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Tytuł:
Realizacja potrzeb społecznych pacjentów w obrębie szpitala geriatrycznego
Meeting the social needs of geriatric hospital patients
Autorzy:
Benek, Iwona Dorota
Szewczenko, Anna Maria
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/656695.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
szpitalnictwo geriatryczne
badania interdyscyplinarne
osoby starsze
geriatric hospitals
interdisciplinary research
the elderly people
Opis:
The article presents the functional factors of geriatric hospitals and their influence on the fulfillment of the patients’ social needs. It has been assumed that there exist a number of spatial determinants that may become important elements supporting the activity of the elderly staying in geriatric hospitals.  As a result qualitative research has been performed on selected Polish and foreign examples in order to indicate recommended solutions connected with the location, the shaping of the building itself as well as selected functional zones used by the patients. Social needs of elderly patients have been discussed which is the basis for assuming specific design solutions.
W artykule przedstawiono uwarunkowania funkcjonalne i przestrzenne szpitali geriatrycznych oraz ich wpływ na realizację potrzeb społecznych pacjentów. Przyjęto założenie, że istnieje szereg uwarunkowań przestrzennych, które mogą stać się elementami wspierającymi aktywność osób starszych w szpitalach geriatrycznych. W związku z tym przeprowadzono badania jakościowe na wybranych przykładach polskich i zagranicznych, w celu wskazania rozwiązań rekomendowanych związanych z lokalizacją, kształtowaniem samego budynku oraz wytypowanych stref funkcjonalnych służących pacjentom. Przedstawienie potrzeb społecznych stanowiło punkt wyjścia do przyjęcia konkretnych rozwiązań projektowych.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica; 2015, 4, 315
0208-6018
2353-7663
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Przestrzenne zróżnicowanie starzenia się ludności w Łodzi
The Spatial Diversification of the Population Ageing in the City of Łódź
Autorzy:
Janiszewska, Anna
Dmochowska-Dudek, Karolina
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/691777.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
starzenie się ludności
ludzie starzy
zróżnicowanie przestrzenne
Łódź
the population ageing
the elderly people
spatial diversification
Opis:
This article presents the issue of population ageing in the city of Łódź, which currently has the fastest ageing society among the largest Polish cities. The level and the dynamics of population ageing have been analysed, as well as spatial diversification of the ageing process due to information from Local Data Bank of Central Statistical Office and National Census 2011 data.
Opracowanie podejmuje problematykę związaną ze zjawiskiem starzenia się ludności. W artykule przedstawiono starzenie się ludności w Łodzi, w której obecnie obserwuje się najwyższy poziom zaawansowania procesu starzenia wśród największych miast Polski. W tym celu poddano analizie nie tylko poziom i tempo tego procesu w mieście, ale także zróżnicowanie przestrzenne starzenia się ludności w Łodzi. Analiza procesu starzenia się ludności została przeprowadzona na podstawie danych statystycznych pochodzących z bazy BDL (poziom i tempo starzenia), jak również z NSP 2011 (dywersyfikacja przestrzenna).
Źródło:
Space – Society – Economy; 2017, 20; 9-22
1733-3180
2451-3547
Pojawia się w:
Space – Society – Economy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The life quality of elderly people as a social and economic problem
Autorzy:
Atamanchuk, Zaryna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1289850.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
jakość życia
osoby starsze
jakość życia osób starszych
obiektywna i subiektywna jakość życia
life quality
elderly
life quality of the elderly people
objective and subjective quality life
Opis:
W artykule przedstawiono koncepcję „jakości życia osób starszych" jako kategorii złożonej, przeanalizowano kluczowe wytyczne dotyczące jakości życia osób starszych oraz określono jej obiektywne i subiektywne wskaźniki.
The article presents the concept of “life quality of elderly” as a complex category, analyzed key guidelines for lifequality treatment of elderly and defined its objective and subjective indicators.
Źródło:
Studia nad Rodziną; 2018, 22, 3(48); 109-115
1429-2416
Pojawia się w:
Studia nad Rodziną
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Senior policy in contemporary Poland: declarations and actions
Autorzy:
A, Zych, Adam
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/893450.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-01-12
Wydawca:
Akademia Pedagogiki Specjalnej im. Marii Grzegorzewskiej. Wydawnictwo APS
Tematy:
activity and activation of the elderly people
Long-term Senior Policy
‘election retirement pensions’
senior policy
Senior Citizen Councils in Poland
silver tsunami
Opis:
At the beginning of the article an analysis is made about new applications of commonly known terms, such as retirement pension, geriatric, grey or silver tsunami, and “election retirement pensions”, covering among others civic retirement pension, maternal retirement pension, 13th and 14th bonus retirement pension, guaranteed retirement pension and non-taxed retirement pension. There are also presented demographic changes in Poland in the last half-century (1967–2017) and their consequences. Another thematic thread concerns senior policy, its genesis and attempt to defining what it is, and its main goals. Senior policy which is being created in Poland can be successfully implemented on three basic levels: governmental, self-governmental and non-governmental (civic). Activities addressed to seniors can be divided in at least six areas: 1) activity and activation of older people; 2) education; 3) culture and mass media; 4) legislation and legal assistance; 5) social assistance and support, and 6) health and preventive care. This paper discusses examples of activities in the above ranges, and in the final passage of this text we have discussion on the senior policy in contemporary Poland trying to answer vital questions: do we have in Poland social policy addressing the problems of elderly people?, and if the term ‘senior policy’ not a ‘semantic abuse’?
Źródło:
Praca Socjalna; 2019, 34(5); 103-125
0860-3480
Pojawia się w:
Praca Socjalna
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Miejsce i rola ludzi starszych w rodzinie w nauczaniu papieskim w XXI wieku
The place and the role of the elderly people in family in papal teaching in the twenty-first century
Autorzy:
Ceglarek, Roman
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/448544.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
the elderly people
family
pope John Paul II
pope Benedict XVI
pope Francis
osoby starsze
rodzina
papież Jan Paweł II
papież Benedykt XVI
papież Franciszek
Opis:
In the twenty-first century in Francis’, Benedict XVI and John Paul II teaching it is obvious that they desire to restore the respect towards the elderly people in family and estimate their role as well as their place in it. Popes want the elderly people to be respected and cared with proper concern. Popes prove that the elderly people are not only the beneficiaries but also the donors in family. Therefore, the elderly people are precious support to the young generations, as they pass the young people wisdom as well as experience of life, the history of the family and the nation, finally, they become the witnesses of faith. According to the aforementioned popes, the respect towards the elderly people, was some kind of determinant of humanism in the past. Undoubtedly, it also should be such now, in order to bear witness the quality of the twenty-first century civilization positively.
W XXI wieku nauczanie papieży Franciszka, Benedykta XVI i Jana Pawła II, ukazując rolę i miejsce osób starszych w rodzinie, przywraca im szacunek. Papieże chcą, by osoby w podeszłym wieku były szanowane i z właściwą uwagą otoczone troską. Papieże udowadniają, że ludzie starsi są nie tylko beneficjentami, lecz także dawcami w rodzinie. Dlatego seniorzy stanowią cenne oparcie dla młodszych pokoleń, ponieważ niosą mądrość i doświadczenie życiowe, historię rodziny i narodu, a także są świadkami wiary. Według wymienionych wyżej papieży, w przeszłości szacunek wobec osób starszych był pewnego rodzaju czynnikiem warunkującym humanizm. Niewątpliwie tak również powinno być i teraz, aby pozytywnie świadczyć o jakości cywilizacji XXI wieku.
Źródło:
Studia nad Rodziną; 2015, 37; 49-65
1429-2416
Pojawia się w:
Studia nad Rodziną
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Place and role of physical activity in the lives of the elderly and disabled people
Autorzy:
Bergier, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2052238.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Akademia Bialska Nauk Stosowanych im. Jana Pawła II w Białej Podlaskiej
Tematy:
physical activity
the elderly
disabled people
Opis:
The role of physical activity in the healthy lifestyle is a recurring element of surveys at every stage of the human life. The fact that people live longer indicates a necessity for studying the issue of physical activity of the elderly and disabled people. This review of researches reveals issues concerning physical activity of the elderly in Poland, and in other countries. Moreover, the study relates to the problem of physical activity among the elderly with disabilities. Researches show that this subject matter is present in the domestic studies relatively rarely. Results of surveys from other countries also concern issues of the elderly at around 80 years of age. The authors indicate the significant role of physical activity among the elderly, and the accompanying barriers.
Źródło:
Health Problems of Civilization; 2014, 08, 2; 15-19
2353-6942
2354-0265
Pojawia się w:
Health Problems of Civilization
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The elderly and urban mobility: cost sensitivity of elderly people in the “oldest” Italian city
Autorzy:
Burlando, Claudia
Musso, Enrico
Persico, Luca
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2130146.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-06-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
the elderly
urban mobility
cost sensitivity of elderly people
Opis:
The world is facing a series of changes that will modify the way we envisage transport planning in our cities. Demographic ageing as a consequence of higher life expectancy and lower fertility rates is a world-wide phenomenon. While ageing is indeed a triumph of scientific progress and increasing longevity is perceived as one of humanity’s greatest achievements, the transition in society needs to be managed. In the urban context, any increase in age, health, and economic conditions determines one’s ability to enjoy the urban milieu and the so-called economies of urbanisation (advantages gained from an urban location, e.g., proximity to a market, labour supply, good communications, and financial and commercial services) longer. As there are more and more elderly people in cities, urban mobility becomes crucial in making the urban environment more inclusive. In order to provide suitable policy guidelines, it is, therefore, necessary to investigate and understand senior traveller behaviour.   In this study, we investigate urban travel characteristics of people aged 65 years and over living in the city of Genoa (one of the cities with the largest population of the elderly in the EU). By utilising a structured questionnaire, the paper explores the satisfaction and motivations of approx. 600 elderly public transport users in the city. In particular, exploratory factor analysis has been used to determine the key dimensions of the satisfaction and mobility motivations, and subsequently to use them to investigate the cost sensitivity of elderly people.
Źródło:
European Spatial Research and Policy; 2022, 29, 1; 97-110
1231-1952
1896-1525
Pojawia się w:
European Spatial Research and Policy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Impact of barriers and limited resources of the local environment on the elderly people’s lifestyle in small towns and their marginalization and social exclusion – a case study
Autorzy:
Emilia, Ozga,
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/893196.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-10-17
Wydawca:
Akademia Pedagogiki Specjalnej im. Marii Grzegorzewskiej. Wydawnictwo APS
Tematy:
elderly people
old age
diagnosis of the local community
Opis:
The subject of the article is the analysis of the situation of elderly people functioning in their local environment, on the example of Żabia Wola. Presentation of the results of own research is preceded by a review of important theories regarding old age, including the characteristics of styles of functioning of seniors and the presentation of the most important studies regarding their situation. In the empirical part, a diagnosis of the local community of Żabia Wola was carried out. The research was aimed at finding out about friendly places and offers addressed to seniors, identifying barriers in accessing them, looking for resources and recognizing attitudes and styles of functioning in old age, presented by elderly in the studied environment. Triangulation was used for the purposes of the research, i.e. a combination of research methods: analysis of existing data, participant observation, interviews and questionnaires. The research hypotheses were confirmed only partially: the hypothesis that seniors are passive was not confirmed and that the attitude of dependence on the family and immediate environment prevails among them. The research shows that elderly people are rarely included in offers and services addressed to all residents. The studied elderly people, however, have a lot of potential that they could use, taking part in events prepared specially for them and using dedicated offers that currently do not always meet their expectations and needs. The conclusion from the research, which is also a recommendation for local authorities, is the need for intergenerational integration in order to sensitize the entire local community to the needs of older people.
Źródło:
Praca Socjalna; 2018, 33(5); 97-122
0860-3480
Pojawia się w:
Praca Socjalna
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Psychometric properties of the Scale for Evaluating Attitudes towards Seniors (SEAS)
Autorzy:
Łukasiewicz, J.
Kowalski, W.
Saran, T.
Mazur, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2083230.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Wsi
Tematy:
attitudes towards seniors
elderly people
psychometric properties of the scale
Opis:
Introduction. The Scale for Evaluating Attitudes towards Seniors (SEAS) was developed based on the concept of social attitudes towards the elderly by G. Miałkowska. The main objective of the study was validation of Scale. Materials and method. The validation procedure was carried out on a sample of 304 adults. Content validity was estimated based on the CVR coefficient, the theoretical validity was verified by means of exploratory factor analysis with simple Oblimin rotation and Kaiser normalization, and criterion validity determined based on analysis of the correlation matrix of SEAS from IVE and SES. Reliability of the tool was estimated based on the values of alpha Cronbach and the discriminatory power of test items coefficients. Results. Content validity rates CVR range from 0.83–1.00. Three SEAS factors were distinguished on the basis of factor analysis – Respect and Support, Rejection and Misunderstanding, Social distance. Their alpha Cronbach’s coefficient range is 0.93–0.86. Extracted SEAS scales correlate with IVE and SES dimensions. Conclusions. The validation procedure confirms the high psychometric properties of the constructed research tool and allows its use in both individual diagnosis and scientific research, which in turn will contribute to broadening of knowledge about the psychological mechanisms associated with seniors’ perception, and can be used to design responses to preventive actions supporting quality of intergenerational interpersonal interactions.
Źródło:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine; 2019, 26, 2; 309-314
1232-1966
Pojawia się w:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Social and Economic Aspects of Educational Activity of Elderly People in Poland and Spain - A Comparative Study
Autorzy:
Marcinkowska, Natalia
Święcicka, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1039230.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Centrum Europejskie
Tematy:
Education
Activity
Elderly People
University of the Third Age
Institution
Opis:
The major research problem is the comparative study of circumstances of elderly people's educational activity in Poland and Spain. The object of the research is to pay attention to the issues regarding to educational needs, opportunities for education and developing the cognitive processes in elderly people as well as the methods of organisation of institutions involved into this area of activity. The objective of this article is to at least attempt to present institutional measures offered by the said countries relating to this age group, especially with regard to the support of their cognitive development and the idea of lifelong learning. One of the article's elements is showing the good practice regarding to these problems, which are well worth being paid attention to and being established in the Polish educational practice toward elderly people.
Źródło:
Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs; 2020, 24, 4; 125-149
1428-149X
2719-3780
Pojawia się w:
Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Nicht nur Häkeln und Bingo-Spielen. Das Alter als religionspädagogische Herausforderung
Autorzy:
Grümme, Bernhard
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/571480.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Papieski Jana Pawła II w Krakowie
Tematy:
elderly people
pastoral care
Church and the aging
Altenbildung
Erwachsenenbildung
Alter
Mündigkeit
Opis:
Religious education takes place mainly in school or in parishes. There it has to deal with children, adolescents and adults. However, with the demographic change ancients are increasingly getting into the focus of religious education. The following text outlines the profile and basics of this kind of religious education for ancient.
Das Alter wird in Gerontologie und Sozialwissenschaften, aber auch in der Kulturindustrie und Werbewirtschaft entdeckt. Auch die Religionspädagogik muss sich damit beschäftigen. Denn dort liegen große Herausforderungen gerade für ein auf Bildung und Mündigkeit abzielendes religiöses Lernen. Der Text entwickelt Grundlinien einer altersgerechten Religionspädagogik
Źródło:
Polonia Sacra; 2015, 19, 1
1428-5673
Pojawia się w:
Polonia Sacra
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kształcenie osób starszych w koncepcji aktywnego starzenia się
The Older Peoples Training in Concept of Active Aging
Autorzy:
Richert-Kaźmierska, Anita
Forkiewicz, Marcin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/587680.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
Tematy:
Edukacja
Ludzie starsi
Starzenie się społeczeństw
Ageing of the population
Education
Elderly people
Opis:
Since the beginning of the twentieth century in Europe a process of aging is hastening. Initially the demographic transformation focused on the "old EU", now it is affecting the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, including Poland. Poland has exceeded the threshold of demographic old age in 1967. In 2010, the share of people aged over 65 in the total population of country amounted to about 13%. OECD forecasts show that in the year 2050 the elderly population (over 65 years old) will constitute 50% of the Polish population. The European Union and national governments face the challenge of mitigating the socio-economic effects of population aging. At EU, national and regional levels there are implemented the programs of active aging, affecting the elderly in the following dimensions: professional, social and individual. They are addressed primarily to the elderly, but also to other target groups. They counteract the ageism and build the awareness of demographic changes' processes. Education is an extremely important aspect of active aging. It performs two vital roles: delaying the individuals aging process, and furthermore, facilitates adaptation to old age. The essence of the article is to present the concept of active aging, and education functions it that. The study presents the educational activity of the elderly in Poland, too.
Źródło:
Studia Ekonomiczne; 2013, 131; 127-139
2083-8611
Pojawia się w:
Studia Ekonomiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Physical activity, physical fitness and quality of life of the University of the Third Age students
Autorzy:
Pieczyńska, A.
Zasadzka, E.
Trzmiel, T.
Pawlaczyk, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2088289.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Opolski. Instytut Nauk o Zdrowiu
Tematy:
physical activity
University of the Third Age
quality of life
elderly people
physical fitness
Opis:
Background: Physical activity (PA) has a positive effect on human health at all ages and it is especially important in older people. When insufficient, it may lead to the deterioration of a person’s health status. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to assess the declared PA of the Universities of the Third Age (U3A) students and to examine the relationship between the level of PA, physical performance, and quality of life in this population. Material and methods: The study included 99 subjects, aged ≥60 years, with a Mini Mental State Examination score ≥24. Participants were examined using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) questionnaire, the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), the Activities of Daily Living scale (ADL), the Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scale (IADL), and the short form of the geriatric depression scale (GDS). Handgrip strength (HS) was measured using the baseline hydraulic dynamometer. Results: Statistically significant differences in the results of women and men were demonstrated in 5 variables: the level of PA measured with the IPAQ, physical component summary of the SF-36 questionnaire, the total SPPB score, HS of the dominant hand and the non-dominant hand. In all examinations, men obtained higher scores than women. Positive correlations between PA and the result of the ADL, IADL, SPPB, HS and physical component summary of the SF-36 questionnaire were shown. Conclusions: The study confirmed that the participants of the U3A classes mostly meet the recommendations regarding minimum PA and they willingly undertake regular PA. It translates into high functional and physical fitness, stronger muscles and a good QoL.
Źródło:
Medical Science Pulse; 2019, 13, 3; 10-15
2544-1558
2544-1620
Pojawia się w:
Medical Science Pulse
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Doświadczanie codzienności przez seniorow małej społecznosci lokalnej
Experience of everyday life of elderly people in a small local community
Autorzy:
Malec, Małgorzata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/418009.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Akademickie Towarzystwo Andragogiczne
Tematy:
everyday life
small local community
elderly people
biography of the place
social exclusion
marginalization
Opis:
In her paper the authoress presents, in the perspective of the biographical perspective, what old women and men think about their life, everyday life (from the perspective of the years- in the small local community) about the place where they live (biography of the place) and what do their learn (biographical learning). Elderly women and men living in the local communities that she studied, left in their narratives everything what fragile, unnoticeable, and apparently unnecessary by evoking to their past (researcher's youth) and relating to the present (researcher's age). Analysis of the obtained data revealed that the social bonds are the ones particularly important in the context of everyday life. The elderly (women and men), children, and ill people - the other - belong to the category of the exclusion, group that does not have the same rights to the narrations as young people, adult and health people. In her view the elderly, women and men, are marginalized in a double sense, on the basis of their age and their place of residence.
Źródło:
Rocznik Andragogiczny; 2008, R. 2008; 66-75
1429-186X
2391-7571
Pojawia się w:
Rocznik Andragogiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Alterssicherung und Politik bei schrumpfender Bevölkerung
Autorzy:
Wiemeyer, Joachim
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/571484.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Papieski Jana Pawła II w Krakowie
Tematy:
elderly people
pastoral care
Church and the senior citizens
Generationengerechtigkeit
Demographische Entwicklung
Alterssicherung
Migration
Opis:
The article discusses the consequences of birth decline in Germany and other European countries especially for the old-age pension system. Income of old people has to be part of the national income of the same period so that it could be gained through taxes from the active working population. Capital building outside the national borders only can bring little help but it is connected with many risks. The political implication of longer living population and birth decline is that the majority of voters are older than 60 years. But there is no fear of government of the aging people because the interests of old people are heterogeneous.
Durch sinkende Geburtenzahlen und eine steigende Lebenserwartung gerade die Alterssicherungssysteme in Deutschland wie in Polen in finanzielle Schwierigkeiten. Die Probleme sind aber lösbar, wenn die Lebensarbeitszeit verlängert wird, mehr Personen im Erwerbsalter (z. B. Arbeitslose, Frauen) einer Beschäftigung nachgehen und es eine gewisse Zuwanderung von qualifizierten Erwerbspersonen aus dem Ausland gibt. Da die Interessen der älteren Generation heterogen sind, werden notwendige Reformen nicht durch eine Dominanz der Wähler im Rentenalter verhindert.
Źródło:
Polonia Sacra; 2015, 19, 1
1428-5673
Pojawia się w:
Polonia Sacra
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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