawn of history humans have been interested in using stones for a variety of purposes. The use of rocks and stones as shelters, building material or resource for the production of tools or weapons is a cultural phenomenon. One of the categories of stone objects recorded in graves at early medieval cemeteries includes whetstones. The present study is devoted to whetstones registered in graves at the cemetery at Dziekanowice, site 22 (gmina Łubowo, województwo wielkopolskie). This early medieval necropolis is located on the east shore of Lake Lednica in the direct vicinity of one of the major stronghold centres of the Piast dynasty. The stronghold itself is situated on Ostrów – an island on Lake Lednica. Out of 1585 skeletal graves recorded in situ at the studied cemetery, 847 (53.4%) burials contained altogether 1868 objects considered as grave deposits. In the group of those artifacts were 28 whetstones found in 27 graves (one grave contained 2 whetstones), which account for 3.2 percent of the total number of burials with equipment. In addition, 7 whetstones were recorded loosely at the border between layer I and II (they were damaged by ploughing), and in settlement features; however, these objects are not included in the study. The majority of graves with whetstones unearthed at the cemetery at Dziekanowice were male burials. As many as 21 graves belonged to men, 5 to women and only one to a child. Previous research and publications on cemeteries do not facilitate an ambiguous interpretation of the function of whetstones recorded in graves, although utilitarian character of these objects is unquestionable. It can also be asserted that whetstones were buried more often in male graves, and most often in adult graves. They occurred both in “richer” burials and in those characterized by modest equipment. The new light on the function of some whetstones has been shed by the results of analyses carried out by Martin Ježek from the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. His recent spectral analysis of whetstone surfaces has allowed the hypothesis that whetstones (particularly phyllite ones) may have been used as touchstones. The analysis based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS method) revealed residues of metals on the surface of the examined objects. The microanalysis has proven the existence of micro-traces of metals such as gold, silver, tin and copper. In sum, the hypothesis about a special function of the whetstones cannot be excluded. This may apply particularly to the objects with scant traces of polishing, in contrast to whetstones with strongly polished and characteristic concave surfaces resulting from frequent sharpening. The whetstones with scant traces of polishing may have been used not only as sharpening tools, but also (and maybe primarily) as items against which a precious metal was rubbed in order to check its value and the quality of alloy. Identifying the function of whetstones as touchstones creates new possibilities for discussing the problems associated with social stratification and with distinguishing between “richer” and “poorer” graves. A whetstone-touchstone found in a grave gives its owner a different rank in the society than we previously assumed interpreting the object only as a sharpening tool. Undoubtedly, the analysis of social stratification should involve by far more elements than is widely regarded as vital. In addition, whetstones-touchstones may also become important objects for the analysis of trading places and exchange in the Early Middle Ages.
    Źródło:
    Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia; 2014, 60; 197-223
    0065-0986
    2451-0300
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Przestrzeń rozświetlona. Znaleziska świec i wosku w grobach komorowych na terenie Europy Środkowowschodniej
    Space illuminated. Finds of candles and wax in early medieval chamber graves in Eastern-Central Europe
    Autorzy:
    Janowski, Andrzej
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/584872.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe
    Tematy:
    wczesne średniowiecze
    groby komorowe
    świece
    religia
    chrystianizacja
    Early Middle Ages
    chamber graves
    candles
    religion
    christianization
    Opis:
    Among many items which were found in early medieval chamber graves in Eastern-Central Europe are pieces of wax and candles (fig. 1). These artifacts were discovered in seven graves at four cemeteries in Gnezdovo (graves C-198, C-301 and C-306) (fig. 2-4; 7; 8.1-8), Pskov (graves 3 and 6) (fig. 5), Shestovitsa (mound 42) and Timerevo (mound 100) (fig. 6; 8.9). All of these graves were covered with mounds and contained inhumations with very rich grave-goods. The dead were buried with their heads to the west. Candles were found predominantly in female graves (Gnezdovo graves C-198, C-301 and C-306; Pskov grave 3) or in chamber graves containing two individuals (male and female) in association with the females (Timerevo grave 100). The chronology of the graves is very similar – all are dated to the second half of the 10th century. Candles were placed on the periphery in eastern (Gnezdovo graves C-301 and C-306, Pskov grave 6) or southern (Pskov grave 3, Shestovitsa mound 42) part of the chamber. The number of candles in particular graves ranged from one (Pskov grave 6, Shestovitsa grave 42, Timerevo grave 100) to as many as twelve examples (Gnezdovo grave C-306). Apart from chamber graves, from Russia and Ukraine there are also other types of graves, dated to the second half of the 10th – 11th century, which contained wax and candles. They were found in Gnezdovo (grave L-148) (fig. 8.11), Timerevo (mound 323) (fig. 8.10), Saki (mound 54(1)) (fig. 8.13), Starcy (fig. 8.14) Vahrushevo (mound CXVI), and Sednev (mound 2(1886) (fig. 8.12). Parallel finds are also known from Western and Northern Europe. The oldest discovery comes from the cemetery in Oberflacht dated to the 6th-7th century (fig. 9.3-5), and the youngest from Norway (graves in Grønhaug, Storhaug, Oseberg, Larvik and Lille Gullkronen (mound 7)) and Denmark (graves in Jelling, Mammen (fig. 10), Søllested, Brandstrup (fig. 9.2; 11). In the Early Middle Ages wax was a valued commodity and probably fairly expensive. Scholars point out that wax and candles in funerary contexts are connected with individuals of high material and social status. Candles can also have a very deep symbolic meaning in pagan and Christian beliefs. Chamber graves with candles are probably older than the official date of the Christianisation of Rus’ (988/989), but the people in places like Gnezdovo, Pskov, Timerevo and Shestovitsa had contact with Christianity about 100 years earlier. Chamber graves with candles contain Christian symbols like silver crosses/ pendants and other (fig. 12). In my opinion candles had an apotropaic meaning, and the graves with candles may be interpreted as a sign of an individual conversion of social elite to Christianity before official Christianisation.
    Źródło:
    Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia; 2014, 60; 121-130
    0065-0986
    2451-0300
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Grotem w dół, grotem w górę. Deponowanie włóczni w grobach wczesnośredniowiecznych na ziemiach polskich
    Spearhead up, spearhead down. Deposition of spears in Early Medieval Graves in the Polish lands.
    Autorzy:
    Kurasiński, Tomasz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/584846.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe
    Tematy:
    wczesne średniowiecze
    obrzędowość pogrzebowa
    broń drzewcowa
    wyposażenie grobowe
    early Middle Ages
    burial rite
    staff weapons
    grave goods
    Opis:
    The paper discusses the issue of deposition of shafted weapons in Early Medieval graves in the Polish lands, with particular stress on the location of spearheads near the feet of the deceased. The analysis of distribution of spearheads in the space of the grave pit points to a diversified manner of burying the dead with the weapon in question. Three zones can be identified (cf Fig. 1): I – upper part of the torso with the head (61 graves); II – vicinity of the pelvis and the femora (6 graves); III – vicinity of the feet and the tibiae (25 graves; cf Figs. 2-5). Attempts at clarifying this diversity in the deposition of shafted weapons in the space of the grave pit have hardly been undertaken in scholarship. Furthermore, they do not offer a satisfactory explanation of this phenomenon This paper presents an interpretation which is somehow different than those hitherto proposed. The deposition of spearheads in Zone III probably expresses a certain scheme of thinking which is founded on a mythical order of the world, especially on an archaic motif of the “divine duel”. It was an outline of numerous tales, images and beliefs. Its essence was the fight of a positive hero against a dragon or another monster which represents powers of chaos and destruction. Following this path, the dead for whom the weapon was deposited near his feet, may have been posthumously honoured due to his especially remarkable deeds (of war or other ones) done during his life. These deeds were considered significant for the maintenance or restoration of the social order.
    Źródło:
    Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia; 2014, 60; 159-187
    0065-0986
    2451-0300
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Gdzie ukrywano monety we wczesnośredniowiecznym Kaliszu i jego okolicach
    Where Coins Were Hidden in the Early Medieval Kalisz and its Vicinity
    Autorzy:
    Kędzierski, Adam
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1036068.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-11-26
    Wydawca:
    Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe
    Tematy:
    early middle ages
    kalisz
    monetary circulation
    silver hoards
    trade routes
    early medieval settlement
    wczesne średniowiecze
    osadnictwo
    obieg pieniężny
    srebro
    szlaki handlowe
    Opis:
    Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie miejsc, w których ukryto wczesnośredniowieczne monety na terenie Kalisza i okolic (Kalisz-Szałe, Kalisz-Zawodzie, Kalisz-Rajsków, Jastrzębniki i Kalisz Dobrzec). Dotychczasowe badania Małgorzaty i Mirosława Andrałojciów, Patrycji Silskiej i Piotra Szyngiery, dotyczące kontekstu archeologicznego deponowanych w X, XI i początkach XII wieku zespołów srebrnych wykazały, że depozyty z Wielkopolski ukrywane były przede wszystkim poza terenami zamieszkałymi: osadami i grodami. Większość analizowanych znalezisk pochodzi z dużych osad, funkcjonujących również w okresie późnego średniowiecza i czasów nowożytnych, a tylko monety z Kalisza-Szałe ukryto na terenie krótko istniejącej osady W studium przeanalizowano pięć zespołów, których miejsca odkrycia są znane. pod kątem lokalizacji na tle ówczesnego osadnictwa. Jedynie zespół z Kalisza-Dobrzeca został zdeponowany na peryferiach dawnej wsi. Zespoły ukryto na osadach leżących na ważnych szlakach handlowych łączących Kalisz ze wschodem i północą.
    The aim of this paper is to list all the places in which early medieval coins were deposited in Kalisz and the surrounding area (Kalisz-Szałe, Kalisz-Zawodzie, Kalisz-Rajsków, Jastrzębniki and Kalisz Dobrzec). Recent research into the archaeological contexts of silver hoard assemblages deposited in the 10th, 11th, and the beginning of the12th century by Małgorzata and Mirosław Andrałojć, Patrycja Silska and Piotr Szyngiera has proved that deposits from Greater Poland were hidden principally outside of residential areas, either settlements and strongholds. Five assemblages are analyzed in the text. The places of their discovery are known in terms of their relationship to known areas of settlement of their time. The coins were been hidden in areas of early medieval settlements. Only the assemblage found at Kalisz-Dobrzec was deposed on the periphery of a former village. The majority of the assemblages come from large settlements which also functioned through the later Middle Ages down to modern times. Only the coins from Kalisz-Szałe were hidden at a site which was settled for a short duration of time. Hoards from Kalisz and its surroundings were hidden in settlements located on important trade routes, which in early medieval times connected Kalisz with the East and the North.
    Źródło:
    Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia; 2020, 66; 15-26
    0065-0986
    2451-0300
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    W kościele czy poza kościołem – lokalizacja pochówków w Polsce piastowskiej.
    Dans l’église au hors l’église – la localisation des sépultures en Pologne des Piast
    Autorzy:
    Dąbrowska, Elżbieta
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/584761.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe
    Tematy:
    lokalizacja pochówków
    pochówek uprzywilejowany
    pochówek „ad sanctos”
    wczesne średniowiecze
    location of burials
    burial privileged
    burial „ad sanctos”
    early Middle Ages
    Opis:
    Le propos de l’auteur concerne la situation des sépultures chrétiennes dans l’espace ecclésial et plus précisément leur localisation à l’intérieur ou à l’extérieur des murs du sanctuaire, dans les pays de l’Europe latine. L’usage s’était répandu, dans l’antiquité tardive, d’enterrer les morts à proximité de la tombe des saints martyrs dans l’espérance de bénéficier de leur intercession pour s’assurer le salut éternel, avec la conséquence de transformer les églises en cimetières. Dès le IVe siècle, pour lutter contre ces pratiques, des interdictions furent énoncées par l’intermédiaire d’édits impériaux et de décisions conciliaires. Recommandations peu suivies d’effets si l’on en croit leurs répétitions inimterrompues dans les textes médièvaux. C’est pourquoi des règles s’établirent peu à peu au cours du Moyen Age, relatives à cette question. L’enterrement dans les murs du sanctuaire fut réservé aux catégories les plus hautes de la société: en premier lieu les rois et les évêques – personnages sacrés – puis les abbés et les abbesses, enfin les membres des familles royales et les fondateurs et bienfaiteurs d’édifices ecclésiastiques. Ces dispositions furent certainement connues et mises en pratique lors de la christianisation de la Pologne au Xe siècle. Etant donné les dimensions modestes des constructions, on peut déduire que les tombes découvertes dans les églises polonaises, correspondent à des sépultures de personnages importants, rois, évêques, abbés ou princes. Néanmoins, en dépit du nombre important de fouilles archéologiques réalisées, très peu de ces personnages enterrés „intra muros” ont été identifiés.
    Źródło:
    Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia; 2014, 60; 81-85
    0065-0986
    2451-0300
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Naczynia ceramiczne i wiaderka klepkowe z wczesnopiastowskiego cmentarzyska w Sowinkach k. Poznania
    Ceramic vessels and stave buckets from an early Piast cemetery in Sowinki near Poznań.
    Autorzy:
    Krzyszowski, Andrzej
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/584783.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe
    Tematy:
    Sowinki
    wczesne średniowiecze
    cmentarzysko szkieletowe
    naczynia gliniane
    drewniane wiaderka klepkowe
    the Early Middle Ages
    skeletal burial
    clay vessels
    wooden stave buckets
    Opis:
    Two clay vessels and eleven to twelve stave buckets with iron hoops were discovered in Sowinki, in a skeletal flat cemetery with two phases of use that dates back to the fourth quarter of the 10th to the first half of the 12th century. They were found in burials of three people aged iuvenis of unspecified gender (objects no. 61, 148, 151), one person aged iuvenis /adultus, also of unknown gender (object no. 70), four people aged adultus, including two women (objects no. 7 and 138) and two men (objects no. 44 and 76), probably one man aged maturus (object no. 176). The age and gender of four of the remains (objects no. 10B, 23, 157 and 182) could not be determined due to poorly preserved bone fragments (objects No. 10B, 157 and 182), or their total absence (object No. 23). In all of the graves, the vessels were individually placed nearby the feet of the deceased, usually to his or her left. In most of the burials, they were found in the direct vicinity of the deceased, within the grave pit, or even directly inside the clear outlines of the coffin. Only in three cases, in the graves where traces of coffins were registered, did the buckets clearly lie beyond them Following the typological division proposed by G. Arwidsson and L. Holmquist (1986, p. 238), the stave buckets from Sowinki represent two morphological types among this kind of objects. The eleven buckets belong to the first type (group A according to the authors), were made with the use of cooperage techniques, with handles, iron rims and a movable iron bail handle. The majority of objects have a slight conical form, with a noticeable enlargement at the bottom, with a diameter in the range of 14-18 cm and the preserved height of 11-14 cm, the initial height ranging from 13 to 16 cm. A variant of this type is represented by a single object only, the bucket discovered in burial no. 138. Carrying similar features as the buckets of A1 variant, it is of a larger size with a diameter of about 22 cm, whereas the height of the bucket could have originally been about 18-20 cm. The second type of buckets registered in Sowinki is also a case of a single object found only in burial No. 151, whose attributes place it in the buckets of group C by G. Arwidsson and L. Holmquist (1986, p. 238). It had both an iron and a silver-plated sheet (approx. 5 cm in width), below which and between another array of iron rims were iron and silverplated plaques of a different kind, arranged in a garland pattern. The bucket’s diameter was approximately 23-26,5 cm, and the initial height of about 20-22 cm. The corresponding findings from the graveyards of the same chronological period both in the Slavic and Scandinavian territories are sparse. The analysis of the original content of the clay vessels and stave buckets from Sowinki proved that the objects most likely contained organic animal products such as boneless meat (in objects no. 148, 151), unspecified food (object no. 176), cereal or oilseeds grains (object no. 70) or beverages (beer or wine dissolved in water). The function of this kind of „gifts” could therefore have an apotropaic character. The remaining buckets, however, were probably originally empty. Moreover, in seven buckets there were fabric residues, attached to the outer parts of the iron bails or rims. Unfortunately, neither the raw material nor warp and weft of the fabrics were identified. It remains an open question as to what the original function of these residues might have been. The research performed on these as well as other fabrics from the site suggests that we are probably dealing with both remnants of clothing and sheets in which the deceased were wrapped. In terms of spatial range, the analyzed vessels were found in chronologically older sector of the cemetery, its central-western part dating back to the period between the 10th and the first half of the 11th century. They were located in no particular spatial order. In several cases (objects 70, 148, 151), however, it is noticeable that they were undoubtedly burials of people of considerable status in the then society.
    Źródło:
    Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia; 2014, 60; 137-158
    0065-0986
    2451-0300
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-6 z 6

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