Informacja

Drogi użytkowniku, aplikacja do prawidłowego działania wymaga obsługi JavaScript. Proszę włącz obsługę JavaScript w Twojej przeglądarce.

Wyszukujesz frazę "war literature" wg kryterium: Temat


Tytuł:
Wojna w dystopii – dystopia jako antywojna (na materiale powieści Kaharłyk Ołeha Szynkarenki)
Autorzy:
Ursulenko, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/776991.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
dystopia
war
anti-war literature
Ukrainian literature
Russia
Opis:
The dystopian novel Kaharlyk (2014) by Oleh Shynkarenko, the action of which takes place in about 2144, depicts various kinds of wars and forms of armed struggle: the occupation of territories of Ukraine by the Russian army, Russian-Chinese nuclear war, guerrilla warfare, the local conflict for power, and ethnic antagonisms. The description of the post-apocalyptic reality Grey Zone gives the author an opportunity to reflect on the dangers of aggressive ideology: imperialism, religious fundamentalism and radical nationalism. The diagnosis of Ukrainian society presented is also alarming. Hence, the work can be seen as a warning novel. Similar elements can be found in many dystopias written recently in different countries. An analysis of examples from Russian and American cultures shows that criticism of the existing situation is often combined with an admonition of the phenomena that may arise from the dangerous trends of the present, including armed conflicts. Hence visions of future wars, among other things, serve as a tool of discreditation against the ruling political forces and propose an analysis of discourses responsible for driving those wars. Implemented in such way, the ideological function, the metadiscursive perspective and humanistic values of dystopia allow for it, in our opinion, to be included in the arsenal of measures designed to “create conditions that scare of war or limit its scope” (A. Toffler, H. Toffler). The totality of these measures was defined by Alvin and Heidi Toffler as “anti-war”.
Źródło:
Slavia Occidentalis; 2016, 73/2; 95-107
0081-0002
Pojawia się w:
Slavia Occidentalis
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Melchiora Wańkowicza dwa odmienne spojrzenia na Rosję
Melchior Wańkowicz in reportages on Russia
Autorzy:
Malcer-Zakrzacka, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/545418.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Gdański. Wydział Filologiczny
Tematy:
Non-fiction
war literature
Second World War
Opis:
Melchior Wańkowicz in reportages on Russia is about two non-fiction reportages about Russia: one written before the Second World War called Opierzona rewolucja and the other written during the war called Dzieje rodziny Korzeniewskich. There are two different, ambivalent views on communist system. The first one seems to be apologetic and appreciative for this, in writer's opinion, successful country and its people after communist revolution. Dzieje rodziny Korzeniewskich written in 1942, edited in English in New York in 1945 was one of the world's first non-fiction reportages which gives a report from Russian communist crime on Polish society exiled on northern and southern parts of Russia during the Second World War.
Źródło:
Jednak Książki. Gdańskie Czasopismo Humanistyczne; 2016, 5; 67-86
2353-4699
Pojawia się w:
Jednak Książki. Gdańskie Czasopismo Humanistyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Eksperymenty nad tożsamością płciową mężczyzn w twórczości Marka Hłaski
Experiments on Male Gender Identity in the Oeuvre of Marek Hłasko
Autorzy:
Mosak, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/534511.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
Tematy:
socialist realism literature
masculinity
gender
post-war literature
Opis:
The present article aims to analyse the depictions of male protagonists in the oeuvre of Marek Hłasko. The post-World War Two crisis of hegemonic masculinity resulted in transformations of male and female gender identities in the 1950s. What seems to reflect the said reconfiguration of masculinity model are the changes occurring between the main protagonists of the particular pieces of Hłasko’s prose. In the 1954 short story entitled Baza Sokołowska, the men’s identities are, in the natural way, embedded in biology. In order to join the male community of drivers and gain their respect, it is enough to go through an initiation ritual. In the prose written by Hłasko after 1955, however, more and more often appear the male characters who humiliate the young and thwart them on their way to join masculine community, yet simultaneously some characters are presented who contest forms of patriarchal culture and refuse to participate in it. Hłasko’s Israeli novels, in turn, feature a series of male protagonists for whom gender (or even sexual) identity is merely a social construct. The narrator/protagonist of Drugie zabicie psa (Killing the Second Dog) would even consciously “perform” his masculinity to obtain an affluent female tourist’s trust and, as a result, to cozen her out of her money, which he needs to pay back his debts.The analysis of Marek Hłasko’s selected prose writings focused on the representation of various masculinity models leads the author of the article to a conclusion that male gender identity is consistently shifting towards constructivist concepts.
Źródło:
Śląskie Studia Polonistyczne; 2020, 15, 1
2084-0772
2353-0928
Pojawia się w:
Śląskie Studia Polonistyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Sin Sick: Moral Injury in War and Literature by Joshua Pederson (A Book Review)
Autorzy:
Arminio, Angelo
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2076968.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-06-15
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
Tematy:
trauma theory
war literature
trauma
moral injury
Opis:
Joshua Pederson’s Sin Sick: Moral Injury in War and Literature proposes the use of moral injury – a psychological concept describing the affliction of those who break their moral code when committing despicable acts – as a framework through which war narratives of the American War on Terror can be productively read without resorting to the controversial idea of perpetrator trauma, which seems to excuse veterans as victims of the war. Pederson provides the reader with a clinical overview of the condition as well as a first literary theory of moral injury as a manifestation of various forms of excess through a genealogical reading that includes analyses of Dostoevsky’s Crime and Punishment and Camus’ The Fall. Sin Sick appears as a step in the right direction as it addresses in a timely manner a blind spot in trauma theory using a concept that more accurately describes a specific type of suffering. In the author’s mind the very term “moral injury” entails an acknowledgement of the soldiers’ wrongdoing, and this allows him to defend contemporary war writers from critics accusing them of using a narrow point of view that focuses on the pain of the American protagonists and hides the suffering of their victims. Ultimately, the study introduces readers to a fresh way to understand the psychological pain of perpetrators and seeks to inaugurate a new branch of studies that can run in parallel with trauma theory.
Źródło:
Review of International American Studies; 2022, 15, 1; 149-154
1991-2773
Pojawia się w:
Review of International American Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Happy is the Land that Needs No Heroes
Autorzy:
Coates, Donna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/889014.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
The Great War
Australian war literature
Canadian war literature
ANZAC
the battle of Vimy Ridge
cultural memory/amnesia
Opis:
This essay interrogates two articles by the Canadian historian Jeff Keshen and the Australian historian Mark Sheftall, which assert that the representations of soldiers in the First World War (Anzacs in Australia, members of the Canadian Expeditionary Forces, the CEF), are comparable. I argue, however, that in reaching their conclusions, these historians have either overlooked or insufficiently considered a number of crucial factors, such as the influence the Australian historian/war correspondent C. E. W. Bean had on the reception of Anzacs, whom he venerated and turned into larger-than-life men who liked fighting and were good at it; the significance of the “convict stain” in Australia; and the omission of women writers’ contributions to the “getting of nationhood” in each country. It further addresses why Canadians have not embraced Vimy (a military victory) as their defining moment in the same way as Australians celebrate the landing at Anzac Cove (a military disaster), from which they continue to derive their sense of national identity. In essence, this essay advances that differences between the two nations’ representations of soldiers far outweigh any similarities.
Źródło:
Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies; 2018, 27/3; 111-142
0860-5734
Pojawia się w:
Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kronikarz spóźnionej wojny. Woń człowieka Ernő Szépa
Autorzy:
Piotrowiak-Junkiert, Kinga
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/776750.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
Hungarian literature
Ernő Szép
Jews
II World War literature
Opis:
The article presents a portrait of one of the most important witnesses of the Holocaust in Hungary, the author of Emberszag and „the legend of Ernő Szép”, who would greet people by saying „I was Ernő Szép”. In his innovative work, the writer draws upon his skills as both reporter and observer. The way he can intricately interweave different episodes confirms his great artistic ability, but most of all it highlights the essential need to accord to the Jewish history all the respect it deserves. Szép achieves this through adopting an anthropocentric perspective – each scene focuses primarily on human emotions and habits, whilst the key context of all the events – the Shoah – is shifted to the background. Without overloading the text with too many dates or legal references, Szép pays careful attention to facts which gives readers a perfect opportunity to recreate the successive stages of the Jewish history in 1944 Budapest.
Źródło:
Slavia Occidentalis; 2015, 72/2; 179-191
0081-0002
Pojawia się w:
Slavia Occidentalis
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kriegsliteratur aus der DDR und die Zensur in der Volksrepublik Polen in den ersten Nachkriegsjahren
GDR war literature and censorship in Peoples Republic of Poland in the early postwar years
Autorzy:
Rajch, Marek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/927453.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-04-15
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
Germane literature
war literature
censorship
socialist realism
GDR
Polish People's Republic
Opis:
From all of the German literature distributed in Poland during the first half of the nineteen fifties, that of the GDR was the most strongly represented, because like the People's Republic, it was part of the Eastern Bloc. A substantial part of this literature touched upon the themes of the Second World War. As some prominent Eastern German authors had taken part in the Spanish Civil War in 1936-1939, this subject also couldn't be ignored.The introduction in 1949 of socialist realism as the most important criterion of art, and particulary strong political pressure, led to a great deal of confusion and insecurity, not only for Polish publishing houses, but also among the censors, whose task was to take decisions about what literature could be printed. Censors’ opinions in this period often differed, not only in terms of detailed matter, but also in the final decisions about the eventual fate of the title submitted for evaluation.
Źródło:
Studia Germanica Posnaniensia; 2016, 37; 253-262
0137-2467
Pojawia się w:
Studia Germanica Posnaniensia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Autobiographisches Schreiben in Alfred Anderschs Prosa der 50er Jahre
Autobiographical Writing in the Alfred Andersch´s Prose from the 1950s
Autorzy:
Jabłkowska, Joanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/927484.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-04-05
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
Alfred Andersch
autobiographism
desertion
the issue of guilt
post-war literature
Opis:
Alfred Andersch´s autobiographical texts from the 1950s have been heavily criticized in recent literature on the topic. W.G. Sebald´s essay about Andersch was of crucial importance. The details of Andersch´s stay in the Dachau concentration camp as well as the writer´s motivation to desert at the end of the war were questioned. The article aims at a new reading of Andersch´s autobiographical texts with regard to their credibility. It compares the early short story Flucht in Eturien with the autobiography Die Kirschen der Freiheit and a few less known texts. The analysis leads to the conclusion that Andersch “re-wrote” his biography as a creation that fulfils unconscious wishes of a whole generation. His intention was to adapt the image of decent young men of antifascist beliefs whose only guilt was the loyalty to their comrades.
Źródło:
Studia Germanica Posnaniensia; 2016, 37; 121-133
0137-2467
Pojawia się w:
Studia Germanica Posnaniensia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The End of the 1914–1918 War in Africa
Autorzy:
Samson, Anne
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/888953.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
The Great War
Africa
the local voice
Versailles peace talks
colonialism
Great War literature
Opis:
The end of the First World War in Africa occurred at different times across the continent as the German colonies capitulated and surrendered to the allied forces between 26 August 1914 and 25 November 1918. The experience of each territory was indicative of its colonial development and local conditions. As the war inched across the landscape so people moved between states of peace and conflict, all caught up in some aspect either directly or through the provision of food and other materials. This chapter explores different experiences across the continent and the legacy of the discussions at Versailles.
Źródło:
Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies; 2018, 27/3; 83-110
0860-5734
Pojawia się w:
Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
How to Tell the War? Trench Warfare and the Realist Paradigm in First World War Narratives
Autorzy:
Löschnigg, Martin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/888740.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
The Great War
trench warfare
the realist paradigm
British Great War literature
German Great War literature
Edmund Blunden
Robert Graves
Charles Yale Harrison
Ernst Jünger
Ludwig Renn
Edelf Köppen
Opis:
This paper will analyze how memoirs and novels of the First World War reflect the challenges which modern warfare poses to realist narrative. Mechanized warfare resists the narrative encoding of experience. In particular, the nature of warfare on the Western Front 1914–1918, characterized by the fragmentation of vision in the trenches and the exposure of soldiers to a continuous sequence of acoustic shocks, had a disruptive effect on perceptions of time and space, and consequently on the rendering of the chronotope in narrative accounts of the fighting. Under the conditions of the Western Front, the order-creating and meaning-creating function of narrative seemed to have become suspended. As I want to show, these challenges account for a fundamental ambivalence in memoirs and novels which have largely been regarded as paradigmatically ‘realistic’ and ‘authentic’ anti-war narratives. Their documentary impetus, i.e. the claim to tell the ‘truth’ about the war, is often countered by textual fragmentation and a “cinematic telescoping of time” (Williams 29), i.e. by a structure which implies that such a ‘truth’ could not really be articulated. In consequence, these texts also explore the relationship between fact and fiction in the attempt at rendering an authentic account of the modern war experience. My examples are Edmund Blunden’s Undertones of War (1928), Robert Graves’s Goodbye to All That (1929) and the novel Generals Die in Bed (1930) by the Canadian Charles Yale Harrison, as well as German examples like Ernst Jünger’s In Stahlgewittern (1920; The Storm of Steel, 1929), Ludwig Renn’s Krieg (1928; War, 1929) and Edlef Köppen’s Heeresbericht (1930; Higher Command, 1931).
Źródło:
Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies; 2018, 27/3; 143-161
0860-5734
Pojawia się w:
Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
„Braterstwo krwi”. Historia Stanisława Aronsona
„Brotherhood of Blood”. A History of Stanisław Aronson
Autorzy:
Ratajczak, Wiesław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1536076.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013-01-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
war literature
identity
Polish-Jewish (and Jewish-Polish) relations
biography
military ethos
Opis:
Based on conversations with the hero, Patrycja Bukalska’s Rysiek z Kedywu. Niezwykłe losy Stanisława Aronsona [Rysiek from Kedyw. Incredible Tribulations of Stanisław Aronson], is an important contribution to the study of Polish-Jewish relations. This is because Aronson’s life is a unique combination of various elements of Polish and Jewish biographies in the 20th century. His life story includes: a happy childhood in a wealthy assimilated Jewish family, the nightmare of Soviet and German occupation, deaths of closest relations, participation in Armia Krajowa resistance movement and Warsaw Uprising, military service in general Anders’s corps, and then in Israeli army. Jew, Pole, Israeli: each of these identies demanded a different ordering and expression of memory, different omissions and declarations. With such an unusual and mixed experience, Aronson had a vantage point to look at the images that Poles, Jews, Holocaust survivors and citizens of newly created Israel, had of one another. Bukalska’s book can be read as a voice against generalizations, as a narrative about a concrete human life immersed in history, a narrative about individual choices, courage, and friendship.
Źródło:
Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Literacka; 2013, 22; 83-93
1233-8680
2450-4947
Pojawia się w:
Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Literacka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A memoir which in Spain became a diary
Autorzy:
Sobolczyk, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28408482.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Associazione Italiana Polonisti (AIP)
Tematy:
Miron Białoszewski
War literature
Translation
Reception of Polish literature in the world
Spanish translation
Opis:
This article investigates the Spanish translation of Miron Białoszewski's Memoir from the Warsaw Uprising. I discuss the erroneous translation of the work as a “diary” according to Spanish dictionaries and literary theory works, the paratexts (introduction and afterword), and the reception of the work by the Spanish speaking community. In the last part, I examine a few passages to demonstrate how Białoszewski’s style has come to be flattened in the translation process.
Źródło:
pl.it / rassegna italiana di argomenti polacchi; 2023, 14; 17-31
2384-9266
Pojawia się w:
pl.it / rassegna italiana di argomenti polacchi
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Abschied von Österreich – zur Lyrik der Westukraine im Ersten Weltkrieg
Autorzy:
Woldan, Alois
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/638603.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
Tematy:
World War I, Ukrainian literature, patriotism, pacifism
Opis:
A Farewell to Austria – the Poetry of Western Ukraine during World War I This article tries to sketch the notions concerning World War I present in Ukrainian literature of the time of that conflict. It analyses the poetry of famous authors from an elder generation (B. Lepkyj, P. Karmans’kyj, O. Oles’) as well as the works of rather unknown or forgotten authors from a younger generation (V. Atamanjuk, O. Kobec’). There is a certain shift to be seen between loyalty to the Habsburg Empire, patriotic emphasis when fighting for one’s own homeland within the first years of WWI, and apocalyptic visions as well as pacifistic accents towards the end of the war. Although we can find messianic motifs of suffering (Karmans’kyj) and resurrection (Oles’), no real political future after the war is seen in the works by the quoted authors.
Źródło:
Studia Litteraria Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis; 2013, 8, 4
2084-3933
Pojawia się w:
Studia Litteraria Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Union War histories and the battle for the history of the Second World War in South Africa
Autorzy:
Van der Waag, Ian
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1833756.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Towarzystwo Wiedzy Obronnej
Tematy:
historiography
war literature
official history
soldier
narrative
memory
historiografia
literatura wojenna
historia
żołnierz
narracja
pamięć
Opis:
Military History has three primary audiences: the general public, academe, and the armed forces – each has its own beliefs regarding the purpose and utility of the military past. Recognising the value of a war history for South Africa, Jan Smuts created the Union War Histories section in 1941. Yet the men appointed to write this history realised that they would never be able to satisfy all three competing readerships. This paper examines the research production of the Union War Histories section as well as the official and public response to their work, which is placed within a wider historiographical process. The notion of a historiographical progression – of an intersecting chain of counter narratives – is posited: accounts by journalists, official historians, personal narrators and regimental historians, leading to a post-participant historiography. This is a progression that seems to hold true for South Africa’s other wars, and indeed the wars of other countries.
Źródło:
Wiedza Obronna; 2021, 1; 9--33
0209-0031
2658-0829
Pojawia się w:
Wiedza Obronna
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Hermeneutyka i teoria intertekstualności jako metodologia badań modernizmu w poezji serbskiej drugiej połowy XX w. na przykładzie cyklu „Deset soneta nerođenoj kćeri Ivana V. Lalicia
Hermeneutics and the theory of intertextuality as a method of researching modernism in Serbian poetry of the second half of the 20th century on the example of poetic cycle Deset soneta nerođenoj kćeri by Ivan V. Lalić
Autorzy:
Maszkiewicz, Magdalena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/968794.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-12-24
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Slawistyki PAN
Tematy:
Serbian poetry
modernism
post-war literature
hermeneutics
intertextuality
Ivan V. Lalić
poezja serbska
modernizm
literatura powojenna
hermeneutyka
intertekstualność
Opis:
The aim of this paper is to show that hermeneutics and the theory of intertextuality provide useful tools for the research in post-war Serbian modernism in poetry. The argumentation takes two steps. Firstly, the use of these methods is being legitimized in the context of general characteristics of the literature under consideration. Secondly, the functioning of such tools is presented in the example of a particular text, which in this case is Deset sonata nerođenoj kćeri ['Ten Sonnets for The Unborn Daughter'], a poetic cycle by Ivan V. Lalić. The kind of poetry researched in this paper is strongly influenced by the ideas of T. S. Eliot who said that an original literary work is the result of the author’s awareness of his place in tradition. For this reason such poetry contains numerous cultural and literary references which are an inevitable context of its interpretation. A hermeneutic and intertextual approach helps to expose such references and make them part of the process of understanding the poetry in question.
Zadaniem pracy jest wykazanie, że hermeneutyka i teoria intertekstualności dostarczają narzędzi do badania poezji powojennego modernizmu serbskiego. Argumentacja opiera się na uzasadnieniu użycia tych metod najpierw w świetle ogólnej charakterystyki omawianej twórczości, a następnie na podstawie ich funkcjonowania w interpretacji konkretnego tekstu będącego jej typowym przykładem (cykl Ivana V. Lalicia Deset soneta nerođenoj kćeri). Poezja będąca przedmiotem zainteresowania tej pracy pozostaje pod silnym wpływem poglądów Thomasa S. Eliota, według którego oryginalna twórczość powinna wynikać ze zrozumienia przez autora swojego miejsca w tradycji. To powód występowania w omawianych utworach licznych nawiązań kulturowych i literackich, które stanowią kontekst niezbędny do interpretacji tej twórczości. Podejście hermeneutyczne i metody teorii intertekstualności pozwalają te elementy wydobyć i uwzględnić w rozumieniu sensu tekstu.
Źródło:
Adeptus; 2015, 6; 1-10
2300-0783
Pojawia się w:
Adeptus
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

Ta witryna wykorzystuje pliki cookies do przechowywania informacji na Twoim komputerze. Pliki cookies stosujemy w celu świadczenia usług na najwyższym poziomie, w tym w sposób dostosowany do indywidualnych potrzeb. Korzystanie z witryny bez zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies oznacza, że będą one zamieszczane w Twoim komputerze. W każdym momencie możesz dokonać zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies