Informacja

Drogi użytkowniku, aplikacja do prawidłowego działania wymaga obsługi JavaScript. Proszę włącz obsługę JavaScript w Twojej przeglądarce.

Wyszukujesz frazę "the policy" wg kryterium: Temat


Tytuł:
The Concept of Russian Federation Foreign and Security Policy by Eugene Primakov
Autorzy:
Delong, Marek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1375016.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Policji w Szczytnie
Tematy:
Primakov
Russia
the security policy
the foreign policy
Opis:
The aim of this article is to analyze the concept of Russian foreign and security policy by Eugene Primakov, one of the most eminent Russian politicians of the twentieth century. The article applies research methods and techniques appropriate to science about politics. These include a comparative analysis and a method of historical analysis that enabled the presentation of political events and factors shaping the foreign and security policy of the Russian Federation. In 1996, President Boris Yeltsin appointed Primakov to the post of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. The goals and assumptions of foreign and security policy have undergone a thorough redefinition, related to the tendencies noticeable in Russia in 1993–1995. Before, foreign policy had been dominated by neoliberal and Euro-Atlantic options, whose representative was predominantly Primakov’s predecessor as the minister of foreign affairs, Andrei Kozyrev. After the fall of Sergei Kirijenka’s government, Primakov assumed the office of Prime Minister on September 11, 1998 and held it until May 12, 1999. It was a cabinet of political compromise, which was supposed to facilitate agreement with the opposition and the continuation of reforms, although not on the same principles as before. Primakov criticized his predecessors for the wrong political line, the lack of effectiveness of the stabilization policy, which resulted in a fall in production. He stressed that his government did not give up market reform, but called for the state’s participation to be increased. Yevgeny Primakov claimed that Russia should strive to formulate a multipolar system of international relations that truly reflects the multifaceted nature of the present world with the diversity of its interests. Primakov exerted a huge influence on the Russian foreign and security policy of Putin’s day. His political line was carried out by his successors, and above all Igor Ivanov and Sergey Lavrov. The main directions and assumptions of his concepts are still repeated in official documents articulating the Russian doctrine of security and defense, and nothing indicates that this state of affairs has changed, and this in turn carries the threat of destabilization in Central and Eastern Europe.
Źródło:
Internal Security; 2020, 12(1); 307-318
2080-5268
Pojawia się w:
Internal Security
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The policies of identifying and managing conflicts of interest of civil servants in the civil service
Autorzy:
Gërxhi, Julejda
Mamuti, Afet
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1035786.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Academicus. International Scientific Journal publishing house
Tematy:
civil servants
conflicts of interest
the policy
law
prevention and management
Opis:
At the core of preventing and managing conflicts of interest are a set of principles that underlie the functioning of a democratic state and service of its citizens. Thus, principles such as transparency and impartiality in decision-making, the integrity of officials and keeping in mind the best interest of potential public during the decision-making, public confidence and increase his confidence in the government, form the basis of identifying policies and management of conflicts of interess or civil servants. Albanian law to prevent conflicts of interest is a law in its entirety, permeated by a spirit of somewhat stringent restrictions on civil servants. Such limitations have been given as the need to secure a decision as fair and impartial in the public interest, and the current state of the low level of public trust and confidence in the integrity of government institutions. The policy followed for identifying and managing conflicts of interest can be analyzed by doing, at first, a distinction between direct action policies in the field of conflict of interest (which are intended to prevent potential situations of conflict of interest through the specific regulatory provisions as laws and regulations) - and indirect action policies (aimed at preventing these situations by organizing public administration reform). In the context of direct action policies should distinguish between: cases in which the legislator has aimed to identify the ex - ante (before that happens) situations which could lead to conflicts of interest and cases or decisions designed to determine the important rules and non-specific prevention clause requiring verification on a case by case ex - post (as is) in order to decide whether an individual case is inconsistent with the general framework legislative described above (ie the ex-ante). Indirect action policies intended to prevent situations of conflict of interest by reforming the organizational structure of Public Administration and designed to create favorable conditions to prevent civil servants, recruited by the political institutions “to invade” the area in which administrative discretion is exercised.
Źródło:
Academicus International Scientific Journal; 2011, 03; 134-144
2079-3715
2309-1088
Pojawia się w:
Academicus International Scientific Journal
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Reasons for emergence and ideological explanation of the irredentist policy
Autorzy:
Horlo, Natalia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1199343.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-08-31
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Gdański. Instytut Geografii
Tematy:
irredentism
the policy of irredentism
national minority
kin-state
“the Great Idea”
nationalism
“the Russian World”
the Crimea
the Donbass
Opis:
The article deals with the policy of irredentism, which is viewed as a state policy, aimed at joining the part of the territory of other states under the pretence of protection of the kin-groups from a perspective of rational approach. The author investigates the reasons for emergence of irredentism, emphasizes the decisive role of the “Great Idea”, which justifies the irredentist policy of the state, and draws attention to the influence of nationalism on the formation of the policy of irredentism. It gives a detailed analysis of the content of irredentist project of the Russian Federation because of which the annexation of the Ukrainian Crimea was carried out.
Źródło:
Journal of Geography, Politics and Society; 2018, 8, 3; 45-52
2084-0497
2451-2249
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Geography, Politics and Society
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Polityka zagraniczna Unii Europejskiej: aspekty teoretyczne i metodologiczne
Foreign Policy of the European Union: Theoretical and Methodological Aspects
Autorzy:
Barburska, Olga
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/558178.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Centrum Europejskie
Tematy:
Foreign Policy of the European Union
External Policy of the European Union
Theories of the EU’s Foreign Policy
Defi nition of the
EU’s External Policy
Opis:
Article is devoted to theoretical and methodological aspects of the foreign policy of the European Union. These refl ections come from the basic assumption that the EU, as a unique participant of international relations, has developed a specific sphere of regulating its relations with the outside world, which essentially corresponds to the foreign policy of the state. This sphere, as an unprecedented phenomenon in the international arena, however, is characterized by great indefi niteness in terms of both theoretical and methodological, as well as political practice, which include, inter alia, such basic issues as the scope and conceptual definition of this policy. The article attempts to explore the most important issues related to the specificity of EU foreign policy (in particular the relationship between the EU institutions and Member States) and proposes a definition of this policy, treated as so-called European Union’s external policy.
Źródło:
Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs; 2016, 3; 9-41
1428-149X
2719-3780
Pojawia się w:
Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Проблемные точки «украинского вектора» внешней политики России в 2013/2014 годах
Autorzy:
Савенков, Роман
Куманичкин, Павел
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/686942.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
the foreign policy of the Russian Federation, “Ukrainian vector”
внешняя политика Российской Федерации, «украинский вектор».
Opis:
Ukraine is a key area for the European countries. The specifics of Ukraine’s geopolitical position is the so-called its “middle” position: between Europe and Russia. Official statements by the Russian leadership show a very negative perception of the events in Ukraine. It seems obvious that Vladimir Putin will leave for political activities, resource and information-ideological support of separatist entities of South-East of Ukraine and will use any mistakes and failures of the Ukrainian political and military leadership.
Artykuł zawiera abstrakt w języku rosyjskim oraz angielskim.
Аннотация. Украина расположена на ключевой для европейских государств территории. Специфика геополитической позиции Украины состоит в т.н. ее «срединном» положении: между Европой и Россией. Официальные заявления российского руководства свидетельствуют о крайне негативном восприятии событий в Украине. Представляется очевидным, что В. Путин не оставит действия по политической, ресурсной и информационно-идеологической поддержке сепаратистских образований юго-востока Украины и будет использовать любые ошибки и промахи украинского политического и военного руководства.
Źródło:
Wschód Europy. Studia humanistyczno-społeczne; 2015, 1, 1
2450-4866
Pojawia się w:
Wschód Europy. Studia humanistyczno-społeczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Polityka społeczna w Europie – ewolucja i rozwiązania modelowe
Social policy in Europe – its development and models
Autorzy:
Zgliczyński, Wojciech Stefan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/11541713.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Kancelaria Sejmu. Biuro Ekspertyz i Oceny Skutków Regulacji
Tematy:
social policy in the market economy
social policy in the EU
models of social policy
welfare state
Opis:
The article provides an overview of social policies in democratic, market economy states in Europe. The first section looks at the development process of social policy from the first experiments and consolidation by the rise of welfare state to modern social policy and its challenges. In the second section the author describes the characteristics of five models of social policy, which could be identified in European Union member states, i.e. liberal, conservative, social-democratic, South European, and Central-Eastern European.
Źródło:
Studia BAS; 2017, 2(50); 37-58
2080-2404
2082-0658
Pojawia się w:
Studia BAS
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Інформаційна політика президентів Російської Федерації і Республіки Польща щодо України
Polityka informacyjna prezydentów Federacji Rosyjskiej i Rzczypospolitej Polskiej w stosunku do Ukrainy
Autorzy:
Кукуруз, Оксана
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/489311.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe w Żytomierzu
Tematy:
information policy
state information policy
information geopolitics
information policy of the Russian president
information policy of the Polish president
Opis:
In 2013, Ukraine’s geopolitical choice was in the centre of attention of the whole world, began to take a significant part of the information space. For the authorities of the neighbouring states, it is important to know what is happening in Ukraine and, if possible, influence on situation. After the Revolution of Dignity, the annexation of the Crimea by the Russian Federation and the initiation armed conflict in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions, Ukrainian society must understand the political stance of Russia towards Ukraine. Also no less important is the position of the Republic of Poland regarding Ukraine, since it was this state until recently was considered the main advocate of Ukraine in the European Union. Information component of the foreign policy of the states in the XXI century has a decisive influence on the formation of public opinion, the position of international institutions, international relations, the image of society and the state in the world. The purpose of this article is to find out the goals of the information policy of the presidents of Russia and Poland concerning Ukraine in the period 2014–2017. The article shows: the essence of the concept of «information policy»; the existing characteristics of the information policy of Russia and Poland concerning Ukraine; the positions of the presidents of Russia and Poland concerning Ukraine, which were published on their official sites; similarities and differences in the positions of the Russian and Polish presidents toward to Ukraine. Having analyzed the public statements of the presidents of Russia and Poland concerning Ukraine in 2014–2017, the author finds some similarities and differences. For example, the Russian president, as a rule, tell about Ukraine and Russia’s role in issues related to Ukraine, while Polish presidents usually speak about Poland and Ukraine, focusing on Polish-Ukrainian relations. The Russian authorities, in the person of its president, divide Ukraine into power and people (the power is bad, the people need help). For the Polish authorities, at least until recently, in the official speeches of the presidents it was about Ukraine as a single whole (the people and the power that this people elected). In addition to the geopolitical interest of Russia and Poland to Ukraine, Russian authorities often tell about their economic interests in Ukraine; Poland authorities – about security issues (the dependence of the security of Poland and Europe as a whole on the situation in Ukraine). Russian authorities call the Ukrainian nationalists guilty of worsening Russian-Ukrainian relations. The Polish authorities also lately actualized the discussion of the activities of Ukrainian nationalists in the first half of the twentieth century. This issue has recently been the basis of modern PolishUkrainian relations. The comparison of the theoretical definitions of the concept of «information policy», which was presented at the beginning of the report and the practical aspects elucidated in the process of analyzing the public statements of the presidents of the two states in 2014–2017, gives possibility to formulate another conclusion. The information policy of the Polish president is more in line with the definition – the promulgation of the official position of the president of the state, informing the society of the goals and plans of activity, and attempts to obtain public support. Instead, the information policy of the Russian president, or rather the information geopolitics, is more oriented towards the use of technologies of information and psychological influence on the individual and mass consciousness in order to form the necessary public opinion, behaviours that will meet the goals defined by the authorities.
Źródło:
Studia Politologica Ucraino-Polona; 2018, 8; 41-50
2312-8933
Pojawia się w:
Studia Politologica Ucraino-Polona
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Russia Against Ukraine Before the European Court of Human Rights. The Empire Strikes Back?
Autorzy:
Ingelevič-Citak, Milena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2056867.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-03-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
Russian-Ukrainian conflict
European Court of Human Rights
the annexation of the Crimean Peninsula
the policy of the Russian Federation
lawfare
inter-state case
Opis:
In July 2021, Russia submitted its first inter-state complaint against Ukraine to the European Court of Human Rights. It was an unexpected and intriguing step of the Russian government, especially since many of the presented allegations are linked to the events that initiated the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. Referring to the hostilities that began in 2014, the international community was, in principle, unanimous in assessing who the aggressor was. The focus of this research is the strategy of the Russian Federation in its recently initiated legal battle before the Strasbourg Court. This paper presents an attempt to outline the possible motives for taking such a step. Moscow's position on this case is particularly puzzling, as some of the allegations concern the Crimean Peninsula, widely recognized under international law as territory occupied by Russia. In spite of that, doubt arises about the strategic objectives of the Russian authorities in the conflict with Ukraine; the question is whether the actions taken by Russia fall within the scope of its previous strategy or if there has been a new turn in the matter. The first part of this paper outlines the background of the given conflict, the second details Russian policy after the annexation of Crimea, and the third, which is crucial for the formulating of conclusions, presents considerations on Russia's possible motivation and goals in filing a complaint to the European Court Human Rights. The research was conducted mainly based on the merits of the complaint, the statements of the representatives of Russia and Ukraine in the matter, the author's observations, and practitioners' considerations.
Źródło:
Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2022, 1(51); 7-29
0208-7375
Pojawia się w:
Polish Political Science Yearbook
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
South Caucasus in the Foregin Policy of the Russian Federation. Do Doctrinal Assumptions Translate into Reality?
Autorzy:
Kardaś, Jarosław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/641819.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
South Caucasus
Russian Federation
the foreign policy
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Opis:
Russian policy in South Caucasus is not a fully effective policy, as Russia’s actions towards Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia are dominated by bilateral relations rather than a single, coherent strategy towards the region. The policy towards these countries also bears the hallmarks of an imperial policy, since it boils down to rewards (in the political, economic or military sphere) for cooperation, or punishments for any action against Russian interests. In addition to enhancing bilateral relations, Russia makes efforts (in accordance with documents issued by official bodies) to integrate the CIS area, of course including the Trans-Caucasus, under its leadership. But it comes up short in these efforts, because not all the Caucasus countries are interested in Russian-led economic integration (within the Eurasian Economic Union), or political and military integration (within CIS, CSTO).
Źródło:
Przegląd Strategiczny; 2016, 9; 105-115
2084-6991
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Strategiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
POSTAWY WOBEC POLSKIEJ POLITYKI HISTORYCZNEJ: WYNIKI EKSPERYMENTU
ATTITUDES TOWARDS POLISH GOVERNMENTS REMEMBRANCE POLICY: RESULTS FROM A EXPERIMENT
Autorzy:
Wawrzyński, Patryk
Schattkowsky, Ralph
Muszyński, Marek A.
Czarnek, Gabriela
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/513184.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego
Tematy:
the government's remembrance policy
political attitudes
emotions
commitment
Opis:
The paper presents the preliminary results of the interdisciplinary study on the influence of the government's remembrance policy. The key aspect of the project was a measurement of 364 students' attitudes towards management of collective memory in laboratory conditions. Its objective was a diagnosis of Polish youth's disposition to the management of collective memory by a state, but also a measurement of attitude change resulting from a narrative (which imitated the remembrance policy). The paper discusses general results of the study and three aspects of attitudes: cognitive, emotional and behavioral. It presents both results from the first measurement and effects of emotions' and commitment's manipulation. Collected data was used to formulate four research conclusions which consider attitudes towards the government's remembrance policy, their change and their relevance to a question on the distribution of influence between a government and a civil society.
Źródło:
Polityka i Społeczeństwo; 2015, 13, 4; 134-145 (12)
1732-9639
Pojawia się w:
Polityka i Społeczeństwo
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
O nowym modelu polityki regionalnej - artykuł dyskusyjny
On the New Model of the Regional Policy (Discussion Paper)
Autorzy:
Kukliński, Antoni
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/414661.pdf
Data publikacji:
2003
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Instytut Ameryk i Europy. Centrum Europejskich Studiów Regionalnych i Lokalnych (EUROREG)
Tematy:
polityka regionalna
model polityki regionalnej
polityka spójności
regional policy
model of the regional policy
cohesion policy
Opis:
Artykuł ten podejmuje próbę naszkicowania trzech tez (Kukliński 2001b): 1) Model społecznie motywowanej polityki regionalnej był dominującym zjawiskiem XX wieku. 2) Model globalnie motywowanej polityki regionalnej będzie dominującym zjawiskiem XXI wieku. 3) Transformacja starego modelu polityki regionalnej w nowy model dokonuje się w warunkach okresu „burzy i naporu” lat 1980–2020. Przejście od starego do nowego modelu polityki regionalnej jest związane nierozłącznie z transformacją modelu polityki kohezyjnej, którym operuje Unia Europejska. Chodzi o zastąpienie modelu mechanicznej polityki spójności modelem organicznej polityki spójności.
In this paper I try to outline 3 theses: 1) In the experiences of the XX century the model of socially minded regional policy was the dominating phenomenon. 2) In the experiences of XXI century the model of globally minded regional policy will be the dominating phenomenon. 3) The transformation from the old to the new model is taking place in the great Sturm und Drang Periode of the years 1980–2020. The shift from the old to the new model of regional policy is firmly linked to the parallel transformation of the cohesion policies designed and implemented by the European Union. This is the shift from mechanically to organically minded cohesion policies.
Źródło:
Studia Regionalne i Lokalne; 2003, 4(14); 5-14
1509-4995
Pojawia się w:
Studia Regionalne i Lokalne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Polityka pieniężna Europejskiego Banku Centralnego w reakcji na kryzys finansowy
The European Central Bank’s Monetary Policy in Response to the Financial Crisis
Autorzy:
Bukowska, Joanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/951397.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe
Tematy:
polityka pieniężna
kryzys finansowy
standardowe instrumenty polityki pieniężnej
niestandardowe instrumenty polityki pieniężnej
monetary policy
financial crisis
conventional instruments of the monetary policy
unconventional instruments of the monetary policy
Opis:
W pracy zaprezentowano działania Europejskiego Banku Centralnego w reakcji na kryzys finansowy, jak również dokonano oceny skuteczności zastosowanych instrumentów. Europejski Bank Centralny do realizacji polityki pieniężnej wykorzystywał szeroki wachlarz instrumentów, zarówno o charakterze standardowym, jak i niestandardowym. Polityka pieniężna realizowana przez Europejski Bank Centralny była względnie skuteczna. Pozwala na odnalezienie pozytywnych implikacji zarówno dla łagodzenia napięć na rynkach finansowych, jak również przywracania stabilności finansowej. Niemniej jednak krótkotrwałość osiągniętych efektów nie pozwala na całkowite rozpoznanie długofalowych konsekwencji zastosowania niestandardowych instrumentów w polityce pieniężnej realizowanej przez władze monetarne strefy euro.
The article presents the activities of the European Central Bank in response to the financial crisis and was also an attempt at assessing the effectiveness of the conventional and unconventional instruments which were used. Monetary policy implemented by the European Central Bank was relatively effective in regard to reducing turbulence in the financial markets and also in restoring financial stability. However shortness of the achieved results does not allow to recognition of long term consequences of unconventional monetary policy instruments in use by central bank of the euro area.
Źródło:
Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne; 2015, XCV (95); 173-187
0081-6841
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Skutki II Wojny Światowej dla Stanów Zjednoczonych
The effects of World War II for the United States
Autorzy:
Pastusiak, Longin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1396697.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-05-30
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Biznesu i Przedsiębiorczości w Ostrowcu Świętokrzyskim
Tematy:
Stany Zjednoczone Ameryki Północnej
II wojna światowa
izolacjonizm
alianci
The United States of America
World War II
the policy of isolationism
the Allies
Opis:
Okres II wojny światowej to dla Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki Północnej czas zmian zarówno w polityce zewnętrznej jak i wśród społeczeństwa. W początkowym okresie wojny Stany Zjednoczone prowadziły politykę izolacjonizmu, czerpiąc korzyści gospodarcze z udzielania pomocy materiałowej krajom kolacji antynazistowskiej. Przystąpienie do wojny w 1941 r. i udział Amerykanów w walce z hitlerowską III Rzeszą oraz Cesarstwem Japońskim zarówno zmieniło układ sił jak i miało ogromny wpływ na politykę czasu wojny i wczesnego okresu powojennego. Stany Zjednoczone bezsprzecznie można określić mianem wielkiego zwycięzcy II wojny światowej.
The World War II era is for the United States of America the time of changes in the external policy and social issues. In the early years of war the United States had carried on the policy of isolationism deriving economic benefits from supplying the Allies in war against the Nazi Germany. Joining the war in 1941 and participation of Americans in the struggle against the Third Reich and the Japanese Empire have changed the balance of power and had a huge impact on politics in the war-time and in early post-war period. The United States of America can be undeniably described as the economic and political winners of World War II.
Źródło:
Ante Portas – Studia nad Bezpieczeństwem; 2015, 1(4); 13-19
2353-6306
Pojawia się w:
Ante Portas – Studia nad Bezpieczeństwem
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Shaping the security policy of the European Union. Historical view
Kształtowanie polityki bezpieczeństwa Unii Europejskiej. Przegląd historyczny
Autorzy:
Giryn-Boudy, Maria
Magierek, Dariusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2206382.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
kształtowanie polityki bezpieczeństwa
Unia Europejska
shaping the security policy
European Union
Opis:
Among the axiological foundations of European integration, security was undoubtedly the most important of them. The inclusion of post-war Germany in the bloodstream of Western European economic and social ties, on the one hand, and, on the other, fears of the Soviet Union growing in strength and hostile to Western values, were the reasons behind the projects to strengthen cooperation between the countries west of the Elbe. Understandably, integration processes progressed fastest in the sphere of economic exchange and regulation of its rules, and slower in areas related to the very tissue that creates the sovereignty of each state, i.e. security and defense. The aim of the article is to present the shaping of a common European policy on this last issue. For its purposes, three different dimensions of the integration processes were adopted, which complemented each other and led to the present institutional order of the Common Security and Defense Policy. The first of them, which can be called a kind of laboratory of formal structures of cooperation of Western European states in the field of security and military, covered the creation and evolution of the Western European Union. The second perspective is the development of the idea of political and defense integration through the formulation of various initiatives, reports and analyzes by actors of the political life of the Member States, which often informally constituted a strong impulse to accelerate the integration processes. The last area of analysis is the provisions of the treaty, which organized and reformed the functioning mechanisms of the community elements of the European security and defense space.
Wśród aksjologicznych podstaw integracji europejskiej bezpieczeństwo było niewątpliwie najważniejszym z nich. Włączenie powojennych Niemiec w krwiobieg zachodnioeuropejskich powiązań gospodarczych i społecznych z jednej strony, a z drugiej obawy przed rosnącym w siłę Związkiem Sowieckim i wrogim zachodnim wartościom, były przesłankami realizacji projektów zacieśnienia współpracy między państwami położonymi na zachód od Łaby. Zrozumiałe jest, że najszybciej procesy integracyjne postępowały w sferze wymiany gospodarczej i regulowania jej zasad, a wolniej w obszarach związanych z samą tkanką tworzącą suwerenność każdego państwa, czyli bezpieczeństwem i obronnością. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie kształtowania się wspólnej polityki europejskiej w tej ostatniej kwestii. Na jej potrzeby przyjęto trzy różne wymiary procesów integracyjnych, które wzajemnie się uzupełniały i doprowadziły do obecnego ładu instytucjonalnego Wspólnej Polityki Bezpieczeństwa i Obrony. Pierwsza z nich, którą można nazwać swoistym laboratorium formalnych struktur współpracy państw Europy Zachodniej w dziedzinie bezpieczeństwa i wojskowości, obejmowała powstanie i ewolucję Unii Zachodnioeuropejskiej. Druga perspektywa to rozwój idei integracji politycznej i obronnej poprzez formułowanie różnych inicjatyw, raportów i analiz przez aktorów życia politycznego państw członkowskich, co często nieformalnie stanowiło silny impuls do przyspieszenia procesów integracyjnych. Ostatnim obszarem analizy są postanowienia traktatu, który uporządkował i zreformował mechanizmy funkcjonowania wspólnotowych elementów europejskiej przestrzeni bezpieczeństwa i obrony.
Źródło:
Cywilizacja i Polityka; 2022, 20, 20; 178-189
1732-5641
Pojawia się w:
Cywilizacja i Polityka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Polityka rachunkowości w zarządzaniu jednostkami sektora finansów publicznych
The accounting policy in the management of the public sector entities
Autorzy:
Chluska, Jolanta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/590944.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
Tematy:
Polityka rachunkowości
Sektor publiczny
Zarządzanie
Management
Public sector
The accounting policy
Opis:
Podmioty sektora finansów publicznych prowadzą rachunkowość zgodnie z ustawą o rachunkowości, ustawą o finansach publicznych oraz innymi aktami prawnymi o charakterze uzupełniającym lub wykonawczym. Polityka rachunkowości tych podmiotów w istotny sposób wpływa na informacje ekonomiczno-finansowe wykorzystywane w zarządzaniu. Informacje tworzone przez rachunkowość powinny spełniać oczekiwania kierowników jednostek oraz odbiorców sprawozdania finansowego, powinny być rzetelne i prawidłowe. Na przykładzie analizy ustalania polityki rachunkowości w zakresie amortyzacji środków trwałych wybranych podmiotów sektora publicznego zaprezentowano czynniki mające wpływ na te ustalenia w kontekście zarządzania podmiotem.
The public sector entities keep accounts in accordance with the Act on accounting, the law on public finances and other legal acts of a complementary or executive character. The accounting policy of these entities significantly influences financial and economic information used in management. The information created by the accounts should comply with the expectations of managers and recipients of the financial statements and should be fair and correct. On the example of the analysis of the determination of fixed asset depreciation accounting policy of chosen entities of the public sector the article shows the factors affecting these findings in the context of the management of the entity.
Źródło:
Studia Ekonomiczne; 2016, 274; 36-45
2083-8611
Pojawia się w:
Studia Ekonomiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

Ta witryna wykorzystuje pliki cookies do przechowywania informacji na Twoim komputerze. Pliki cookies stosujemy w celu świadczenia usług na najwyższym poziomie, w tym w sposób dostosowany do indywidualnych potrzeb. Korzystanie z witryny bez zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies oznacza, że będą one zamieszczane w Twoim komputerze. W każdym momencie możesz dokonać zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies