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Wyświetlanie 1-9 z 9
Tytuł:
The Indian trade between the Gulf and the Red Sea
Autorzy:
Gawlikowski, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1682984.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-07-09
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
Indian trade
Gulf
Red Sea
Palmyra
Opis:
This essay evaluates the relative importance of the maritime trade between the Roman Empire and India along two routes that were in use: one started and ended on the Egyptian shore of the Red Sea, the other at the head of the Gulf. Both continued on land along caravan tracks to the Nile valley or through the Syrian desert to Palmyra. The latter land route, longer and presumably more cost-consuming, was used only during the 1st to 3rd centuries AD. The land link with the Far East, the so-called Silk Road, does not seem to have been regularly used. A document from Palmyra allows to estimate the value of the trade along the Syrian route as much smaller than that of the Red Sea traffic. It could have been mainly of local, Syrian importance, and lasted only as long as political circumstances allowed.
Źródło:
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean; 2017, 26(2); 15-30
1234-5415
Pojawia się w:
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Between the Nile and the Ocean. The bead assemblage from Shenshef in the Eastern Desert (4th–6th centuries AD)
Autorzy:
Then-Obłuska, Joanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1684670.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-07-09
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
beads
pendants
material culture
Indian trade
Red Sea
Eastern Desert
Egypt
Nubia
Opis:
More than 200 beads and pendants were found in seven trash middens excavated at the 4th/5th to the 6th century AD settlement site in Shenshef in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. The site lies close to the Sudanese border and the Red Sea coast, and about 20 km to the southwest of the ancient port of Berenike. Although the purpose of the settlement has not been established, excavations provided a wide range of imports from the Mediterranean region and the Indian Ocean. An overview of the materials and manufacturing techniques applied in the production of the beads and pendants confirms the short- and long-distance contacts of Shenshef inhabitants. In addition to the many bead parallels that link the site with the Red Sea ports and the Nile Valley region up to the First Cataract, the presence of South Indian/Sri Lankan beads at Shenshef is especially meaningful. They may be proof of the intermediary role played by the Shenshef inhabitants in trading overseas imports into the Nubian Nile Valley region.
Źródło:
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean; 2017, 26(1); 719-747
1234-5415
Pojawia się w:
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Beads and pendants from the late Harbor Temple and harbor temenos in the Red Sea port of Berenike (seasons 2010–2013): materials, techniques, functions and cultural attribution
Autorzy:
Then-Obłuska, Joanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1683097.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-07-09
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
beads
pendants
amulets
Berenike
temple
votives
Red Sea
Nubia
Egypt
Roman
Indian trade
Opis:
More than 250 beads and pendants have been registered from the Harbor Temple and its surroundings, the so-called “harbor temenos”, in the Red Sea port of Berenike. The Harbor Temple assemblage is dominated by South Asian glass beads dating from the 4th through early 6th centuries AD, but the bead finds from the presumed temenos show much greater variety in both type and date, the latter spanning the centuries from the 1st to the 5th century AD. Rather than being accidentally lost, the quantity and find context of the beads support the idea of a votive offering function. Stylistic similarities of some objects found in the Harbor Temple have led to their association with South Arabia or Axum (Rądkowska, Sidebotham, and Zych 2013); yet a much closer affiliation might also be considered. Similar ritual objects, as well as beads and pendants, have been recorded at contemporary temples and shrines in Nubia.
Źródło:
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean; 2017, 26(2); 193-210
1234-5415
Pojawia się w:
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Imperial Asiatic Company in Trieste and Antwerp – The Last Attempt of the Habsburg Monarchy to Penetrate East Indian Trade 1781-1785
Cesarska Azjatycka Kompania w Trieście i Antwerpii – ostatnia próba penetracji wschodnioindyjskiego handlu przez monarchię Habsburgów w latach 1781-1785
Autorzy:
Wanner, Michal
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/23051028.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012-11-27
Wydawca:
Archiwum Główne Akt Dawnych
Tematy:
monarchia habsburska
kompania handlowa
Opis:
The study describes the story of the Imperial Asiatic Company in Trieste and Antwerp in the larger context of overseas policy of the Central European Habsburg monarchy. Despite the predominantly continental orientation of the state there is overwhelming evidence of the efforts to establish overseas trade and settlements in the manner of the Western European countries. There was also intention to harmonize economic cooperation between Austrian and the Adriatic seaports of the Monarchy. Cancellation of the Ostend Company in 1731, forced by political reasons, was felt very painfully in Austria and followers always existed who tried to continue in the good results of this company. The initiative of the Czech nobility and Flemish bankers for establishing the Societé de Commerce et Compagnie Urbain Arnoldt in 1750 in the Austrian Littoral was on this basis. The role of a supplier of oriental goods the company fulfilled only partially. For this reason, part of the nobility was willing to support plans on Austrian overseas expansion submitted by the English adventurers, James Mill and William Bolts. The second one succeeded in winning the support of the Flemish bankers as well as Vienna court and undertook the expedition in 1776-1781, during which the Austrian colonies were based in Mozambique, as well as Malabar Coast of India and Nicobar Islands. Although the expedition was not profitable the Imperial Asiatic Company in Trieste and Antwerp was founded under the positive impression, which followed up trade in India and especially in China. Lack of capital and contradictions between the main actors, however, brought the company into bankruptcy. Competitors in Europe were already strong and financial grounds and entrepreneurs´ support weak, except for the Austrian Netherlands. The Company could have asserted itself only when British influence in the Indian Ocean was relatively weakened during the American War and could have benefited from the neutral position; in general it was founded in the time when the age of trade companies was nearing its end. The trade between the Austrian Netherlands and the seaports in the Indian Ocean developed beyond an organizing framework of the monopoly joint-stock company and in spite of short termination of the most of Austrian colonies in Asia, however the political development connected with the French Revolution did not furnish the trade with chances for progress.
Artykuł opisuje historię Imperialnej Azjatyckiej Kompanii w Trieście i Antwerpii w kontekście polityki kolonialnej prowadzonej przez środkowoeuropejską monarchię Habsburgów. Mimo dominującej w niej orientacji kontynentalnej istnieją dowody świadczące o podejmowaniu przez Habsburgów wysiłków mających na celu stworzenie kolonialnego handlu i prowadzenia w tej sprawie uzgodnień z państwami zachodnioeuropejskimi. Pojawił się wówczas pomysł zharmonizowania współpracy między austriackimi i adriatyckimi portami monarchii. Wymuszone powodami politycznymi rozwiązanie w 1731 r. Kompanii Wschodnioindyjskiej (Ostenda) zostało dotkliwie odczute w Austrii. Pojawili się naśladowcy, którzy chcieli kontynuować jej osiągnięcia. Na tym bazowała inicjatywa czeskiej szlachty i flamandzkich bankierów, która doprowadziła do stworzenia w 1750 r. na Pobrzeżu Austriackim Societé de Commerce et Compagnie Urbain Arnoldt. Rolę dostarczyciela dóbr orientalnych Kompania ta spełniała jednak tylko częściowo. Z tego powodu część szlachty była gotowa wesprzeć plany austriackiej ekspansji dostarczone przez angielskich awanturników, Jamesa Milla i Williama Boltsa. Temu drugiemu udało się zdobyć poparcie flamandzkiego bankiera oraz wiedeńskiego dworu. Dzięki temu w latach 1776-1781 zorganizował on ekspedycję, w czasie której utworzone zostały kolonie austriackie w Mozambiku, na Wybrzeżu Malabarskim oraz na Nikobarach. Chociaż ekspedycja ta nie była dochodowa Imperialna Azjatycka Kompania w Trieście i Antwerpii została powołana do życia w związku z oczekiwanymi zyskami związanymi z handlem z Indiami, a szczególnie z Chinami. Jednakże brak kapitału i spory między głównymi aktorami doprowadziły Kompanię do bankructwa. Współzawodnictwo kolonialne w Europie było już wtedy bardzo silne, a finansowe podstawy oraz poparcie przedsiębiorców słabe, za wyjątkiem Niderlandów austriackich. Kompania byłaby w stanie się obronić tylko wtedy, gdyby brytyjskie wpływy na Oceanie Indyjskim relatywnie osłabły w czasie wojny o niepodległość Stanów Zjednoczonych. Dzięki temu mogłaby czerpać korzyści ze swej neutralności. Imperialna Azjatycka Kompania w Trieście i Antwerpii została powołana do życia w momencie, kiedy era kompanii handlowych zbliżała się do końca. Handel między austriackimi Niderlandami i portami na Oceanie Indyjskim rozwijał się poza ramami organizacyjnymi monopolistycznej spółki i pomimo krótkiego funkcjonowania większości kolonii austriackich w Azji. Zmiany polityczne związane z Rewolucją Francuską nie stały się też impulsem dla rozwoju handlu.
Źródło:
Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica; 2012, 19; 177-202
0860-1054
Pojawia się w:
Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Beads and pendants from the Hellenistic to early Byzantine Red Sea port of Berenike, Egypt. Season 2014 and 2015
Autorzy:
Then-Obłuska, Joanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1682877.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-05-14
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
Berenike
Red Sea port
Red Sea trade
Indian Ocean trade
Ptolemaic
early Roman
late antiquity
Roman
Bes amulet
face beads
Opis:
Almost 650 beads and pendants, most of them of glass and faience, were excavated over two seasons in 2014 and 2015 at Berenike on the Red Sea coast of Egypt. This material, coming from 19 trenches variously located within the Hellenistic to early Byzantine site, has contributed some new data, enhancing the Berenike bead typology. Highlights included a Bes pendant of glass from a Hellenistic context and early Roman mosaic glass beads with face patterns. Other materials of which the ornaments were made included marine mollusk shells, ostrich eggshell, and a variety of stone and minerals. Of greatest interest were beads coming from early Roman graves, of an older man (the order of the threaded beads could be traced) and of animals (neck collars). Beads threaded on fragments of string, most probably of Indo-Pacific make, came from the early Roman rubbish dump.
Źródło:
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean; 2018, 27(1); 203-234
1234-5415
Pojawia się w:
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kupcy indyjscy w międzynarodowym handlu Zanzibaru w latach 1840–1888
Indian Merchants in the International Trade of Zanzibar in 1840-1888
Autorzy:
Pawełczak, Marek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/522766.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Katedra Języków i Kultur Afryki. Polskie Towarzystwo Afrykanistyczne
Tematy:
East Africa
History
Nineteenth Century
Indians
Migrations
Commerce
Finance
steam transport
Opis:
The article describes the role of Indian merchants in the international trade of Zanzibar during the period 1840-1888, i.e. from the strengthening of the rule of Sa’īd ibn Sultān Āl Bu Saʻīdī on the East African coast to the loss of this area by his son Bargaš ibn Sa’īd as a result of colonial conquest. The article deals with both objective and subjective factors determining the place of Indians in the trade of Zanzibar, including transport and communication, currency, factors related to participation in exchange mechanisms, negotiations, cooperation, competition and capital flow. Moreover, the author analyses the transformation within the Indian community of the Sultanate of Zanzibar, referring to the concept of commercial diaspora. He focuses on the ways in which the diaspora acted as an intermediary in the international exchange at various levels, adapting to changing political, technical and financial conditions. He scrutinises the changes in relations with Europeans, including the erosion of trust which was related to the increase of competition and risk. The author draws a model of the evolution of the Indian community from the stage in which access to brokering was controlled by the diasporaʼs narrow elite and the ruler to a situation in which the hierarchy of diaspora became fragmented and the access to credit opened up new opportunities to a broader wave of immigrants at various levels of exchange. This concerned both the direct trade with Western markets and the trade on the East African coast. The author used the archival sources from Zanzibar, Great Britain, Germany, the USA and France, including those created by the merchant companies from Staatsarchiv in Hamburg and the Peabody Essex Museum in Peabody (MA, USA)
Źródło:
Afryka; 2018, 48; 81-124
1234-0278
Pojawia się w:
Afryka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Indian steel: a forgotten commodity of the great trade routes
Autorzy:
Woźniak, Marek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1729269.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
Indian steel
crucible steel
wootz
Damascus steel
Serica country
Tamil metalurgy
Opis:
Among numerous exotic goods carried along ancient trade routes the so-called Seric iron is one of the most mysterious and least known. According to ancient sources, it was imported from a half-mythical land of Serica. New discoveries in southern India suggest it should be identified with the kingdom of Chera (in modern Tamilnadu) which existed between 300 BC and AD 300. This metal, one type of which was the patterned Damascene steel, was used mainly in the production of high-quality weapons. From about the 3rd century AD local production centers of crucible steel emerged also outside India.
Źródło:
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean; 2015, 24(1); 709-726
1234-5415
Pojawia się w:
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Estimation of Energy Intensity in Indian Iron and Steel Sector: A Panel Data Analysis
Autorzy:
Sharma, Anukriti
Roy, Hiranmoy
Dalei, Narendra Nath
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1194459.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-07-02
Wydawca:
Główny Urząd Statystyczny
Tematy:
energy intensity
Indian Iron and Steel sector
Energy Conservation Act
Perform-Achieve-Trade Mechanism
panel data
Opis:
India is the world's third largest consumer of primary energy, which includes fossil fuels like coal, oil, etc. The total primary energy consumption in India in 2015 was 107 Mtoe. India's total final energy consumption was estimated at 527 Mtoe of which the industrial sectors consumed about 30% (185 Mtoe) in 2013. The Iron and Steel sector is one of the most energy-intensive industries, consuming about 25% of the total industrial energy consumption. The energy consumption in Indian Iron and Steel sector is on the declining trend. It declined from 10 GCal/tcs in 1990 to 6.9 GCal/tcs in 2010-11. On average, iron & steel plants spend about 20-40% of the total manufacturing cost to meet their energy demands. In fact, energy cost is considered as a major factor in pricing of the steel. Energy Conservation Act, 2001 (ECA), and the formulation of Bureau of Energy Efficiency are important initiatives taken up by government in order to reduce energy consumption by various sectors in the Indian economy. Another important initiative is launching of first of its kind market-based mechanism, Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT) mechanism in 2010 particularly targeting the energy consumption by the industrial sector of the economy. Phase-I for PAT ran from 2012-015 including eight most energy-intensive sectors under Indian Industrial sector, with Iron and Steel sector being a prominent sector. The objective of this paper is to empirically estimate the energy intensity of Indian Iron and Steel sector, also accounting for the impact of ECA and PAT Phase-I in dummy variable form. The results indicate that the decline in energy consumption in this sector until 2011 can also be attributed to Energy Conservation Act implemented in the year 2001 along with other factors. This is empirically confirmed by our results that ECA has a significant impact on reduction of energy intensity of the steel firms. PAT does not seem to have a considerable impact on energy intensity alone but in the years where both PAT and ECA are prevalent, i.e. from 2012 to 2015, there seems to be a significant impact of around 0.050 reduction in energy intensity, as accounted by different models in this paper. There is one more observation from the empirical results that profit margin intensity was found to be negatively related to energy intensity implying more profitable firms invest more in energy efficiency.
Źródło:
Statistics in Transition new series; 2019, 20, 2; 107-121
1234-7655
Pojawia się w:
Statistics in Transition new series
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wzrost niskowęglowy: zrównoważoność i rozwój technologiczny z perspektywy Indii
Low Carbon Growth: An Indian Perspective on Sustainability and Technology Transfer
Autorzy:
Dasgupta, P.
Taneja, N.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/371729.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Komitet Człowiek i Środowisko PAN
Tematy:
zmiany klimatyczne
rozwój zrównoważony
transfer technologii
mechanizm czystego środowiska
umowy handlowe
climate change
sustainable development
technology transfer
clean development mechanism
trade agreements
Opis:
This paper provides an Indian perspective on the issue of technology transfer, in the specific context of tackling climate change. The paper examines how technology transfer issues have panned out when developing countries have had to meet standards laid down in international agreements. In addressing climate change, the efficacy of the CDM as an instrument to facilitate technology transfer is analysed. The socio-political and economic analysis of implementing the clean development mechanism provides useful insights. An indicative exercise on India’s export vulnerability in the face of alternative regulatory regimes such as imposition of carbon tariffs demon-strates the importance of technology transfer mechanisms between the developed and developing countries. The attainment of sustainable development through forward looking mechanisms of technology transfer will improve India’s contribution to a global solution for climate change.
Artykuł przedstawia doświadczenia związane z transferem technologii w kontekście przeciwdziałania zmianom klimatycznym na przykładzie Indii. Transfer technologii może przynieść oczekiwane rezultaty, gdy kraje rozwi-jające się sprostają standardom zawartym w międzynarodowych porozumieniach. W kontekście zmian klima-tycznych i transferu technologicznego została przeanalizowana skuteczność instrumentu CDM (Clean Deve-lopment Mechanism, mechanizm czystego rozwoju). Uwzględniono aspekty społeczno-polityczne i ekonomicz-ne. Przykład wrażliwości indyjskiego eksportu w obliczu alternatywnych systemów regulacyjnych, takich, jak nałożenie podatku węglowego, ukaże znaczenie mechanizmów transferu technologii pomiędzy rozwiniętymi a rozwijającymi się krajami. Osiągnięcie rozwoju zrównoważonego przy pomocy wybiegających w przyszłość mechanizmów transferu tech-nologicznego pozwoli powiększyć wkład Indii do globalnego rozwiązania problemu klimatycznego.
Źródło:
Problemy Ekorozwoju; 2011, 6, 1; 65-74
1895-6912
Pojawia się w:
Problemy Ekorozwoju
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
    Wyświetlanie 1-9 z 9

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