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Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 329
Tytuł:
Building Brazil back
Odbudowywanie Brazylii
Autorzy:
Dowbor, Ladislau
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/23202396.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-11-24
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Instytut Studiów Iberyjskich i Iberoamerykańskich
Tematy:
Brazil
productive inclusion
financing policies
management rationalization
democratization
Opis:
In this paper, we present an overview of the main lines of action in order to reshape the society in Brazil so that it is economically viable, socially just and environmentally sus-tainable. The proposals are divided into four pillars: 1) productive inclusion, focusing in particular on our main challenge, inequality; 2) the financial mechanisms, focusing on the necessary financial policy measures so that the resources serve development; 3) modernization of management and decision-making processes that are currently inoperative, in the sense of decentralization and community empowerment, taking advantage of network connectivity; 4) rethinking the political base of support to the new dynamics of inclusive development.
Źródło:
Ameryka Łacińska. Kwartalnik analityczno-informacyjny; 2022, 30, 3 (117); 7-32
1506-8900
2081-1152
Pojawia się w:
Ameryka Łacińska. Kwartalnik analityczno-informacyjny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Occupational Health in Brazil
Autorzy:
Facci, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/90151.pdf
Data publikacji:
2001
Wydawca:
Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
Tematy:
Brazil data
historical review
occupational medicine
occupational health
Brazilian occupational physicians
occupational health in Brazil
Brazylia
przegląd historyczny
medycyna pracy
higiena pracy
Opis:
The author presents a review of the history of occupational health in Brazil, concerning the last 3 centuries. This period was divided into (a) slave labour, (b) immigrant labour, and (c) industrial labour. The author shows the early occupational diseases, pioneering occupational physicians and Brazilian laws on the subject. The creation of Fundacentro (Brazilian Foundation of Occupational Health and Safety) and the foundation of the Brazilian Association on Occupational Medicine (ANAMT) are described as well as their activities. The author concludes the article by showing the importance of the actions of the Ministry of Labour, the Ministry of Health, and the Ministry of Social Security for the development of occupational health in Brazil.
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics; 2001, 7, 4; 493-506
1080-3548
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Brazylia wschodzącym gigantem światowym.
Brazil as a rising economic power.
Autorzy:
Ziernicka, Jadwiga
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/441358.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Europejska im. ks. Józefa Tischnera
Tematy:
Brazylia
gospodarka
BRIC
Brazil
economy
Opis:
Brazylia ostatnich latach zanotowała ogromny wzrost gospodarczy. Stała się tym samym przedmiotem obserwacji nie tylko inwestorów, ale również polityków z całego świata. Ogromne i pozytywne zmiany związane są z prezydenturą Luiza Inácio Luli da Silvy, który w 2002 roku objął urząd prezydencki. Jego następczyni Dilma Rousseff, która po dwóch kadencjach Luli przejęła władzę w Brazylii, kontynuuje politykę swojego poprzednika. O Brazylii coraz częściej mówi się jako o wzrastającym gigancie międzynarodowym. Warto zwrócić uwagę na to co wpłynęło na taki wzrost gospodarczy oraz czy zmiany, które zaszły w Brazylii były skutkiem działań rządu Luli oraz Dilmy. Zastanowić się można również czy sytuacja gospodarcza w Brazylii oraz aktywność polityczna w kraju i za granicą są wystarczające by określić Brazylię mianem giganta na arenie międzynarodowej.
Brazil in the recent years have undergone a substantial economic growth. It has attracted attention of the investors and politicians from all over the world. Profound positive changes are connected with the presidency of Luiz Inácio Luli da Silvy (since 2002). His policy is continued by his successor, Dilma Rousseff. Brazil is more and more often called a rising international giant. It is worth considering the factors that influenced such economic growth, and the role of the government in the process. This paper will also address the question if Brazil can be called an international giant, based on three factors: its economic growth and its internal as well as external activity on the international arena.
Źródło:
Kultura i Polityka; 2013, 14; 96-107
1899-4466
Pojawia się w:
Kultura i Polityka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Whatever Happened To Brazil?
Autorzy:
Dowbor, Ladislau
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1833792.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-10-21
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Opis:
Under Lula and Dilma, during the 2003-2013 decade that the World Bank called “the Golden Decade of Brazil”, we had simultaneously economic growth, social inclusion, environment protection and job expansion. With no deficit and very low inflation, and all despite the turbulence of the 2008 crisis. The onslaught on the inclusive policies started in 2014, Dilma was ousted through a thinly disguised coup in 2016, ex-president Lula was jailed for the time of the 2018 election, won by Jair Bolsonaro. Since the old oligarchies and corporate interests took over, the economy is stalled, unemployment has doubled, the Amazon is being cut down, child mortality is growing. The pandemic deepened an already general economic and social crisis. The aim of this paper is to present an overview of what went wrong, centering not on the pandemic itself, but on the deeper structural change that reversed the inclusive growth model of the popular governments. This involves the economy, but also technological, social and political change. The overall thesis is that inclusive development works, austerity does not.
Źródło:
Society Register; 2021, 5, 3; 17-36
2544-5502
Pojawia się w:
Society Register
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Street children in Brazil
Autorzy:
Marriman, Sharon
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/485956.pdf
Data publikacji:
2002
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Źródło:
Revista del CESLA. International Latin American Studies Review; 2002, 3; 86-92
1641-4713
Pojawia się w:
Revista del CESLA. International Latin American Studies Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Competition and Diffusion of Telecommunication Services: The Multimedia Communication Services in Brazil
Autorzy:
Rauen, C. V.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/307604.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Instytut Łączności - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Tematy:
Brazil
broadband
competition regulation
international experiences
Opis:
This paper aims to discuss the recent trends in the regulation of telecom services regarding the diffusion of broadband. To this matter, it compares the recent international competition regulation experiences to the Brazilian scenario. Considering that the telecom sector passed through huge technological and structural transformations in the last decades (from typical voice communications to convergent services based on broadband, and from voice services monopoly to multiple services oligopoly), its regulatory framework has also changed. Lately, several countries - such as the United States, the Netherlands, Korea and Chile - have established inter and intra-platform competition regulations in order to expand the access to the new forms of communications based on broadband. In Brazil, such mechanisms are not fully explored, and the country has lots of areas in which there is no competition in broadband services (known as multimedia communication services). As a result, Brazil has one of the highest prices of broadband services and one of the lowest levels of broadband penetration. In this way and considering international success in expanding services through competition, the paper defends that such mechanisms should be reinforced in the Brazilian broadband market.
Źródło:
Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology; 2012, 4; 22-30
1509-4553
1899-8852
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The future of social security in Brazil: is there a way without solidarity?
Autorzy:
Bernardi, Renato
Pancotti, Heloísa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1834992.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
social security
solidarity
pandemic
Brazil
Opis:
Brazilian Social Security System is based in intergeneracional solidarity. It means that today’s taxpayers maintain active pensions and need future taxpayers to sustain future pensions. There is no individual investment account and the actuarial health of the system depends on economic and populational growth to maintain itself. Economic crisis, socio- political context, gave rise to successive reforms intended to hinder access and reduce the amount of paid benefits. When the pandemic hit Brazil, and workers needed to activate social security to ganrantee income in the face of non-essential activities block, they found a bleack scenario in a dismantled protective system.
Źródło:
Studia Prawnicze: rozprawy i materiały; 2021, (28), 1; 43-60
1689-8052
2451-0807
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawnicze: rozprawy i materiały
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Chapadão - um pedacinho da Polónia no Brasil
Chapadão - a little piece of Poland in Brazil
Autorzy:
Jadwiszczak, Grażyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1051360.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012-01-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
Brazil
Chapadão
colonization
emigration
Polish diaspora
Opis:
The present paper is devoted to a small community of Polish descent settled in Chapadão, located in the State of Santa Catarina, in the south of Brazil. The area of research involved personal encounters, talks and interviews conducted in Chapadão from 2008 to 2010. Additionally, surveys were carried out via electronic mailings with residents of that area. The surveys inquired about the history of Brazil, the Polish immigration scattered throughout the country and the specific problems of the contemporary Brazilian society. The main part of the study focuses on issues currently dealt with by the people of Polish origin settled at this specific part of the Brazilian inland. The specific issues raised in this section comprise: the history of the community as it is held in its collective memory, the maintenance of ancestral traditions (folk style of clothes, music and cooking, religious rites, etc.), the community’s economic expansion (based on some statistical data, as well) and some peculiar traits of the Polish language spoken in Chapadão. The study accounts for how such small and seemingly forgotten Polish communities, living in peripheral areas, succeed in preserving spiritual links with their country of origin, even in the era of the world’s becoming a global village.
Źródło:
Studia Romanica Posnaniensia; 2012, 39, 4; 127-142
0137-2475
2084-4158
Pojawia się w:
Studia Romanica Posnaniensia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Moral Scens from Urban Life: Moral Perception of Modernity in Imperial Brazil
Autorzy:
Narita, Felipe Ziotti
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1012888.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-03-15
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
Imperial Brazil
modernity
morals
processes of education
urbanity
Opis:
In this article, I analyze moral perceptions of modernity in Rio de Janeiro between the 1850s and 1860s. Against a long theoretical tradition in the Latin American social sciences that emphasizes nineteenth-century modernity in the region as an opaque process (a mere attempt at imitating the Western European “pure” model), I would like to follow another theoretical path; that is, my analysis focuses on tangible experiences of modernity during the apogee of the Brazilian Empire. This research looks to newspapers, schoolbooks, books, and speeches delivered by the cultural elite in the public sphere. I analyze how moral perceptions of urban life in nineteenth-century Rio de Janeiro can be articulated into a structure based on processes of education. In other words, beyond the materiality in urban space (public street lighting, oil and gas companies, urban cleanliness, public gardens, etc.), there is an implicit relationship between the inner problems (political turbulence, poverty, and moral management of the urban population) and the moral content of modernity (which can be understood in terms of structural prescriptions). These processes of education, instead of an institution-centered practice concentrated only on schools, elaborate a diffuse set of prescriptions whose nexus is constituted by the content of morality. The paper reflects on the conditions of production and reproduction of modernity in a peripheral area (former colonial space) in the nineteenth century.
Źródło:
Praktyka Teoretyczna; 2017, 23, 1; 269-302
2081-8130
Pojawia się w:
Praktyka Teoretyczna
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
BRAZYLIA W POTENCJALNYM PODRĘCZNIKU SOCJOLOGII HISTORYCZNEJ
Brazil in the Potential Manual of Historical Sociology
Autorzy:
Kula, Marcin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/556000.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Instytut Studiów Iberyjskich i Iberoamerykańskich
Tematy:
Brazylia
modernizacja
socjologia historyczna
Brazil
modernisation
historical sociology
Opis:
Chciałbym napisać podręcznik historii zaawansowanej lub podręcznik historii dla zaawansowanych, który nie byłby wykładem faktograficzno-chronologicznym, lecz opracowaniem z socjologii historycznej. Jej istotą jest zorganizowanie refleksji wokół problemów – i to rozpatrywanych w długim trwaniu oraz przy uwzględnieniu ich występowania na różnych terenach. W jakich punktach włączyłbym Brazylię do takiego opracowania? Inaczej mówiąc: jakie sprawy, istotne dla dziejów wielu krajów, ale w jej historii rysujące się szczególnie wyraźnie, uznałbym za warte analizy? Byłoby to wszak opracowanie wybiórcze. Kwestię – powiedzmy – rewolucji przemysłowej musiałbym pokazywać na przykładzie dziejów Anglii, zaś rozwój masowej produkcji samochodu osobowego na przykładzie Forda – jako na casusach najbliższych modelowym, choć oczywiście nie wyczerpującym sprawy.
It is my intention to write an advanced history manual or a history manual for advanced users, which would not be a factual and a chronological discourse, but a study of historical sociology. Its core is the organisation of ideas around certain problems – ones evaluated in long-term perspective and considered as present in different areas. Under which aspects would I include Brazil in this study? In other words: which features, significant for many countries though especially salient in the Brazilian history, would I consider worth analysing? After all, it would be a selective study. For instance, the question of the industrial revolution I would need to illustrate on the example of England, whereas the mass production of cars on the example of Ford. These cases would be closest to the exemplary, though certainly not exhausting the issue.
Źródło:
Ameryka Łacińska. Kwartalnik analityczno-informacyjny; 2016, 24, 1(91); 83-88
1506-8900
2081-1152
Pojawia się w:
Ameryka Łacińska. Kwartalnik analityczno-informacyjny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Konstytucyjne i pozakonstytucyjne uwarunkowania władzy prezydenta Brazylii
Constitutional and Unconstitutional Conditions of the Power of the President of Brazil
Autorzy:
Kamińska-Korolczuk, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/18105001.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-08-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
prezydent Brazylii
konstytucyjne uprawnienia prezydenta Brazylii
pozakonstytucyjne warunki władzy w Brazylii
patronaż polityczny
prezydencjalizm koalicyjny
the constitutional power of the president of Brazil
president of Brazil
unconstitutional conditions of power in Brazil
political patronage
coalitional presidentialism
Opis:
The study aims to analyze the key formal and extralegal elements affecting the functioning of the office of president in Brazil. The subject of consideration is the political position of the president resulting from the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil of October 5, 1988, and the socioultural dependencies occurring in this country. The thesis of the article is the statement that the power of the President of Brazil results not only from the provisions of the Constitution but also from unconstitutional dependence on pressure groups, i.e. the bureaucratic state – estamento burocrático. It is stated that the features of the Brazilian presidential system are the ostensibility of formal structures and the presence of political patronage, the lack of permanent political divisions, coalitional presidentialism, and the interpenetration of politics and the media due to ownership relations.
Celem opracowania jest analiza kluczowych formalnoprawnych oraz pozaprawnych elementów wpływających na funkcjonowanie urzędu prezydenta w Brazylii. Przedmiotem rozważań jest pozycja ustrojowa prezydenta wynikająca z Konstytucji Federacyjnej Republiki Brazylii z 5 października 1988 r. oraz zależności społeczno-kulturowych występujących w tym państwie. Tezą artykułu jest stwierdzenie, że uprawnienia prezydenta Brazylii wynikają nie tylko z przepisów Konstytucji, lecz i pozakonstytucyjnych zależności od grup nacisku, czyli stanu biurokratycznego – estamento burocrático. Stwierdza się, że cechy systemu prezydenckiego Brazylii to pozorność struktur formalnych i występowanie patronażu politycznego, brak trwałych podziałów politycznych, prezydencjalizm koalicyjny oraz przenikanie się sfer polityki i mediów z uwagi na stosunki własnościowe.
Źródło:
Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego; 2023, 4(74); 243-256
2082-1212
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
ARGENTINA – BRASIL: PRIMERAS ACCIONES COORDINADAS EN POLÍTICA EXTERIOR
Argentina – Brazil: First Coordinated Foreign Policies
Autorzy:
AMICCI, Daniel
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/486518.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
Argentina
Brasil
relaciones bilaterales
entente
Brazil
bilateral relations
Opis:
El abordaje de las relaciones bilaterales argentino-brasileñas durante el denominado período desarrollista permite alcanzar las raíces del proceso integrativo y abre el camino para realizar una interpretación amplia de la articulación de una y otra diplomacia en pos de objetivos comunes por vez primera en su dilatado y ajetreado derrotero histórico.
By examining the bilateral Argentina-Brazil relations during the so-called “developmentalism” period, we can unveil the roots of the integration process and achieve a broader interpretation of how for the first time in these countries extensive and hectic relationship different foreign policies work together in the pursuit of common objectives.
Źródło:
Revista del CESLA. International Latin American Studies Review; 2012, 15; 171-188
1641-4713
Pojawia się w:
Revista del CESLA. International Latin American Studies Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
SOCIAL ASSISTANCE IN BRAZIL. UNTAPPED POTENTIAL OF CITIZEN PARTICIPATION?
Autorzy:
Cardoso Cekiera e Sousa, Chantal
Butowski, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/643012.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Fundacja Copernicus na rzecz Rozwoju Badań Naukowych
Tematy:
Brazil
social programs
social assistance
Bolsa Familia
citizens’ participation
Opis:
Brazil, the biggest country in South America creates the image of boundless land with unlimited richness of cultural diversity on a large scale. But its also creates big and very complicated social problems, which need to be solved. There is this huge number of citizens, who participate exclusively in poverty, hunger, misery, deprivation and violence.This article shows that the history of the assistance was complicated and not linear, often inhibited its development due to certain historical events as a military dictatorship, which really slowed development. The Brazilian social policy was perceived as very inefficient and ineffective in fighting poverty. The article aims to trace the historical and current social assistance programs in Brazil.There was practically no state-run social policy. Only in the era of industrialization workers' rights were implemented because of the fear of revolution and strikes. Social rights, as provision of housing or facilities for education and health care services were only applied to the formally employed – mostly male – urban, industrial proletariat. The biggest group of agricultural labourers (the overwhelming majority of the wage-dependent population as well as the majority of women) and unclassified workers were excluded from these benefits. Help was received by the group that the regime considered as dangerous.  Social resistance against the dictatorial rule was growing.It all started to change when the capital accumulation led to the creation of factories. In particular, the low human capital development was seen as a major cause of long-term poverty. New subjects like trade unions, active members of the middle class, the Catholic Church led to a public debate, the effect of which became a climate conducive to the adoption of the Constitution of 1988. Article 6 says that education, health, work, housing, leisure, security, social security, protection of motherhood and children, help for the poor and are  social rights under the terms of this Constitution (Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil). This political agenda clearly pushed for the expansion and decentralization of public social spending. It has become a base for the social safety net. The solution for the problem became Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programs. Bolsa–Escola, Comunidade Solidária Program, Alfabetização Solidária Program and finally Bolsa Familia aim to reduce poverty by making welfare programs conditional upon the receivers' actions. The assumption of purpose of these programs is to interrupt the inter-generational transmission of poverty. It can be also assumed that the aim of the Brazilian authorities was to achieve the effect of empowerment. The well-defined cashflows have resulted in the emergence of the phenomenon of empowerment, which has greatly raised the efficiency of social policy.
Źródło:
The Copernicus Journal of Political Studies; 2016, 2
2299-4335
Pojawia się w:
The Copernicus Journal of Political Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Stanisław Kara – sekretarz generalny Unii Kulturalnej Polaków w Brazylii
Stanislaw Kara – Secretary General of the Cultural Union of Poles in Brazil
Autorzy:
Ambrochowicz-Gajownik, Anna
Gajownik, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/503158.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne w Łodzi
Tematy:
Brazylia
Stanisław Kara
emigracja
Unia Kulturalna Polaków w Brazylii
Brazil
emigration
Cultural Union of Poles in Brazil
Opis:
In the spring of 1944, Stanislaw Kara, an officer of the Polish Armed Forces in the West, arrived in Brazil with the aim of assuming the position of the military attaché at the Polish Embassy in Rio de Janeiro. In 1945 after the demobilization he remained there and became actively involved in the daily activities of Poles in exile. He was instrumental in developing both social and propaganda activities, attempting, at the same time to restrict the actions initiated by the Communist regime and its representatives. Stanislaw Kara was one of the founders of the Cultural Union of Poles in Brazil, the organization which united various groups of Polish emigration. He served as the secretary general until his death in 1955.
Źródło:
Łódzkie Studia Teologiczne; 2018, 27, 4; 161-174
1231-1634
Pojawia się w:
Łódzkie Studia Teologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Spatial distribution and trophic structure of bird’s communities of Atlantic Forest fragments in Brazil
Autorzy:
Dario, Fabio Rossano
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1031458.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
Tematy:
Atlantic forest
Brazil
avifauna
bird
ecology
trophic guild
Opis:
We analyzed the differences in composition, richness, and abundance of birds in forest fragments of the Atlantic Forest in the São Paulo State, Brazil, and we demonstrated the variations in richness and abundance of birds between different trophic guilds. We used point counts to characterize the avifauna. Sampling was conducted in two seasons: summer and winter of 2020 in a total of 18 hours distributed in 54 samples. A total of 544 contacts were obtained, belonging to 144 bird species distributed among 22 orders and 45 families and categorized in 18 trophic guilds. The omnivores and insectivores birds composed most of the community, occupying the edge and different strata of the forest such as canopy and understory. For each species, we calculated the abundance index value that showed our study site had a large number of species with low index and few species with intermediate to high index compared to the pattern observed in other surveys. Our study area was characterized by high species diversity for both periods studied. The Shannon-Weaver diversity index for our study areas was 4.62. Equitability was high, 0.92, suggesting the number of species registered in our study site represented the maximum capacity the areas can shelter. Our results show that despite being a secondary and fragmented forest the study area was characterized by a diverse avian community. Although the anthropized forest environments are fragmented and isolated by degraded areas and occupied by pastures, agricultural and urban areas, they are important natural environments to maintain bird diversity.
Źródło:
World News of Natural Sciences; 2021, 35; 1-24
2543-5426
Pojawia się w:
World News of Natural Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
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